Shaahin Hessabi Department of Computer Engineering Sharif University of Technology
Shaahin Hessabi Department of Computer Engineering Sharif University of Technology
Department of Computer Engineering
Sharif University of Technology
Requirements
y Design‐for‐reuse is necessary for both memories and analog
circuits.
y Both sensitive to noise and technology parameters.
¾ Hence, hard cores or custom‐designed
h d d i d
y Design‐for‐reuse for these circuits requires items described for
logic cores plus many additional rules and checks
logic cores plus many additional rules and checks.
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Why Large Embedded Memories?
Why Large Embedded Memories?
y 50‐ 60% of the SoC area is occupied by memories.
¾ Multiple SRAMs, multiple ROMs, large DRAMs, flash memory blocks.
y Modern microprocessors: more than 30% of the chip area is
occupied by embedded cache.
i db b dd d h
y Motivations of large embedded memories:
1
1. Reduction in cost and size by integration of memory on the chip.
Reduction in cost and size by integration of memory on the chip
2. On‐chip memory interface (replacing large off‐chip drivers with smaller
on‐chip drivers)
reduces capacitive load, power, heat, length of wire.
achieving higher speeds.
3
3. Elimination of pad limitations of off‐chip modules and using a larger word
Elimination of pad limitations of off chip modules and using a larger word
width.
higher performance.
6T SRAM ll
6T SRAM cell 3T DRAM cell 4T DRAM cell
4T DRAM cell
1T Flash cell
1T Flash cell
1T DRAM cell
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B i St t
Basic Structures
2‐port memory
2 independent single‐ended reads or one
differential write.
2 reads and one write by time multiplexing
y p g
Read during φ1, write during φ2
Content‐Addressable Memory (CAM)
y( )
Used in caches.
Read and Write cycles: like before…
Match c cle place data on bit lines but don’t
Match cycle: place data on bit lines but don t
assert word line.
The word match lines from the CAM array can
be used as WORD lines in a companion RAM to
read out other data associated with the tag
stored in the CAM.
Uses: fully‐associative caches
Uses: fully associative caches, translation
translation
lookaside buffers (TLBs), ...
Sharif University of Technology Memory and Analog Cores 9
M
Memory Compiler
C il
y provide a framework that
includes physical, logical, and
electrical representations of
p
the design database.
y Linked with front‐end design
tools and generate data that is
readable with back‐end tools.
y Problem: Analog and digital
circuits often don’t get along
circuits often don t get along
together!
Who needs to consider
the substrate coupling
noise impact?
y L changes with:
¾ Type of package
¾ Number of pins for a connection
y Large capacitance to substrate (supply, buses, output
drivers, clock, etc.)
, , )
¾ Shielding reduces some values
y Coupled noise will manifest at different frequencies (e.g.
phase noise due to low frequency modulation of transistors)
and analysis/simulation especially complicated.
¾ Small signal conventional analysis may not be adequate.
y High integration: both analog (like VCOs, A/D), and digital
(A/D, DSP) may exists on the same chip.
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S b
Substrate Noise Injection Mechanisms
N i I j i M h i
y Capacitive injection
p j
through reverse‐biased
junctions
y Noise injection through
contacts
y Other mechanisms:
Noise in mixed signal systems
d l
¾Parasitic capacitance between an interconnect and the substrate
¾The forward biasing of device junctions
¾Hot carriers – the high electric field between drain and source
in submicron transistors
¾Ionization currents (f<100MHz) is the most important of
( ) p
substrate coupling sources.
Sharif University of Technology Memory and Analog Cores 21
Chip/Package Model for Noise Analysis
Chip/Package Model for Noise Analysis
y Minimize supply inductance
¾ Multiple bond‐wire/package pins
¾ Distribute power supply pins on chip/package
p pp y p p p g
y…
y Refer to lecture 6 for further
g
issues on analog cores.
y DAC: