Meeting Time: Tuesday 5:00-8:00 Instructor: Mrs. Jonane J. Saguid CP No.

09097321637
PM

Module 3 The Foundation of Guidance and Counseling

Hello dear PGC students! Welcome to Module 3- Foundation of Guidance and Counseling. In
the previous module, we have learned the historical development of Guidance and Counseling in the
Philippines.
In this module, students are expected to:
1. Understand the Philosophical, Psychological and Sociological Foundation of Guidance and
Counseling.
2. Appreciate the importance of knowing the Philosophical, Psychological and Sociological
Foundation of Guidance and Counseling.
3. Create own foundation of learning the subject - Principles of Guidance and Counseling

I- ACTIVITY
A. Review
“Whose Who !”
Name the picture. Identify his contribution to the development of Guidance and Counseling.

B. Activity Proper
The theory and practice of counseling has drawn insights from other disciplines, including philosophy,
psychology, sociology, and the other social sciences. These disciplines have provided both data and
comprehensive hypotheses that counselors have used to clarify the theoretical structures underlying the whole
counseling process. Generally, there are three foundations to counseling theories: (1) Philosophical Foundation,
(2) Sociological Foundations, (3) Psychological Foundations.

View and study the slide presentation uploaded in your Google Classroom. Complete
the organizer below.
Foundation of Guidance & Counseling

Philosophical Psychological Sociological

 Questions: Answer on your GLLN.
1. What is meant by Philosophy? Psychology? Sociology? How do they differ?
2. What are the Philosophical foundations of Guidance and Counseling? Elaborate briefly.
3. What are the Psychological bases of Guidance and Counseling? Explain
4. What are the Sociological foundation of Guidance and Counseling? How important are these to
present situation?
5. Putting together those bases, in your own words, what are the foundations of Guidance and
Counseling?

II- ABSTRACTION
Foundations are the underlying principles serve as basis or evidence to support the Guidance and
Counseling Program. These foundations are:

1. PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION

 In a healthy personality the individual has a realistic perception of himself he knows what he
wants and how much he wants it.
 A goal of counseling is to help individuals to reach their maximum potential, which can occur
only when they develop consistent philosophical outlooks.
 Psychologists have often argued that philosophy has no place in the scientific study of human
behavior. However, May (1967) points out that every scientific method rests on philosophical
presuppositions.

Different Philosophical Positions

One theme is found consistently in the literature discussing the philosophy of counseling belief in the
dignity and worth of the individual, in the recognition of the individual’s freedom in determining his
own values and goals, and in the client’s right to pursue his own life-style. A number of beliefs have
emerged from Western civilization philosophies. These beliefs center on the concept of individualism.
Its first aspect is the importance accorded the individual. Thus, in Western culture a counselor is
encouraged to help the client to become more independent, more autonomous.
Other Philosophical Fondations d Guidance and Counseling are:
(1) Monism believed that there was only one underlying reality (the mind or the body, but not both). (2)
Dualism contended that both existed. (3) Materialism humans were entirely physical. (4) Determinist
asserted that all human choices were determined by the laws of nature. (5) Mechanism human beings
were slaves to nature and like machines, they could be known totally and completely. (6) Rationalism
emphasized that reason, innate ideas, and deductions guide knowledge. Self- awareness was highlighted.
(7) Empiricism experience was the source of knowledge and that learning was a process of accumulating
a series of sensory experiences. (8) Positivism concentrated on natural phenomena or facts that were
objectively observable. (9) Existentialism focused on the uniqueness of human beings & highlighted
this as the only reality.
Belief in the dignity and worth of the Individual:
Arbuckles (1975) Philosophical Model about a responsible and free individual
A responsible and free individual is one who has narrowed the gap between attitudes and behaviors the
literal meaning of freedom and responsibility changes as the culture changes and a responsible individual
is one who has no need to impose himself or his ideas on others.
Blochers grouping of relevant philosophical Systems
Blocher (1966) has proposed grouping contemporary philosophical systems into three major categories

 Essentialism
 Progressivism
 Existentialism

Essentialism

 Essentialist philosophies assume that humans are the only creatures endowed with reason and
that their chief function is to use this reason in order to know the world in which they live. It
therefore follows that truth is universal and absolute, and the individuals destiny is to discover
truth by distinguishing between the essential and the accidental. It refers to a belief in the
existence of fixed, unchanging absolutes of the good, the true, and the beautiful.

 Arbuckle (1975) points out that belief in absolute values can pose some difficulties for
counselors. He asks whether the counselor who is firmly committed to absolutistic concepts of
right and wrong, truth and error, beauty and ugliness, can allow a client the freedom to develop
values in the clients own unique way.

Progressivism

 Such systems begin not with the assumptions of universal truths but with specific and particular
experiences. The question What is true? is less important than What will work?

 A fact is valued for its usefulness, not its universality. As a result, values have no existence in
themselves. Values are individual to the observer, and truth is dynamic in a world that is always
changing. Certainly such a view describes the philosophy that underlies behaviorism. The
behavioral approach is primarily pragmatic.

Existentialism

 Existentialism is concerned with human longing and with seeking for importance within the
individuals self. The existential philosophies emphasize the view of reality most meaningful to
individuals. In a sense, it represents an approach that is empathic response by the counselor, as
the counselor attempts to reconstruct the personal meaning structure of the client.
 To analyze human behavior in philosophical terms is to ask serious questions about what a person
values, whether he or she should value it, whether this value fits in with a pattern of values,
whether the values of something hampers or assists other important values. Philosophical
questions are directly involved when an individual faces a problem whether personal, vocational,
or interpersonal.
Study the Application and implication of Philosophical Foundation of Guidance and Counseling :

FOUNDER PHILOSOPHY APPLICATION IMPLICATION

Buddhism . Understand about The healing of the The bond of
(Gautama Siddharta) impermanence of life; Buddha to Kisagotami is religion for suicide
death is inevitable. one of the qualities that prevention brings
show his greatness as a questions to non-
Spirituality is the basic counselor. He gave a religious people or
foundation and element of word of promise atheists
all religions. Mindfulness-based
therapy People can be
- Technique of the spiritual rather than
Buddha highlights religious. To be
the importance of spiritual, it is not
analysis and necessary to be
understanding of a religious.
counselee’s
condition. Advising
or teaching her right
the way would not
be an effective way.
Taoism Taoist is to accept the fact The Taoist help A Taoist learns the
(Lao Tzu and Huang Tzu we live in a state of eternal individual to discover secret of how to be
childhood, which we who you are in the heart, a child and adult at
explore and play about in to play and always the same time,
every day. becoming more in that throwing away the
exploration. To strong labels “child” ,
enough to do this, they “adult” etc, to
become future leaders and instead define
become a role model to themselves in their
others in how to live life search, actions and
truly. life.
Prophet Teaching of Counseling is Counseling is a method A technique that
(Mohammad) the means by which one of identifying practical enables a group or
person helps another solution to an identified individual to move
through purposeful problem. from everyday
conversation. problems and
traditional
strategies to a fresh
perspective.
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
A. CLASSICAL
PHILOSOPHY
Naturalism Nature is the aggregate of Loco parentis principle Teacher serves as
(Thales, Anaximander, physical objects. Education is a natural the second parents
Democritus, Epicurus, Herbert process. of the learners.
Spencer) Aim of education is In school the pupils
complete living are secure and ease
Educative Process should but they are afraid
be inductive to do wrongs. This
Punishment be affect the
constituted as psychological well
consequences of wrong beings of the
deeds pupils. They did not
expressed deeply
 their will and
sentiments.
Idealism Ultimate reality is spiritual School is ideal –centered Pupils became
(Plato, Descartes, Leibniz, or mental Teacher-centered more religious.
Kant, Berkely, Hegel) The pupil is considered They obey their
as personality whose parents and the
foundation is God. persons older than
Inclusion of Rizal’s them.
Life’s works and Writing
and virtues to courses The inclusion of
Rizal’s life help
realized the pain
and suffering of
our national hero.
These made
realized the
importance of
individual as the
future hope of the
nation.
Realism Believes that objects exists The educative process Setting standards
(Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, independent of the mind are transmission of among the learners
John Locke, Freidrich Herbert, True existence. information of help them to study
William James) information and discipline
Conditioning of the pupil themselves. Thus
The use of discipline the learners pursue
Problem-centered on their education
curriculum and habit not just to finish
formation but to enhance
themselves.
Pragmatism The essence of ideas come Student –centered Teaching-learning
(Heraclitus, Protagoras, from the consequences of Education is social process focused on
Francis Bacon, Charles Poerce, its test and practice. institution the learners.
William James, John Dewey) Education is a continuous More awareness of
reconstruction of children’s rights.
experience
Experimental method The pupils show
Focus on hand-on their best and
activities abilities.
Teacher facilitator Student became
Curriculum focused on more competent
rela-life situation, and skilful.
personal and social They are free to
experiences of the reason out.
learners.

B. CONTEMPORARY
PHILOSOPHY
Perennialism The basic principles of Teacher and learners have Learner feared to
(Aristotle, Aquinnas, Mortimer education are changeless specific roles. their teacher. The
Adler, Robert Hutchin) and permanent Role of teacher is to punishment became
pursuit truth, emphasis , brutal/. Pupils have
Omnipotent or powerful no rights to speech
Learners are the passive and tell their
listener, active thinker, sentiments.
Lectures, standardized
 test, teacher made test
memorization are the
methods of teaching.
punishment and rewards
Progressivism Declares that education is Learning should take The learners
(Francis Parker, John Childs, always in the process of place through problem motivate to learn
Boyd Bode) development solving and finish their
Learning is through studies.
Continual reconstruction of reconstruction of They have freedom
experience experiences to choose their own
Learning should be vocation. This
directly related to the helps them to
interest of the child become more
Teacher is facilitator independent and
The school should progressive in life.
encourage cooperation
rather that competition
Theory states that children Learning in its very Promote
Essentialism should learn the traditional nature involves hard intellectual growth
(William Bagely, Henry basic subjects rigorously. works and often willing of the individual
Mirrison, Thomas Briggs) application. learners.
The initiative in
education should lie with Focused of the
the teacher rather than lesson are more
with the pupils specific and basic
The school should retain which helped the
traditional method and learners to master
mental discipline easily the skill
Teaching Learning thought.
Process return to the
essential of the basic
skills
Instructivism Believes that man to a Curriculum focuses on There is a change in
(Theodore Brameld, George significant degree plans student experience and the way of life and
Countis, Isaac Berkson) and control his society. taking social action on government.
real problems such as The principles of
violence, hinder, the education
international terrorism, change the ideas of
and in equality. every learner to
become more
competent in order
to help the country.
C. MODERN
PHILSOPHY
1. Existentialism Freedom of Choice The learner
(Soren Keirkkegard, Individuals are responsible Emphasis on Social exercised the
Jean Paul Sarte, for determining for Sciences and social freedom of choice.
Blaise Pascal, Martin themselves the true. research methods;
Bubber) examination of social This helps them to
economic and political become more
problems competent and
Focus present and future independent rather
trends as well as national than to become
international issues. dependent to other.
Student interaction
 Language Analysis The focus of this Education an discourse The people realized
(Beertrund Russel) philosophy is accuracy of should be done in specific the important of
language as it is used in terms with meaning made native languages .
communication clear.

2. SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

Sociology is basically a study of social group behavior. A basic premise of sociology is that
peoples behavior is largely determined by their social interactions, their relationships as individuals and
as group members. Following is the description of these influences:

Influence of social organizations on Individuals

 Sociologists have examined what impact the social structure has on the individual and how the individual
adapts to these social controls. Merton (1957) suggests that individuals can cope through five general
means conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, or rebellion.
 It focuses on understanding social rules & process that connect & separate people not only as individuals,
but as members of associations, groups, and institutions. It helps counselors understand human groups
and their influence on human behavior.

Development of social/cultural values

Effective counselors should be able to understand how an individuals culture influences his value
structure and how conflicts between individual and cultural values influence development. Values and
gender roles have changed in modern day society. At fault is what sociologists call a cultural lag that is,
habits and beliefs from previous times conflict with the cultural patterns brought about by new technology.
Socialization processes
This process transmits values and purposes of the group to the individual, teaching the individual
how to fit into the pattern of that social organization. Socialization does not typically deal with the
uniqueness of individuals rather, it focuses on those aspects of an individuals development that concern the
adaptations and adjustments to the culture or society. In effect, the socialization processes work primarily
to further the goals of the group rather than to further the development of the individual. Because the
counselors primary commitment is to individual growth and development rather than to the facilitation of
group ends, the counselor is particularly concerned with those socialization processes that help the
individual develop identity, self-awareness, values, and goals.
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
Social Psychology

Behavior is a product of the perceptual field of the individual at the moment of action.
Contemporary social psychology greatly concerned with perceptual processes in human beings.
For example, when an individual views a situation as threatening, he or she acts as if that situation
were indeed threatening.

The counselor must understand the nature of the individuals perceptual experiences.
Therefore, the person will behave defensively or aggressively, depending on what he sees as the
best reaction to the perceived threat.

Psychological Foundations Learning Principles

 The behavioral theories tend to emphasize the idea that learning is essentially a mechanical
matter.
 Field theories emphasize on perception eventually forced the behaviorists to stop speaking as if
the stimuli were purely objective and therefore equivalent for everyone.
 Cognitive theorists conceptualize learning as an active restructuring of perceptions and concepts,
not as passive responses to stimuli.

IV- APPLICATION
Presented is a picture of Grade Six pupils who joined the 2019 Schools Press Conference. How
will you apply the foundation of Guidance and Counseling in terms of Philosophical, Social and
Psychological? What specific philosophy will you use for their holistic development?

Paste your picture

here
Philosophical

Sociological

Psychological
Roseann and Charlene smiles confidently
during their visit in Masiga Airport to
take news updates, Oct. 5, 2019.
.
V- ASSESSMENT
A. Directions: Here are the Philosophical Foundations of Guidance and Counselling. Identify
the term that defines the following:
_________________ 1. Believed that there was only one underlying reality.
__________________ 2. Contended that both (mind and body) existed.
___________________ 3. Emphasized that humans were entirely physical.
___________________ 4. It asserted that all human choices were determined by the laws of
nature.
___________________ 5. It stressed that human beings were slaves to nature and like
machines,
they could be known totally and completely.
__________________ 6. Emphasized that reason, innate ideas, and deductions guide
knowledge.
__________________ 7.tates that experience was the source of knowledge and that learning
was a process of accumulating a series of sensory experiences.
_________________ 8. Concentrated on natural phenomena or facts that were objectively
observable.
_________________ 9. Focused on the uniqueness of human beings & highlighted this as the
only reality.
________________ 10. Do not do to others what you do not want others will do to you.”

Monism Dualism Materialism Determinist

Mechanism Rationalism Empiricism Positivism
Existentialism Idealism Realism Confucianism

V. ASSIGNMENT
Choose five (5) philosophies. Reflect these to present school setting in this COVID 2019
pandemic. Explain briefly (170 words only)

Reference:

Pico, Jane Diana (2016) Foundation of Guidance and Counseling prezi.com/p/uuy5jqtqrnys/philosophical-psychological-

and-sociological-foundations-of-guidance-and-counseling/

HAPPY LEARNING!