Delhi Public School, R.K.

Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 

  

Relational Database Management System 

Relational Database:​​ It is a collection of logically related tables​. 
Table: Employee Table: Pay 
Eno Name Desig Desig Designation Salary
34 Ankur Singh Mgr Mgr Manager 78000
45 Jatin Dua Dir Dir Director 90000
32 Ravina Mgr Acc Accountant 25000
12 Harshit Acc Recp Receptionist 10000
01 Raj Recp
09 Kirti Mgr

Relational  Database  Management  System:  The  software  required  to  handle/manipulate  these 
tables/relations  is  known  as  Relational  Database  Management  System  (RDBMS)  –  Oracle,  Sybase, 
DB2, MS SQL Server, MYSQL, etc. 
Table/Relation:  Table  is  the  collection  of  related  data  entries  which  means  that  the  table  should 
consists  of  columns  and  rows.  The  horizontal  subset  of  the  Table  is  known  as  a  Row/Tuple.  The 
vertical  subset  of  the  Table  is  known  as  a  Column/an  Attribute.  A  relation  in  a  database  has  the 
following characteristics: 
1. Every value in a relation is atomic - i.e. it cannot be further divided 
2. Names of columns are distinct and order of columns is immaterial 
3. The rows in the relation are not ordered 
“Since relation is a set, and sets are not ordered hence no ordering defined on tuples of relation”
Table:Employee  Table:Pay 

Key:  An  attribute/group  of  attributes  in  a  table  that  identifies  a  tuple  uniquely  is  known  as  a 
Key.  A  table  may  have  more  than  one  such  attribute/group  of  attribute  that  identifies  a  tuple 
uniquely,  all  such  attribute(s)  are  known  as  ​Candidate  Keys​​.  Out  of  the  Candidate  keys,  one  is 
selected as ​Primary Key​​, and others become ​Alternate Keys. 

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 1/13 Hema Jain 

[REF:DPSR/COMP12/2018-2019/14]
 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

​Table:Stock Table:Department  

Relational algebra:​​ Following set of operations can be carried out on a relation: 

1. Selection (unary operator)​​: To select a horizontal subset of a relation. 
 
2. Projection (unary operator):​​ To select vertical subset of a relation 
 
3. Cartesian  Product  (binary  operator):  It  operates  on  two  relations  and is denoted by 
X.  For  example  Cartesian  product  of  two  relations  R1  and R2 is represented by R = R1 
X  R2. The degree of R is equal to sum  of degrees of R1 and R2. The cardinality of R is 
product of cardinality of R1 and cardinality of R2. 
Example: 
Relation:  R1 Relation: R2 
RollNo Name Class Code TeacherName
1 Akash XII 102 Ms. Rinee
4 Debakar X 309 Mr. Tanmoy
10 Rishi XI

Resultant : R = R1 X R2 
RollNo Name Class Code TeacherName
1 Akash XII 102 Ms Rinee.
1 Akash XII 309 Mr.Tanmoy
4 Debakar X 102 Ms. Rinee
4 Debakar X 309 Mr. Tanmoy
10 Rishi XI 102 Ms. Rinee
10 Rishi XI 309 Mr. Tanmoy

4. Union  (binary  operator):  It  operates  on  two  relations  and  is  indicated  by  U.  For 
example,  R=R1  U R2 represents union operation between two relations R1 and R2.  The 
degree  of  R is equal to degree of R1. The cardinality of R is sum of cardinality of R1 and 
cardinality of R2. Following have to be considered for the operation R1 U R2. 
 

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 2/13 Hema Jain 

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 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

• Degree of R1 = Degree of R2 

• jth attribute of R1 and jth attribute of R2 must have a common domain. 
 
Example: 
Relation: R1 Relation: R2
Student_ID Name Student_Code Student_Name
R490 Fatima S123 Rekha
R876 Faraz S456 Tushi
R342 Gauri

Resultant Relation : R = R1 U R2 

Column1 Column2
R490 Fatima
R876 Faraz
R342 Gauri
S123 Rekha
S456 Tushi

SQL - Structured Query Language 

 
DDL–Data Definition Language 
The  SQL-DDL  contains  set  of  commands,  which  sets  up,  changes  or  removes  data 
structures  from  the  database.  These  data  structures  can  be  tables  or  other  database 
objects. 
 
DML – Data Manipulation Language 
The  SQL-DML  includes  those  commands,  which  are  based  on  both  the  relational  algebra and 
the  tuple  relational  calculus.  DML  is  a  language  that  enables  users  to  access  or  manipulate 
data. By data manipulation, we mean: 
• The retrieval of information stored in the table 
• The insertion of new row with information into the table 
• The deletion of information from the table (not deleting the column) 
• The modification of information stored in the table​ (not modifying the data type of column) 
 
DCL – Data Control Language 
TCL – Transaction Control Language 
 
   

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 3/13 Hema Jain 

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 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

Data Types (as supported by SQL in MySQL & Oracle)  

CHAR, VARCHAR/VARCHAR2 To store textual data  
DECIMAL/NUMERIC/ NUMBER To store numeric data  
DATE   To store date 
(Default format in MySQL is ‘ yyyy-mm-dd’) 
(Default format in ORACLE is ‘ dd-mon-yy’) 
 

To create a new table in the database​ ​(DDL)

​Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <Table Name>
(<Column Name1> <Data Type>,<Column Name2> <Data Type>,
... <Column Name n> <Data Type>);
Example:
CREATE TABLE student
(Rno DECIMAL(5),Name VARCHAR(25),Fees DECIMAL(8,2), DOB Date);

To insert a new row at the bottom of the table ​(DML)

Syntax:
INSERT INTO <Table Name> [(<Col1>,<Col2>,... <Col N>)]
VALUES ((<Col1 Value>,<Col2 Value>,... <Col N Value>);
Examples:
INSERT INTO student (Name, Rno, DOB, Fees) VALUES ('Manish',34,'2003-09-07',7000);
INSERT INTO student VALUES (34,'Manish',7800,'2003-09-07');

INSERT INTO student VALUES (35,'Dhruv',8800,'2000-02-29');

INSERT INTO student VALUES (38,'Gagan',9800,'2001-09-10');

To add/modify structure of new/existing column(s) in the table ​(DDL)

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <Table Name>
ADD (<Column Name1> <Data Type>,<Column Name2> <Data Type>,
... <Column Name n> <Data Type>);

Examples:
ALTER TABLE student ADD (ClassSec VARCHAR(3));

INSERT INTO student (Rno,Name,Fees,ClassSec)

VALUES (23,'Rimal',6700,'12C');

To display the content from a table - SELECT 

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 4/13 Hema Jain 

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 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

Syntax:
SELECT */<Col1>,<Col2>, ... <Col N>
FROM <Table Name>
WHERE <Condition>;

Example:
SELECT * FROM student;
RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03
35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29
38 Gagan 9800 2010-09-01
23 Rimal 6700 12C

SELECT name FROM student;

NAME
Manish
Dhruv
Gagan
Rimal

Relational Operators =, <, >, <=, >=, <>

Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT

SELECT * FROM student WHERE Rno>35;

RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
38 Gagan 9800 2010-09-01

SELECT * FROM student WHERE Rno>23 AND Rno<38;

RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03
35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29

SELECT * FROM student WHERE Rno>35 OR ClassSec=​​'​12C​​'​;

RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
38 Gagan 9800 2010-09-01
23 Rimal 6700 12C

SELECT Name,Fees, 12*Fees AFEES FROM student WHERE NOT Fees=8800;

NAME FEES AFEES

Manish 7800 93600

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 5/13 Hema Jain 

[REF:DPSR/COMP12/2018-2019/14]
 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

Gagan 9800 117600

Rimal 6700 80400

Use of IN (used for distinct set) and BETWEEN (used for a range) with all data types 
SELECT * FROM student WHERE Rno IN (23,34,38);
RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03
38 Gagan 9800 2010-09-01
23 Rimal 6700 12C

SELECT * FROM student WHERE Rno BETWEEN 34 AND 38;

RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03
35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29
38 Gagan 9800 2010-09-01

SELECT * FROM student WHERE Name BETWEEN ​'​Dhruv​​' ​AND ​'​Gagan​​'​;

RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29
38 Gagan 9800 2010-09-01

To modify the existing content of the table​ ​(​DML)

Syntax:
UPDATE <Table Name>
SET <Col1>=<Value1> [,<Col2>=<Value2>,... <Col N>=<Value N>]
[WHERE <Condition>];

Example:
UPDATE student SET ClassSec='12A' WHERE Rno<36 AND Name<>'Rimal';

SELECT Rno, Name, ClassSec FROM student;

RNO NAME CLASSSEC
34 Manish 12A
35 Dhruv 12A
38 Gagan
23 Rimal 12C

UPDATE student SET Name='Suryansh' WHERE Rno=38;

SELECT * FROM student;
RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03 12A
35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29 12A
38 Suryansh 9800 2010-09-01
23 Rimal 6700 12C

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 6/13 Hema Jain 

[REF:DPSR/COMP12/2018-2019/14]
 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

UPDATE student SET ClassSec='12B' WHERE Rno=38;

SELECT * FROM student;
RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03 12A
35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29 12A
38 Suryansh 9800 2010-09-01 12B
23 Rimal 6700 12C

UPDATE student SET DOB='2001-07-01' WHERE Rno=23;

SELECT * FROM student;
RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03 12A
35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29 12A
38 Suryansh 9800 2010-09-01 12B
23 Rimal 6700 2001-07-01 12C

SELECT Name,DOB FROM student;

NAME DOB
Manish 2007-09-03
Dhruv 2000-02-29
Suryansh 2010-09-01
Rimal 2001-07-01

To arrange the data in ascending or descending order of one/multiple columns

(use of ORDER BY clause with SELECT)

Syntax:
SELECT */<Col1>,<Col2>, ... <Col N>
FROM <Table Name> ORDER BY <Col1> [ASC/DESC],<Col2> [ASC/DESC],... ;

Example:
SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY Rno;
RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
23 Rimal 6700 2001-07-01 12C
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03 12A
35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29 12A
38 Suryansh 9800 2010-09-01 12B

SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY Name;

RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 7/13 Hema Jain 

[REF:DPSR/COMP12/2018-2019/14]
 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29 12A

34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03 12A
23 Rimal 6700 2001-07-01 12C
38 Suryansh 9800 2010-09-01 12B

SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY Fees DESC;

RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
38 Suryansh 9800 2010-09-01 12B
35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29 12A
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03 12A
23 Rimal 6700 2001-07-01 12C

SELECT * FROM student where Fees>7000 ORDER BY Name;

RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29 12A
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03 12A
38 Suryansh 9800 2010-09-01 12B

SELECT ClassSec,Name,DOB,Fees
FROM student ORDER BY ClassSec, Name;
CLASSSEC NAME DOB FEES
12A Dhruv 2000-02-29 8800
12A Manish 2007-09-03 7800
12B Suryansh 2010-09-01 9800
12C Rimal 2001-07-01 6700

SELECT ClassSec, Name, DOB, Fees

FROM student ORDER BY ClassSec, Name DESC;
CLASSSEC NAME DOB FEES
12A Manish 2007-09-03 7800
12A Dhruv 2000-02-29 8800
12B Suryansh 2010-09-01 9800
12C Rimal 2001-07-01 6700

SELECT ClassSec, Name, DOB, Fees FROM student ORDER BY ClassSec DESC, Name;

CLASSSEC NAME DOB FEES

12C Rimal 2001-07-01 6700
12B Suryansh 2010-09-01 9800
12A Dhruv 2000-02-29 8800
12A Manish 2007-09-03 7800

To use Aggregate Functions with SELECT

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 8/13 Hema Jain 

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 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

COUNT() To count the number of rows/values (non-null)

SUM() To find the sum of values in the column (Numeric Data)
AVG() To find the average of values in the column (Numeric Data)
MAX() To find the maximum value in the column
MIN() To find the minimum value in the column

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM student;

COUNT(*)
4

SELECT COUNT(Rno) FROM student;

COUNT(RNO)
4

SELECT SUM(Fees) FROM student;

SUM(FEES)
33100

SELECT AVG(Fees) FROM student;

AVG(FEES)
8275

SELECT MAX(Fees),MIN(Fees) FROM student;

MAX(FEES) MIN(FEES)
9800 6700

SELECT DISTINCT ClassSec FROM Student;

CLASSSEC
12A
12B
12C

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT ClassSec) FROM Student;

COUNT(DISTINCT CLASSSEC)
3
SELECT COUNT(ClassSec) FROM Student;
COUNT(CLASSSEC)
4

INSERT INTO Student VALUES (12, ​'​Jatin​​'​,6600, ​'​2009-01-31​​'​, ​'​12B​​'​);

SELECT * FROM Student;

RNO NAME FEES DOB CLASSSEC
34 Manish 7800 2007-09-03 12A

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 9/13 Hema Jain 

[REF:DPSR/COMP12/2018-2019/14]
 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

35 Dhruv 8800 2000-02-29 12A

38 Suryansh 9800 2010-09-01 12B
23 Rimal 6700 2001-07-01 12C
12 Jatin 6600 2009-01-31 12B

SELECT SUM(Fees) FROM Student WHERE ClassSec=​​'​12A​​'​;

SUM(FEES)
16600

SELECT SUM(Fees) FROM Student WHERE ClassSec=​​'​12B​​'​;

SUM(FEES)
16400

SELECT SUM(Fees) FROM Student WHERE ClassSec=​​'​12C​​'​;

SUM(FEES)
6700

To group data under given Column(s) – ​GROUP BY

SELECT ​ClassSec​​,SUM(Fees) FROM Student

GROUP BY ​ClassSec​​;
CLASSSEC SUM(FEES)
12A 16600
12B 16400
12C 6700

SELECT ClassSec, COUNT(*) FROM Student

GROUP BY ClassSec;
CLASSSEC COUNT(*)
12A 2
12B 2
12C 1

SELECT ClassSec,MAX(Fees),MIN(Fees)FROM Student

GROUP BY ClassSec;

CLASSSEC MAX(FEES) MIN(FEES)

12A 8800 7800
12B 9800 6600
12C 6700 6700

SELECT ClassSec,MAX(DOB)FROM Student

GROUP BY ClassSec HAVING COUNT(*)>1;

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 10/13 Hema Jain 

[REF:DPSR/COMP12/2018-2019/14]
 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

CLASSSEC MAX(DOB)
12A 2007-09-03
12B 2010-09-01

Precedence of Clauses
SELECT */<Col1>,<Col2>,..., <Col.N>/<Expression>/<Agg.Func.> FROM
<Table(s) Name(s)>
[WHERE <Condition>]
[GROUP BY <Grouping Col.>]
[HAVING <Aggregate Condition>]
[ORDER BY <OrderingCol1>[ASC/DESC],<OrderingCol2> [ASC/DESC]...];

To delete a row/rows from a table – ​(DML)

Syntax:
DELETE FROM <Table Name> [WHERE <Condition> ];

Example:
DELETE FROM Student WHERE Rno=13;

To delete all rows of a table (Does not delete the structure of the table) 

DELETE FROM Student;

To delete structure of a table – ​(DDL) To delete the data as well as the structure
 
Syntax:
DROP TABLE <Table Name>;

Example:
DROP TABLE Student;
 
To modify the data type of a column ​ - ​(DDL) 
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <Table Name> MODIFY <Col1> <Data Type>;
Example:
ALTER TABLE Student MODIFY Name CHAR(30);
To delete a column from a table - ​(DDL)

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <Table Name> DROP COLUMN <Column Name>;

Example:
ALTER TABLE Student DROP COLUMN Rno;

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 11/13 Hema Jain 

[REF:DPSR/COMP12/2018-2019/14]
 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

To work with more than one table 

Cartesian product (CROSS Product) 
Table: Student Table: Games 
Rno Name Gcode Gname
1 Rahat 101 Football
2 Jaya 102 Table Tennis
3 Tarun

SELECT Name,Gname FROM Student,Games;

Name Gname
Rahat Football
Rahat Table Tennis
Jaya Football
Jaya Table Tennis
Tarun Football
Tarun Table Tennis

Join 
Table:ADMISSION   Table: FEE 
RNO NAME RNO FEES
2 Fardeen 3 3500
3 Harish 1 2500
1 ANIK 4 3000
4 PRIYA

SELECT A.Rno,Name,Fees
FROM Admission A,Fee B WHERE A.Rno=B.Rno;
RNO NAME FEES
3 Harish 3500
1 ANIK 2500
4 PRIYA 3000

SELECT A.Rno,Name,Fees
FROM Admission A,Fee B WHERE A.Rno=B.Rno ORDER BY 1;
RNO NAME FEES
1 ANIK 2500
3 Harish 3500
4 PRIYA 3000
SELECT A.Rno,Name,Fees
FROM Admission A,Fees B WHERE A.Rno=B.Rno ORDER BY 3 DESC;
RNO NAME FEES
3 Harish 3500
4 PRIYA 3000
1 ANIK 2500

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 12/13 Hema Jain 

[REF:DPSR/COMP12/2018-2019/14]
 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi Computer Science 
  

Union 
• The number of columns selected from each table should be same 
• The data types of corresponding columns selected from each table should be same 
 
Table: Boys Table: Girls 
Rno Name Rno Name
1 Rahat 7 Tara
2 Harish 12 Jaya
13 Tarun

SELECT Rno,Name FROM Boys UNION SELECT Rno,Name FROM Girls;

Rno Name
1 Rahat
2 Harish
13 Tarun
7 Tara
12 Jaya

SELECT Rno,Name FROM Boys UNION SELECT Rno,Name FROM Girls ORDER BY 2;

Rno Name
2 Harish
12 Jaya
1 Rahat
7 Tara
13 Tarun

SELECT Name FROM Boys WHERE Rno<13 UNION SELECT Name FROM Girls WHERE Rno>7;
Name
Rahat
Harish
Jaya

SELECT Rno,Name FROM Boys WHERE Rno<>1 UNION

SELECT Rno,Name FROM Girls ORDER BY 1 DESC;
Rno Name
13 Tarun
12 Jaya
7 Tara
2 Harish

RDBMS & SQL Notes # 13/13 Hema Jain 

[REF:DPSR/COMP12/2018-2019/14]