GUNTUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

II SHIFT POLYTECHNIC

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS LAB

III-I DECE(C-16)
A.Y:-2018-19
Subject Code: EC-506
Advanced Communications
Subject Title: Advanced Communications
Subject Code: EC-506
TIME SCHEDULE

S.NO Major topics Number of periods

1 Microwave communications 6
2 Mobile communications 3
3 Fiber optics 12
Total 21

List of Experiments
1.0 Microwave Communications
Study of microwave components such as rectangular wave guide, fixed attenuators (x-5000
series), tunable probe, wave guide detectable mount (tunable),Klystron mount, circulators, slide
screw tuners, multitone directional couplers, E-plane Tee, H-plane Tee, Magic Tee, Movable
short, matched termination, pyramidal wave guide horn antenna, GUNN oscillator, PIN
modulator, Isolators etc.

2.0 Mobile Communications

Study of mobile communications using trainer kit such as:
-Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

3.0 Fiber Optics

1. a)To Set up fiber optic analogue link.
b)To Set up a fiber optic digital link

2. To verify modulation & Demodulation of light source by pulse width modulation

technique.

3. To Test Fiber optic Voice Link.

4. To Verify the NRZ & RZ modulation formats in Optical Communication

Experiment No.1 Date:-

INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

AIM: - To study microwave components.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Flanges, Twisted wave guide, wave guide tees, Directional Coupler, Attenuator, Isolators,
Circulators, Matched terminator, Slide screw tuner, Slotted Section, Tunable probe, Horn antennas,
Movable Short, Detector mount.

THEORY: - A pipe with any sort of cross- section that could be used as a wave guide or system of
conductors for carrying electromagnetic wave is called a wave guide in which the waves are truly
guided.

(1) FLANGES: - Flanges are used to couple sections of wave guide components. These flanges
are designed to have not only mechanical strength but also desirable electric characteristics.

Fig:- Flanges
(2) TWISTED WAVEGUIDE: - If a change in polarization direction is required, twisted section
may be used. It is also called rotator.

Fig: - Twisted Waveguide

(3) WAVE GUIDE TEE: - Tees are junctions which are required to combine or split two signals
in a wave guide. Different type of tees are:-
 Fig:- WAVE GUIDE TEE
(a) H - PLANE TEE: - All the arm of the H- plane Tee lies in the plane of the magnetic field
which divides among the arm. This is thus a current or parallel junction.
 Fig:-H - PLANE TEE

(b) E- PLANE TEE: - It lies in the plane of electric field. It is voltage or series junction. In this
signal is divided in to two parts having same magnitude but in opposite phase.

Fig: - E- PLANE TEE

(c) MAGIC TEE: - If another arm is added to either of the T-junction. Then a hybrid T- junction
or magic tee is obtained. The arm three or four is connected to arm 1&2 but not to each other.

Fig:- MAGIC TEE

(4) DIRECTION COUPLER: - The power delivered to a load or an antenna can be Measured
using sampling technique in which a known fraction of the power is Measured so that the
total may be calculated. A number of coupling units used for such purpose are known as
directional coupler.

Fig:- DIRECTION COUPLER

(5) ATTENUATORS: - It consists of a resistive wane inside the wave guide to absorb
microwave power according to its position with respect to side wall of the wave guide.
Attenuation will be maximum if the wane is placed at center.

Fig:- ATTENUATOR
(a) Fixed Attenuators: In this the position of resistive wane is fixed, it absorbs constant amount
of power.

Fig:-Fixed Attenuators

(b) Variable Attenuators: - In this the position of resistive wane can be changed with the help of
micrometer.

Fig:- Variable Attenuators

(6) ISOLATORS: - Ferrite is used as the main material in isolator. Isolator is a microwave
device which allows RF energy to pass through in one direction with very little loss, while
RF power in the reverse direction is absorbed.

Fig: - ISOLATOR
(7) CIRCULATORS: - A microwave circulator is a multi port junction device where the power
may flow in the direction from 1 to 2, 2 to 3, & so on...

Fig: - CIRCULATORS

(8) MATCHED TERMINATION: - A termination producing no reflected wave at any transverse

section of the wave guide. It absorbs all the incident wave. This is also equivalent to
connecting the line with its characteristic impedance.

Fig: - MATCHED TERMINATION

(9) SLOTTED SECTION: - A length of wave guide in which a non radiating slot is cut on the
broader side. This is used to measure the VSWR.
Fig: - SLOTTED SECTION

10. SLIDE SCREW TUNER: - A screw or probe inserted at the top of wave guide (parallel to E)
to develop susceptance the magnitude & sign of which is controlled by depth of penetration
of screw and it can be moved along the length of wave guide.

Fig:- SLIDE SCREW TUNER

11. H – PLANE BEND: - An H-plane bend is a piece of wave guide smoothly bends in a plane
parallel to magnetic field for the dominant mode (Hard bend).
12. E – PLANE BEND: - An E-plane bend is a piece of wave guide smoothly bends in a plane of
electric field (Easy bend).
 Fig: - H-plane bent, E-plane bent

13. HORN ANTENNAS: - The component which radiates & intercepts EM energy is of course
the antenna. The open-ended wave guide, in which the open end is flared so that it looks like
a horn, is called horn antenna. There are several types of horns – Sectional E-plane horn,
Sectional H- plane horn and Pyramidal horn.

Fig: - HORN ANTENNAS

(14) MOVABLE SHORT: - It is adjustable load which moves along the length of wave guide and
adjusted to get SWR.

Fig: - MOVABLE SHORT

Result:-
Experiment no: - 2 Date:-

STUDY OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

1. Rectangular wave guide

AIM
1. To study the microwave components in detail i.e Rectangular wave guide

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Rectangular Wave Guide

THEORY:-
RECTANGULAR WAVE GUIDE
Definition:-Waveguides are transmission lines commonly used in electronics, especially in
higher frequency ranges like microwaves. A waveguide can be simply described as a metal pipe
usually filled with air.

 Wave guides are manufactured to the highest mechanical and electrical standards and
mechanical tolerances.
 L and S band wave guides are fabricated by precision brazing of brass-plates and all other
wave guides are in extrusion quality.
 W.G. sections of specified length can be supplied with flanges, painted outside and silver or
gold plated in side.

Fig: Basic rectungular wave guide

Fig: hollow-rectangular-waveguide

Fig: Rectangular-waveguide
 Fig: Rectangular-waveguide

Fig: Rectangular-waveguide

SPECIFICATIONS X Band
EIA No. : WR - 90
Frequency : 8.2 - 12.4 GHZ
Width : 2.286cm Height : 1.1016cm Width : 2.54 cm
Height : 1.27cm ± Tol. (μm) : 7.6 Material : Brass/Copper.
Result:

Viva questions.

1. Why can’t conventional tubes be used at microwave frequencies?

Ans. Conventional tubes can’t be used at microwave frequencies because of transit time effect.
Lead inductance and inter electrode capacitance of the devices will finally limit the output which
may even be zero.

2.What is transit time?

Ans. It is the time taken by the electrons to travel from cathode to anode

Experiment no: - 3 Date:-

FIXED ATTENUATOR
AIM
 1. To study the microwave components in detail i.e. fixed attenuators

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - fixed attenuator

THEORY:-
FIXED ATTENUATORS

Definition:-

An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the power of a signal without appreciably
distorting its waveform.

 fixed attenuators

Series 5000 fixed Attenuators are meant for inserting a known attenuation in a wave guide system.
These consist of a lossy vane inserted in a section of wave guide, flanged on both ends. These are
useful for isolation of wave guide circuits, padding and extending the range of measuring
equipments. Fixed Attenuators are available for 3, 6 or 10 dB attenuation values, but any attenuation
valve between 0 and 30dB can be provided.

An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier, though the two work by different methods.
While an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss, or gain less than 1.
 Fig: Attenuator
SPECIFICATIONS
Model No: X-5000 /Frequency : 8.12 - 12.4 GHZ /Attenuation (dB) : 3,6,10/Calibration Accuracy : ±
0.2dB/Avg Power : 2W/Max VSWR : 1.10/Max Insertion Loss (dB) : 0.2/W.G. Type: WG –
90/Flange Type (UG/U) : 39.
A precision built probe carriage has a centimeter scale with a vernier reading of 0.1mm least count
and a dial gauge can be mounted easily if precise readings are required.
Model No. : X - 6051
Freq (Ghz): 8.2 - 12.4
Max Residual VSWR: 1.01
WG type (WR-): 90
Flange Type (UG-/U): 39

Result:

Experiment no: - 4 Date:-

TUNABLE PROBE
AIM
1. To study the microwave components in detail i.e. Tunable Probe

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Tunable Probe

THEORY:-
Tunable Probe
Definition:-

Model 6055 Tunable probe is designed for use with model 6051 slotted sections. These are
meant for exploring the energy of the EF in a suitably fabricated section of wave guide. The
depth of penetration into a wave guide - section is adjustable by the knob of the probe. The tip
pick up the RF power from the line and this power is rectified by crystal detector, which is then
fed to the VSWR meter or indicating instrument.

Model No. : X6055 /Freq (Ghz): 8.2 - 12.4 /output Connector: BNC (F) /Detector: IN23.

Result:

Experiment no: - 5 Date:-

WAVE GUIDE DETECTABLE MOUNT

AIM
1. To study the microwave components in detail i.e Wave Guide Detectable Mount

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Wave Guide Detectable Mount

THEORY:-

Wave Guide Detectable Mount

Definition:-

Model 4051 Tunable Detector Mount is simple and easy to use instrument for detecting
microwave power thro’a suitable detector. It consists of a detector crystal mounted in a section of
a Wave guide and shorting plunger for matching purpose. The output from the crystal may be fed
to an indicating instrument. In K and R bands detector mounts the plunger is driven by a
micrometer.

Model No. : X - 4051

Freq. Range (Ghz): 8.2 - 12.4
O/P Connector: BNC (F)
Wave guide type (WR-) : 90
Flange Type (UG/U) : 39
Detector: IN23

Result:

Experiment no: - 6 Date:-

KLYSTRON MOUNT
AIM
1. To study the microwave components in detail i.e. Klystron Mount

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Klystron Mount

THEORY:-

Klystron Mount
Definition:-
Model 2051 Klystron mounts are meant for mounting corresponding Klystrons such as 2K25,
723A/B, 726A or RK - 5976 etc.

These consists of a section of wave guide flanged on one end and terminated with a movable
short on the other end. An octal base with cable is provided for Klystron.

Model No. : X – 2051/ Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4/ WG Type (WR-): 90
Flange Type (UG-/U): 39

Result:

Experiment no: - 7 Date:-

CIRCULATOR
AIM
1. To study the microwave components in detail i.e. Circulator

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Circulator

THEORY:-

Circulator
Definition:-
Model 6021 and 6022 are T and Y types of three port circulators respectively. These are
precisely machined and assembled to get the desired specifications. Circulators are matched
three port devices and these are meant for allowing Microwave energy to flow in clockwise
direction with negligible loss but almost no transmission in the anti-clockwise direction.

Model No. : X - 6021

Frequency Range (GHz): 8.6 - 10.6 or 10.2 - 12.2
Min. Isolation (dB): 20
Max. Insertion Loss (dB): 0.4
Max. VSWR: 1.20

Result:

Experiment no: - 8 Date:-

SS (SLIDE SCREW) TUNER

AIM
1. To study the microwave components in detail i.e SS Tuner

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - SS Tuner

THEORY:-
SS Tuner
Definition:-
Model 4041 slide screw tuners are used for matching purposes by changing the penetration and
position of a screw in the slot provided in the centre of the wave guide.

These consists of a section of wave guide flanged on both ends and a thin slot is provided in the
broad wall of the Wave guide. A carriage carrying the screw is provided over the slot. A VSWR
up to 20 can be tuned to a value less than 1.02 at certain frequency.

Model No. : X – 4041/ Freq. Range (GHz): 8.2 - 12.4/WG Type (WR-): 90
Flange type (UG/U): 39

Result: