DAO:

What are the benefits or advantages of Data Access Object (DAO) J2EE
Design Pattern ?
Data access, be it database, or webservices or LDAP, JMS, RMI, or
anything else, requires ways to de-couple business layer from database
access.
I think,
1. Data Access Object (DAO) Design Pattern can de-couple data
access related code like java.sql package api, webservices apis etc from
business/client layer/code.

2. Data Access Object (DAO) Design Pattern can be stateless for

concurrency and scalable system.

3. Data Access Object (DAO) Design Pattern can encapsulate datastore

related exception handling from client / caller code.

4. Data Access Object (DAO) Design Pattern can be easy to mock up

data access for early in developement, and unit testing to happen.

5. Data Access Object (DAO) Design Pattern can provide simple to use
abstraction to the data acess API.

These are my own understanding only, If you are interested in adding or

contracting any of these, you are most welcome to do so just by writing or
commenting on this Page.

Life cycle of Servlet

The life cycle of a servlet can be categorized into four parts:

1. Loading and Inatantiation: The servlet container loads the servlet during
startup or when the first request is made. The loading of the servlet depends on
the attribute <load-on-startup> of web.xml file. If the attribute <load-on-
startup> has a positive value then the servlet is load with loading of the
container otherwise it load when the first request comes for service. After
loading of the servlet, the container creates the instances of the servlet.
2. Initialization: After creating the instances, the servlet container calls the init()
method and passes the servlet initialization parameters to the init() method. The
init() must be called by the servlet container before the servlet can service any
request. The initialization parameters persist untill the servlet is destroyed. The
init() method is called only once throughout the life cycle of the servlet.

The servlet will be available for service if it is loaded successfully otherwise

the servlet container unloads the servlet.
 3. Servicing the Request: After successfully completing the initialization
process, the servlet will be available for service. Servlet creates seperate
threads for each request. The sevlet container calls the service() method for
servicing any request. The service() method determines the kind of request and
calls the appropriate method (doGet() or doPost()) for handling the request and
sends response to the client using the methods of the response object.
4. Destroying the Servlet: If the servlet is no longer needed for servicing any
request, the servlet container calls the destroy() method . Like the init() method
this method is also called only once throughout the life cycle of the servlet.
Calling the destroy() method indicates to the servlet container not to sent the
any request for service and the servlet releases all the resources associated with
it. Java Virtual Machine claims for the memory associated with the resources
for garbage collection.

Life Cycle of a Servlet

The servlet life cycle methods defined in Servlet interface are init(), service() and
destroy(). The life cycle starts when container instantiates the object of servlet class and calls the
init() method, and ends with the container calling the destroy() method.
The signature of this methods are shown below.
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException<br />
public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res) throws
ServletException, IOException<br />
public void destroy()
The servlet life cycle consists of four steps, instantiation, initialization, request handling and end of
service. Each of these steps is explained below.
Loading and instantiation
During this step, web container loads the servlet class and creates a new instance of the servlet. The
container can create a servlet instance at container startup or it can delay it until the servlet is needed
to service a request.
Initialization
During initialization stage of the Servlet life cycle, the web container initializes the servlet instance by
calling the init() method. The container passes an object implementing the ServletConfig interface via
the init() method. This configuration object allows the servlet to access name-value initialization
parameters from the web application
Understanding the Servlet life cycle with an example
We will create a Servlet that will help you in better understanding the life cycle of a servlet.
import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class ServletLifeCycleExample extends HttpServlet {

private int count;

@Override
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
super.init(config);
getServletContext().log("init() called");
count=0;
}

@Override
protected void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) throws ServletException, IOException {
getServletContext().log("service() called");
count++;
response.getWriter().write("Incrementig the count: Count =
"+count);

@Override
public void destroy() {
getServletContext().log("destroy() called");
}

}
Above ServletLifeCycleExample Servlet extends HttpServlet and overrides init() Service() and
destroy() methods. The servlet logs a message into server log file when servlet is initialized and sets
counter to 0. Every time the service method is called, it increments the counter by 1 and displays the
current value of counter to user. finally when destroy method is called, it logs a message to server log
file.
Compile above class and put it into WEB-INF/classes directory. Define the servlet and servlet mapping
into web.xml file. If you do not know how to define the servlet in web.xml see this servlet example.
Deploy the application and start the server. Call the servlet by opening the URL that you specified as
url-pattern in web.xml. See the server log file. Hit the URL multiple times and you will see that a
message is logged every time the service() method is called. The current value of counter will be
displayed in browser.

JSP Life Cycle – explain.

May 5th, 2008

JSP’s life cycle can be grouped into following phases.

1. JSP Page Translation:

A java servlet file is generated from the JSP source file. This is the first step in its tedious multiple
phase life cycle. In the translation phase, the container validates the syntactic correctness of the JSP
pages and tag files. The container interprets the standard directives and actions, and the custom
actions referencing tag libraries used in the page.

2. JSP Page Compilation:

The generated java servlet file is compiled into a java servlet class.

Note: The translation of a JSP source page into its implementation class can happen at any time
between initial deployment of the JSP page into the JSP container and the receipt and processing of
a client request for the target JSP page.

3. Class Loading:
The java servlet class that was compiled from the JSP source is loaded into the container.

4. Execution phase:
In the execution phase the container manages one or more instances of this class in response to
requests and other events.
The interface JspPage contains jspInit() and jspDestroy(). The JSP specification has provided a
special interface HttpJspPage for JSP pages serving HTTP requests and this interface contains
_jspService().

5. Initialization:
jspInit() method is called immediately after the instance was created. It is called only once during
JSP life cycle.

6. _jspService() execution:
This method is called for every request of this JSP during its life cycle. This is where it serves the
purpose of creation. Oops! it has to pass through all the above steps to reach this phase. It passes
the request and the response objects. _jspService() cannot be overridden.

7. jspDestroy() execution:
This method is called when this JSP is destroyed. With this call the servlet serves its purpose and
submits itself to heaven (garbage collection). This is the end of jsp life cycle.

jspInit(), _jspService() and jspDestroy() are called the life cycle methods of the JSP.

• jsp:include
The jsp:include action work as a subroutine, the Java servlet temporarily passes
the request and response to the specified JSP/Servlet. Control is then returned
back to the current JSP page.

• jsp:param
The jsp:param action is used to add the specific parameter to current request.
The jsp:param tag can be used inside a jsp:include, jsp:forward or jsp:params
block.

• jsp:forward
The jsp:forward tag is used to hand off the request and response to another
JSP or servlet. In this case the request never return to the calling JSP page.

• jsp:plugin
In older versions of Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer; different tags is
used to embed applet. The jsp:plugin tag actually generates the appropriate
HTML code the embed the Applets correctly.

• jsp:fallback
The jsp:fallback tag is used to specify the message to be shown on the browser
if applets is not supported by browser.
Example:
<jsp:fallback>
<p>Unable to load applet</p>
 </jsp:fallback>

• jsp:getProperty
The jsp:getPropertyB is used to get specified property from the JavaBean
object.

• jsp:setProperty
The jsp:setProperty tag is used to set a property in the JavaBean object.

• jsp:useBean
The jsp:useBean tag is used to instantiate an object of Java Bean or it can re-
use existing java bean object.

There are nine implicit objects. Here is the list of all the implicit objects:
Object Class
application javax.servlet.ServletContext
config javax.servlet.ServletConfig
exception java.lang.Throwable
out javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter
page java.lang.Object
PageContext javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext
request javax.servlet.ServletRequest
response javax.servlet.ServletResponse
session javax.servlet.http.HttpSession

• Application: These objects has an application scope. These objects are available
at the widest context level, that allows to share the same information between
the JSP page's servlet and any Web components with in the same application.
• Config: These object has a page scope and is an instance of
javax.servlet.ServletConfig class. Config object allows to pass the initialization
data to a JSP page's servlet. Parameters of this objects can be set in the
deployment descriptor (web.xml) inside the element <jsp-file>. The method
getInitParameter() is used to access the initialization parameters.
• Exception: This object has a page scope and is an instance of
java.lang.Throwable class. This object allows the exception data to be accessed
only by designated JSP "error pages."
 • Out: This object allows us to access the servlet's output stream and has a page
scope. Out object is an instance of javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter class. It provides
the output stream that enable access to the servlet's output stream.
• Page: This object has a page scope and is an instance of the JSP page's servlet
class that processes the current request. Page object represents the current page
that is used to call the methods defined by the translated servlet class. First type
cast the servlet before accessing any method of the servlet through the page.
• Pagecontext: PageContext has a page scope. Pagecontext is the context for the
JSP page itself that provides a single API to manage the various scoped
attributes. This API is extensively used if we are implementing JSP custom tag
handlers. PageContext also provides access to several page attributes like
including some static or dynamic resource.
• Request: Request object has a request scope that is used to access the HTTP
request data, and also provides a context to associate the request-specific data.
Request object implements javax.servlet.ServletRequest interface. It uses the
getParameter() method to access the request parameter. The container passes
this object to the _jspService() method.
• Response: This object has a page scope that allows direct access to
theHTTPServletResponse class object. Response object is an instance of the
classes that implements the javax.servlet.ServletResponse class. Container
generates to this object and passes to the _jspService() method as a parameter.
• Session: Session object has a session scope that is an instance of
javax.servlet.http.HttpSession class. Perhaps it is the most commonly used
object to manage the state contexts. This object persist information across
multiple user connection.

Data Sources and JNDI

All the ConnectionPoolDataSource and DataSource implementations can be stored in JNDI.
In the case of the nonpooling implementations, a new instance will be created every time the
object is retrieved from JNDI, with the same settings as the instance that was stored. For the
pooling implementations, the same instance will be retrieved as long as it is available (e.g., not a
different JVM retrieving the pool from JNDI), or a new instance with the same settings created
otherwise.

In the application server environment, typically the application server's DataSource instance
will be stored in JNDI, instead of the PostgreSQL™ ConnectionPoolDataSource
implementation.

In an application environment, the application may store the DataSource in JNDI so that it
doesn't have to make a reference to the DataSource available to all application components that
may need to use it. An example of this is shown in Example 11.2, “DataSource JNDI Code
Example”.
Example 11.2. DataSource JNDI Code Example

Application code to initialize a pooling DataSource and add it to JNDI might look like this:

Jdbc3PoolingDataSource source = new Jdbc3PoolingDataSource();

source.setDataSourceName("A Data Source");
source.setServerName("localhost");
source.setDatabaseName("test");
source.setUser("testuser");
source.setPassword("testpassword");
source.setMaxConnections(10);
new InitialContext().rebind("DataSource", source);
Then code to use a connection from the pool might look like this:
Connection con = null;
try {
DataSource source = (DataSource)new InitialContext().lookup("DataSource");
con = source.getConnection();
// use connection
} catch (SQLException e) {
// log error
} catch (NamingException e) {
// DataSource wasn't found in JNDI
} finally {
if (con != null) {
try { con.close(); } catch (SQLException e) {}
}
}

Struts Questions

1.What is MVC?

Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a design pattern put together to help control change. MVC
decouples interface from business logic and data.

• Model : The model contains the core of the application's functionality. The model
encapsulates the state of the application. Sometimes the only functionality it contains is
state. It knows nothing about the view or controller.

• View: The view provides the presentation of the model. It is the look of the application.
The view can access the model getters, but it has no knowledge of the setters. In addition,
it knows nothing about the controller. The view should be notified when changes to the
model occur.
 • Controller:The controller reacts to the user input. It creates and sets the model.

2.What is a framework?

A framework is made up of the set of classes which allow us to use a library in a best possible
way for a specific requirement.

3.What is Struts framework?

Struts framework is an open-source framework for developing the web applications in Java EE,
based on MVC-2 architecture. It uses and extends the Java Servlet API. Struts is robust
architecture and can be used for the development of application of any size. Struts framework
makes it much easier to design scalable, reliable Web applications with Java.

4.What are the components of Struts?

Struts components can be categorize into Model, View and Controller:

• Model: Components like business logic /business processes and data are the part of
model.
• View: HTML, JSP are the view components.
• Controller: Action Servlet of Struts is part of Controller components which works as
front controller to handle all the requests.

5.What are the core classes of the Struts Framework?

Struts is a set of cooperating classes, servlets, and JSP tags that make up a reusable MVC 2
design.

• JavaBeans components for managing application state and behavior.

• Event-driven development (via listeners as in traditional GUI development).
• Pages that represent MVC-style views; pages reference view roots via the JSF component
tree.

6.What is ActionServlet?

ActionServlet is a simple servlet which is the backbone of all Struts applications. It is the main
Controller component that handles client requests and determines which Action will process each
received request. It serves as an Action factory – creating specific Action classes based on user’s
request.

7.What is role of ActionServlet?

ActionServlet performs the role of Controller:

• Process user requests

• Determine what the user is trying to achieve according to the request
• Pull data from the model (if necessary) to be given to the appropriate view,
• Select the proper view to respond to the user
• Delegates most of this grunt work to Action classes
• Is responsible for initialization and clean-up of resources

8.What is the ActionForm?

ActionForm is javabean which represents the form inputs containing the request parameters from
the View referencing the Action bean.

9.What are the important methods of ActionForm?

The important methods of ActionForm are : validate() & reset().

10.Describe validate() and reset() methods ?

validate() : Used to validate properties after they have been populated; Called before FormBean
is handed to Action. Returns a collection of ActionError as ActionErrors. Following is the
method signature for the validate() method.

public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping,HttpServletRequest request)

reset(): reset() method is called by Struts Framework with each request that uses the defined
ActionForm. The purpose of this method is to reset all of the ActionForm's data members prior
to the new request values being set.
public void reset() {}

11.What is ActionMapping?

Action mapping contains all the deployment information for a particular Action bean. This class
is to determine where the results of the Action will be sent once its processing is complete.

12.How is the Action Mapping specified ?

We can specify the action mapping in the configuration file called struts-config.xml. Struts
framework creates ActionMapping object from <ActionMapping> configuration element of
struts-config.xml file

<action-mappings>
<action path="/submit"
type="submit.SubmitAction"
name="submitForm"
input="/submit.jsp"
scope="request"
validate="true">
<forward name="success" path="/success.jsp"/>
<forward name="failure" path="/error.jsp"/>
</action>
</action-mappings>

13.What is role of Action Class?

An Action Class performs a role of an adapter between the contents of an incoming HTTP
request and the corresponding business logic that should be executed to process this request.

14.In which method of Action class the business logic is executed ?

In the execute() method of Action class the business logic is executed.

public ActionForward execute(

ActionMapping mapping,
ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws Exception ;

execute() method of Action class:

• Perform the processing required to deal with this request

• Update the server-side objects (Scope variables) that will be used to create the next page
of the user interface
• Return an appropriate ActionForward object

15.What design patterns are used in Struts?

Struts is based on model 2 MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture. Struts controller uses

the command design pattern and the action classes use the adapter design pattern. The •
process() method of the RequestProcessor uses the template method design pattern. Struts
also implement the following J2EE design patterns.
 • Service to Worker
• Dispatcher View
• Composite View (Struts Tiles)
• Front Controller
• View Helper
• Synchronizer Token

16.Can we have more than one struts-config.xml file for a single Struts application?

Yes, we can have more than one struts-config.xml for a single Struts application. They can be
configured as follows:

<servlet>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>
org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet
</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>config</param-name>
<param-value>
/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml,
/WEB-INF/struts-admin.xml,
/WEB-INF/struts-config-forms.xml
</param-value>
</init-param>
.....
<servlet>

17.What is the directory structure of Struts application?

The directory structure of Struts application :

18.What is the difference between session scope and request scope when saving formbean ?

when the scope is request,the values of formbean would be available for the current request.
when the scope is session,the values of formbean would be available throughout the session.

19.What are the important tags of struts-config.xml ?

The five important sections are:

20.What are the different kinds of actions in Struts?
Actions Description

It provides mechanism
to collect related
functions into a single
action and eliminates
org.apache.struts.actions.DispatchAction
the need of creating
multiple independent
actions for each
function.

org.apache.struts.actions.ForwardAction It enables to forward

 request to the specified
URL.

It provides mechanism
org.apache.struts.actions.IncludeAction to include the contents
of a specified URL.

It provides mechanism
to set a user's locale
org.apache.struts.actions.LocaleAction and further forwarding
that to a specified
page.

It provides
mechanism to
combine many similar
actions into a single
org.apache.struts.actions.LookupDispatch
action class, in order to
Action
simplify the
application design .Java
map class is used to
dispatch methods.

It lets you combine

many related actions
into a single action
org.apache.struts.actions.MappingDispatc
class and manage
hAction
through creating
multiple action-
mappings.

It provides a
mechanism to switch
between modules and
then forwards control
org.apache.struts.actions.switchAction
to a URI (specified in a
number of possible
ways) within the new
module.

The different kinds of actions in Struts are:

• ForwardAction
• IncludeAction
 • DispatchAction
• LookupDispatchAction
• SwitchAction

21.What is DispatchAction?

The DispatchAction class is used to group related actions into one class. Using this class, you
can have a method for each logical action compared than a single execute method. The
DispatchAction dispatches to one of the logical actions represented by the methods. It picks a
method to invoke based on an incoming request parameter. The value of the incoming parameter
is the name of the method that the DispatchAction will invoke.

22.How to use DispatchAction?

To use the DispatchAction, follow these steps :

• Create a class that extends DispatchAction (instead of Action)

• In a new class, add a method for every function you need to perform on the service – The
method has the same signature as the execute() method of an Action class.
• Do not override execute() method – Because DispatchAction class itself provides
execute() method.
• Add an entry to struts-config.xml

DispatchAction Example »

23.What is the use of ForwardAction?

The ForwardAction class is useful when you’re trying to integrate Struts into an existing
application that uses Servlets to perform business logic functions. You can use this class to take
advantage of the Struts controller and its functionality, without having to rewrite the existing
Servlets. Use ForwardAction to forward a request to another resource in your application, such
as a Servlet that already does business logic processing or even another JSP page. By using this
predefined action, you don’t have to write your own Action class. You just have to set up the
struts-config file properly to use ForwardAction.

24.What is IncludeAction?

The IncludeAction class is useful when you want to integrate Struts into an application that
uses Servlets. Use the IncludeAction class to include another resource in the response to the
request being processed.
25.What is the difference between ForwardAction and IncludeAction?

The difference is that you need to use the IncludeAction only if the action is going to be
included by another action or jsp. Use ForwardAction to forward a request to another resource
in your application, such as a Servlet that already does business logic processing or even another
JSP page.

26.What is LookupDispatchAction?

The LookupDispatchAction is a subclass of DispatchAction. It does a reverse lookup on the

resource bundle to get the key and then gets the method whose name is associated with the key
into the Resource Bundle.

27.What is the use of LookupDispatchAction?

LookupDispatchAction is useful if the method name in the Action is not driven by its name in
the front end, but by the Locale independent key into the resource bundle. Since the key is
always the same, the LookupDispatchAction shields your application from the side effects of
I18N.

28.What is difference between LookupDispatchAction and DispatchAction?

The difference between LookupDispatchAction and DispatchAction is that the actual method
that gets called in LookupDispatchAction is based on a lookup of a key value instead of
specifying the method name directly.

29.What is SwitchAction?

The SwitchAction class provides a means to switch from a resource in one module to another
resource in a different module. SwitchAction is useful only if you have multiple modules in your
Struts application. The SwitchAction class can be used as is, without extending.

30.What if <action> element has <forward> declaration with same name as global forward?

In this case the global forward is not used. Instead the <action> element’s <forward> takes
precendence.

31.What is DynaActionForm?
A specialized subclass of ActionForm that allows the creation of form beans with dynamic sets
of properties (configured in configuration file), without requiring the developer to create a Java
class for each type of form bean.

32.What are the steps need to use DynaActionForm?

Using a DynaActionForm instead of a custom subclass of ActionForm is relatively

straightforward. You need to make changes in two places:

• In struts-config.xml: change your <form-bean> to be an

org.apache.struts.action.DynaActionForm instead of some subclass of ActionForm

<form-bean name="loginForm"type="org.apache.struts.action.DynaActionForm" >

<form-property name="userName" type="java.lang.String"/>
<form-property name="password" type="java.lang.String" />
</form-bean>

• In your Action subclass that uses your form bean:

o import org.apache.struts.action.DynaActionForm
o downcast the ActionForm parameter in execute() to a DynaActionForm
o access the form fields with get(field) rather than getField()

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.apache.struts.action.Action;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMessage;
import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMessages;

import org.apache.struts.action.DynaActionForm;

public class DynaActionFormExample extends Action {

public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws Exception {
DynaActionForm loginForm = (DynaActionForm) form;
ActionMessages errors = new ActionMessages();
if (((String) loginForm.get("userName")).equals("")) {
errors.add("userName", new ActionMessage(
"error.userName.required"));
}
if (((String) loginForm.get("password")).equals("")) {
errors.add("password", new ActionMessage(
"error.password.required"));
}
...........
33.How to display validation errors on jsp page?

<html:errors/> tag displays all the errors. <html:errors/> iterates over ActionErrors
request attribute.

34.What are the various Struts tag libraries?

The various Struts tag libraries are:

• HTML Tags
• Bean Tags
• Logic Tags
• Template Tags
• Nested Tags
• Tiles Tags

35.What is the use of <logic:iterate>?

<logic:iterate> repeats the nested body content of this tag over a specified collection.

<table border=1>
<logic:iterate id="customer" name="customers">
<tr>
<td><bean:write name="customer" property="firstName"/></td>
<td><bean:write name="customer" property="lastName"/></td>
<td><bean:write name="customer" property="address"/></td>
</tr>
</logic:iterate>
</table>

36.What are differences between <bean:message> and <bean:write>

<bean:message>: is used to retrive keyed values from resource bundle. It also supports the
ability to include parameters that can be substituted for defined placeholders in the retrieved
string.

<bean:message key="prompt.customer.firstname"/>

<bean:write>: is used to retrieve and print the value of the bean property. <bean:write> has no
body.

<bean:write name="customer" property="firstName"/>

37.How the exceptions are handled in struts?

Exceptions in Struts are handled in two ways:

 • Programmatic exception handling :

Explicit try/catch blocks in any code that can throw exception. It works well when
custom value (i.e., of variable) needed when error occurs.

• Declarative exception handling :You can either define <global-exceptions>

handling tags in your struts-config.xml or define the exception handling tags
within <action></action> tag. It works well when custom page needed when error
occurs. This approach applies only to exceptions thrown by Actions.

<global-exceptions>
<exception key="some.key"
type="java.lang.NullPointerException"
path="/WEB-INF/errors/null.jsp"/>
</global-exceptions>

or

<exception key="some.key"
type="package.SomeException"
path="/WEB-INF/somepage.jsp"/>
38.What is difference between ActionForm and DynaActionForm?

• An ActionForm represents an HTML form that the user interacts with over one or
more pages. You will provide properties to hold the state of the form with getters and
setters to access them. Whereas, using DynaActionForm there is no need of providing
properties to hold the state. Instead these properties and their type are declared in the
struts-config.xml
• The DynaActionForm bloats up the Struts config file with the xml based definition.
This gets annoying as the Struts Config file grow larger.
• The DynaActionForm is not strongly typed as the ActionForm. This means there is no
compile time checking for the form fields. Detecting them at runtime is painful and
makes you go through redeployment.
• ActionForm can be cleanly organized in packages as against the flat organization in the
Struts Config file.
• ActionForm were designed to act as a Firewall between HTTP and the Action classes, i.e.
isolate and encapsulate the HTTP request parameters from direct use in Actions. With
DynaActionForm, the property access is no different than using request.getParameter(
.. ).
• DynaActionForm construction at runtime requires a lot of Java Reflection
(Introspection) machinery that can be avoided.

39.How can we make message resources definitions file available to the Struts framework
environment?
We can make message resources definitions file (properties file) available to Struts framework
environment by adding this file to struts-config.xml.

<message-resources
parameter="com.login.struts.ApplicationResources"/>

40.What is the life cycle of ActionForm?

The lifecycle of ActionForm invoked by the RequestProcessor is as follows:

• Retrieve or Create Form Bean associated with Action

• "Store" FormBean in appropriate scope (request or session)
• Reset the properties of the FormBean
• Populate the properties of the FormBean
• Validate the properties of the FormBean
• Pass FormBean to Action