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Networks and Security - Module 8 - TCP IP Suite Error and Control Messages

ICMP is a protocol that sends error and control messages in response to errors encountered during IP packet transmission. It is used to check connectivity through ping tests, detect excessive routing loops, and convey error messages like destination unreachable. ICMP also handles control functions like router discovery and source quench messages for congestion control.

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48 views

Networks and Security - Module 8 - TCP IP Suite Error and Control Messages

ICMP is a protocol that sends error and control messages in response to errors encountered during IP packet transmission. It is used to check connectivity through ping tests, detect excessive routing loops, and convey error messages like destination unreachable. ICMP also handles control functions like router discovery and source quench messages for congestion control.

Uploaded by

Christian Espiritu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks and Security

Module 8: TCP/IP Suite Error and Control


Messages
CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only. inspired by Cisco Networking Academy
IP
• Uses best effort delivery of messages
• No mechanism to ensure that the data is delivered
• Data may fail to reach its destination due to
• Hardware failure - router fails, destination device disconnected
• Improper configuration
• Incorrect routing information
• No mechanism for sending error and control messages
• it uses the ICMP to send and receive error and control messages to hosts on a network
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
• Notifies the sender that there was an error in the delivery
• Used in network troubleshooting
• Error reporting protocol for IP
• It reports these errors back to the source of the datagram
• ICMP messages are encapsulated into datagrams
• The following is the format of an ICMP message

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
Ping Tests Destination Reachability

• ICMP issues an echo request to the destination device


• If destination receives ICMP request, it formulates an echo reply
• Destination sends echo reply to source of the echo request
• If sender receives echo reply, this confirms destination reachable

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
• Issues four echo requests
• Receives four echo replies
• Confirming IP connectivity
between the two devices

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
Detecting Excessively Long Routes

• Faulty routing can cause a datagram to


• Travels in a circle
• Never reach its destination
• Faulty routes occur if
• two routers continually route a datagram back and forth
between them, thinking the other should be the next hop to
the destination
• How to prevent this
• RIP hop count is a maximum 15
• TTL – Time To Live – maximum hop count
• TTL reduced by 1 each time it goes through a router
• TTL of 0 – packet discarded and ICMP time exceeded
message

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
ICMP message type

• All ICMP message formats start with these same three fields:
• Type
• Type of ICMP message
• Code
• More information specific to the message type
• Checksum
• To verify the integrity of the data

ICMP echo request and echo reply

Identifier and Sequence Number are unique to the echo request / reply messages.
They are used to match the echo replies to the corresponding echo request
All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
Destination unreachable message

• Reasons delivery is not possible:


• Hardware failures
• improper protocol configuration
• down interfaces
• incorrect routing information
• packet fragmentation is required but not allowed (4)
• services such as FTP or Web are unavailable (2)

ICMP delivers back to the sender a destination unreachable message


All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
ICMP Control Message

• IP cannot provide informational or control messages to hosts

• ICMP provides informational or control messages to hosts

• Error messages result from


• Lost packets during packet transmission
• Error conditions which occur during packet transmission

• Control messages are used to inform hosts of


• Conditions such as network congestion
• The existence of a better gateway to a remote network

• ICMP control messages are encapsulated within an IP datagram

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
ICMP redirect/change requests

• This type of message can only be initiated by a gateway


• When a host connects to a segment that has two or more
directly connected routers, the default gateway of the host
may need to use a redirect/change request to inform the
host of the best path to a certain network
Default gateways only send ICMP redirect/change request
messages if the following conditions are met:
• The interface on which the packet comes into the router is
the same interface on which the packet gets routed out. ie
subnet/network of the source IP address is the same Type 5 indicates redirect/change request
subnet/network of the next-hop

• The datagram is not source-routed

• The route for the redirect is not another ICMP redirect or a


default route

• The router is configured to send redirects


• By default, Cisco routers send ICMP redirects
• Router(config-if)no ip redirects will disable ICMP
redirects
All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
Router Discovery Message

• If host has no default gateway


• Host sends a router solicitation message to
all routers, using
• multicast address 224.0.0.2 as the
destination address
• broadcast to include routers that may not
be configured for multicasting
• If sent to a router that does not support the
discovery process
• solicitation is unanswered
• If sent to a router that supports the
discovery process
• router advertisement returned

router advertisement
All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
Router solicitation message

• A host generates an ICMP router solicitation


message in response to a missing default
gateway.
• This message is sent via multicast and it is the
first step in the router discovery process.
• A local router will respond with a router
advertisement identifying the default
gateway for the local host

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
Congestion and flow control messages

• Multiple access to the same destination at the same time


• High speed LAN traffic reaches slower speed WAN connection
• If there is too much congestion on the network packets are dropped
• ICMP source-quench messages
• are used to reduce the amount of data lost
• Asks senders to reduce the rate at which they are transmitting packets
• If no other source-quench messages are received
• The source will slowly increase the transmission rate
• Most Cisco routers do not send source-quench messages by default

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.
Recap

• IP & ICMP

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.

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