Geotechnical Engineering-Ii: BSC Civil Engineering - 5 Semester

Geotechnical Engineering–II [CE-321]
BSc Civil Engineering – 5th Semester
Lecture # 13
18-Oct-2017
by
Dr. Muhammad Irfan
Assistant Professor
Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
Email: [email protected]
Lecture Handouts: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/geotech-ii_2015session
1
Practice Problem #2
Bore holes at a building site show the following strata (levels in meters
measured from ground surface)
Top Soil 0 to -1
Sand -1 to -5 (Water table at -3.5)
Clay -5 to -9
There is impervious rock below -9 m. The bulk density of the top soil and
sand is 19.62 kN/m3 and that of clay is 18.83 kN/m3.
A building is constructed on a concrete raft 324 m2 at 3 m below the surface.

The total load is 90x103 kN. Assuming a spread of the load of 2 vertical to 1
horizontal, calculate the final settlement. The coefficient of volume
compressibility (mV) is 434x10-6 m2/kN.
In a consolidation test, a specimen of the clay reached 90% settlement in 4

hours. The specimen was 20 mm thick. Estimate the time in years for the
building to reach 90% of its final settlement.
2
MAGNITUDE OF SETTLEMENT
CALCULATION
Consolidation Settlement
Today’s Discussion
3
IMMEDIATE (ELASTIC) SETTLEMENT
• Caused by elastic
deformation of
dry/moist/saturated soil
• No change in moisture
content i.e. “Undrained
Settlement”
• Occurs immediately
after the construction
• Important for Granular
soil
4
ELASTIC PARAMETERS
Main parameters for elastic settlement computation
• Modulus of elasticity (Es)
• Poisson’s ratio (ν)
Determination of Elastic Parameters

• Laboratory tests  expensive, time consuming
• In-situ tests  expensive, reliability?
• Commonly determined through empirical correlations
• Use of empirical correlations depend upon limitations of
correlations, experience, engineering judgement, etc.
5
POISSON’S RATIO
Found. Analysis & Design
Bowles (5th ed.)
6
Bowles (5th ed.)
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
7
Bowles (5th ed.)
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
8
IMMEDIATE (ELASTIC) SETTLEMENT
COMPUTATION
1. Methods Based Upon Theory of Elasticity
a. Timoshenko and Goodier (1951)
b. Mayne & Poulos (1999) Method
2. Methods Based Upon Strain Influence Factor
a. Schmertmann (1978) Method Mainly
b. Terzaghi et al. (1996) Method SANDS
3. Methods Based Upon SPT-N Values
a. Modified Mayerhof (1996) Method
b. Peck and Bazaraa Method
c. Burland and Burbridge (1985) Method
4. Elastic Settlement of Saturated Clays
a. Janbu, Bjerrum, and Kjaernsli (1956) Method
9
TIMOSHENKO AND GOODIER (1951)
METHOD
ASSUMPTIONS
• Strictly applicable to flexible bases on half-space.
• The half-space may either be cohesionless materials of any
water content or unsaturated cohesive soils.
• The soils may either be inorganic or organic; however, if
organic, the amount of organic material should be small,
because both Es and s are markedly affected by high organic
content.
• In practice, most foundations are flexible. Even very thick
ones deflect when loaded by the superstructure loads.
• If the base is rigid, the settlement will be uniform, and the
settlement factor IS will be about 7 % less than computed by
equations. If footing base is considered rigid, ISR = 0.931IS
10
METHOD
Settlement at the corner of uniformly loaded flexible rectangular
footing of dimensions B’xL’ from Timoshenko and Goodier
(1951) is given as;

Bowles (5th ed.) P-303
11
Square foundation; L/B = 1
Strip foundation; L/B ≥ 5
IF
12
METHOD
Settlement at the corner of uniformly loaded flexible rectangular
footing of dimensions B’xL’ from Timoshenko and Goodier
(1951) is given as;

Bowles (5th ed.) P-303
13
METHOD Found. Analysis & Design
Bowles (5 ed.) P-303 th
H = thickness of compressible layer
14
METHOD
ADD a Slide for description of

Es i.e. Hard layer for next
year.
Use Bowles & Das for reference.
Also for Round Bases, Convert into Equivalent

Square 15
16
PRACTICE PROBLEM #3
Estimate the elastic settlement at the center of the raft (or mat)
foundation for a building with the given data;
qo = 134 kPa; B x L = 33.5 x 39.5 m
The strata comprises of a 6.0 m thick dense sand deposit (ES =
42.5 MPa) overlying a hard clay stratum (ES = 60 MPa)
extending to a depth of 14.0 m below NSL. A sandstone deposit
(ES ≥ 500 MPa) exists below 14.0 m depth. The foundation is
placed at a depth of 3.0 m below NSL.
17
IF
18
PRACTICE PROBLEM #4
19
IF
21
22
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Foundation Analysis and Design (5th Ed.)
Joseph E. Bowles (Timoshenko & Goodier Method)
Chapter #5 (Modified Mayerhof Method)
Principles of Geotechnical Engineering (7th Ed.)

Braja M. Das
Chapter #11
Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations (7th Ed.)

David F. McCarthy (Schmertmann Method)
Chapter #10
CONCLUDED
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Geotechnical Engineering–II [CE-321]

BSc Civil Engineering – 5th Semester

A building is constructed on a concrete raft 324 m2 at 3 m below the surface.

In a consolidation test, a specimen of the clay reached 90% settlement in 4

Determination of Elastic Parameters

Found. Analysis & Design

Found. Analysis & Design

H = thickness of compressible layer

ADD a Slide for description of

Also for Round Bases, Convert into Equivalent

Principles of Geotechnical Engineering (7th Ed.)

Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations (7th Ed.)

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