Computer Networks and Security

Module 7: Distance Vector Routing Protocols

– RIP & IGRP
CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics

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 Distance vector routing updates

• Routing table updates occur periodically or

when topology change
• Routers send their entire routing table to all
adjacent neighbors
• Routing table contains info about routing
metrics
• Hop count
• Bandwidth
• Cost
• Load
• Reliability
• Delay
• Loops occur when inconsistent routing tables are
not updated due to slow convergence in a
changing network

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 Count To Infinity

• Count to infinity
• Packets loop continuously around the network
• Packet never reach their destination
• May occur because
• Network is down
• Interface not configured correctly
• To overcome count to infinity
• Specify a maximum hop count
• Split Horizon
• Route Poisoning
• Hold Down timers

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 Maximum hop count

• Used to overcome
count to infinity
• Hop count
• The number of routers a
packet goes through
• It increases each time a
packet goes through a
router
• RIP maximum hop
count is 15
• Packet is discarded if the
hop count of 16 is reached
• This is because the
network 1 is unreachable

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 Route poisoning

• Poison reverse
• When route poisoning is used with
triggered updates it will speed up
convergence time because
neighboring routers do not have to
wait 30 seconds before advertising
the poisoned route.
• Failed routes are advertised with
infinite metrics.

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 RIP Routing Protocol

• Open standard RFC 1058 and Internet Standard (STD) 56

• Documented by: RIP has slow convergence which results in
• Request for Comments (RFC) 1058
Routing loops
• Internet Standard (STD) 56.
Count to infinity

• RIP Version 1 (RIP v1)

To reduce these RIP uses
• Classful Routing Protocol
Count-to-infinity
• RIP Version 2 (RIP v2) Split horizon
• Classless Routing Protocol Poison reverse
• Ability to carry additional packet routing information. Holddown counters
• Authentication mechanism to secure table updates. Triggered updates
• Supports variable length subnet masking (VLSM)
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 Configuring RIP
•To configure software to send and receive Rip V1 and V2
• Enter global configuration mode
packets
• Router#config t
•Router(config-router)#version{1|2}
• Specify RIP as the routing protocol
• Router(config)#router rip
•To configure an interface to send RIP V1 packets
•Router(config-if)#ip rip send version 1
• Specify directly connected networks
• Router(config-router)#network 10.10.10.0 •To configure an interface to send RIP V2 packets
•Router(config-if)#ip rip send version 2
• A router running RIP can be configured to
• Send triggered updates independently the scheduled •To configure an interface to send RIP V1 and V2 packets
updates (every 30 seconds) •Router(config-if)#ip rip send version 1 2
• Router(config-if)#ip rip triggered
•To configure and interface to receive RIP V1 packets
• To prevent RIP updates leaving an interface •Router(config-if)#ip rip receive version 1
• Router(config-router)#passive-interface Fa0/0
•To configure and interface to receive RIP V2 packets
• To configure RIP to exchange routing information in a
non-broadcast network (Frame Relay) •Router(config-if)#ip rip receive version 2
• RIP needs to be told of other neighboring RIP routers •To configure and interface to receive RIP V1 and V2 packets
• Router(config-router)#neighbor <ip address>
•Router(config-if)#ip rip receive version 1 2

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All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
 Preventing routing updates through an interface

• network command
• If it is issued for a given network using RIP or IGRP
• router immediately begin sending advertisements out all interfaces within the specified network
address range
• Router(config)#router RIP
• Router(config-router)#network 192.101.21.0
• passive interface command
• Stops the router from sending updates through a particular interface to a neighbor
• Router continues to listen and use routing updates from that neighbor
• Prevent other systems from learning about routes dynamically
• Router(config)#router RIP
• Router(config-router)#passive-interface fa0/0

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 Load balancing with RIP

• Allows a router to take advantage of multiple best

paths to a given destination
• Calculated by dynamic routing protocol
• Entered statically by administrator

• RIP performs “round robin” load balancing

• over 6 equal-cost paths, with 4 paths being default
• takes turns forwarding packets over the parallel paths

• Interface pointer cycles through the interfaces and

routes in a deterministic fashion such as 1-2-3-4-1-2-
3-4-1
• RIP metric is hop count
• no regard is given to the speed of the links
• 56 Kbps path will be given the same preference as
the 155 Mbps path

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 Integrating static routes with RIP

• Static routes
• User-defined routes
• Force packets to take a specific path
• Useful for specifying a “gateway of last resort”; a default route
• Administrative Distance (AD)
• Each dynamic routing protocol has a default AD
• A static route can be defined as less desirable than a dynamically learned route, as long as
the AD of the static route is higher than that of the dynamic route
• floating static route
• A route configured on a router to take the place of the RIP route in the event that the RIP
routing process fails
• RIP can advertise static routes using the redistribute static command

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 IGRP features

• Distance vector routing protocol

• Developed by Cisco
• Sends routing updates every 90 second
• Sends entire table • IGRP converges faster than RIP
• thereby avoiding the routing loops
• Advertising networks for an autonomous • IGRP does not share the hop count limitation of RIP.
system • Useful Commands
• show interface interface
• Metrics used are normally bandwidth and • show running-config
delay • show running-config interface interface
• Bandwidth • show running-config | begin interface interface
• show running-config | begin igrp
• Delay – amount of time to get to the • show ip protocols
destination
• Reliability – reliability of link determined by
exchange of keepalives
• Load
• MTU – maximum transmission unit of the path

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 IGRP Routes
• IGRP advertises three types of routes:
• Interior
• Routes between subnets of a network attached to a
router interface
• If the network attached to a router is not subnetted,
IGRP does not advertise interior routes
• System
• Routes to networks within an autonomous system
number
• The IOS derives system routes from directly connected
network interfaces
• System routes information provided by other IGRP
routers.
• System routes do not include subnet information
• Exterior
• Routes to networks outside the autonomous system
that are considered when identifying a gateway of last
resort.
• Gateway of last resort is used if
• a better route is not found
• The destination is not a connected network
• Exterior routes are also referred to as "candidate
default"
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 IGRP stability features

Holddowns
Prevent regular update messages from inappropriately reinstating a route that may not
be up

Split horizons
• It is usually not useful to send information about a route back in the direction from
which it came
• Prevent routing loops

Poison reverse
• Poison reverse updates then are sent to remove the route and place it in holddown.
• With IGRP, poison reverse updates are sent only if a route metric has increased by a
factor of 1.1 or greater.

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 IGRP Timers

• update timer specifies

• how frequently routing update messages should be sent
• Default is 90 sec
• invalid timer specifies
• how long a router should wait in the absence of routing-update messages about a route
before declaring that route invalid
• Default is 3 times the update period (270 sec)
• holddown timer specifies
• the amount of time for which information about poorer routes is ignored
• Default is 3 times the update timer period + 10 sec (280 sec)
• flush timer indicates
• how much time should pass before a route is flushed from the routing table
• Default is 7 times the routing update timer (after 630 sec)
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 Recap

• RIP, IGRP

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