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    Losses in DC Machines

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    Serwan Bamerni
    The losses in a DC machine can be divided into three types: copper losses due to resistance in windings, iron or core losses from magnetic field reversals in the armature, and mechanical losses from friction and windage. Copper losses vary with load while iron and mechanical losses remain constant. Core losses include hysteresis loss from magnetic reversals and eddy current loss which induce circulating currents. Laminating the core with thin insulated sheets reduces eddy currents and their associated losses.

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    Losses in DC Machines

    Uploaded by

    Serwan Bamerni
    3K views5 pages
    The losses in a DC machine can be divided into three types: copper losses due to resistance in windings, iron or core losses from magnetic field reversals in the armature, and mechanical losses from friction and windage. Copper losses vary with load while iron and mechanical losses remain constant. Core losses include hysteresis loss from magnetic reversals and eddy current loss which induce circulating currents. Laminating the core with thin insulated sheets reduces eddy currents and their associated losses.

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    Losses in DC machines

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    The losses in a DC machine can be divided into three types: copper losses due to resistance in windings, iron or core losses from magnetic field reversals in the armature, and mechanical losses from friction and windage. Copper losses vary with load while iron and mechanical losses remain constant. Core losses include hysteresis loss from magnetic reversals and eddy current loss which induce circulating currents. Laminating the core with thin insulated sheets reduces eddy currents and their associated losses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3K views5 pages

    Losses in DC Machines

    Uploaded by

    Serwan Bamerni
    The losses in a DC machine can be divided into three types: copper losses due to resistance in windings, iron or core losses from magnetic field reversals in the armature, and mechanical losses from friction and windage. Copper losses vary with load while iron and mechanical losses remain constant. Core losses include hysteresis loss from magnetic reversals and eddy current loss which induce circulating currents. Laminating the core with thin insulated sheets reduces eddy currents and their associated losses.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Losses in a D.C.

    Machine
    The losses in a d.c. machine (generator or motor) may be divided into three classes viz (i)
    copper losses (ii) iron or core losses and (iii) mechanical losses. All these losses appear as
    heat and thus raise the temperature of the machine. They also lower the efficiency of the
    machine.

    1. Copper losses
    These losses occur due to currents in the various windings of the machine.
    (i) Armature copper loss = 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎
    2
    (ii) Shunt field copper loss = 𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑠ℎ
    2
    (iii) Series field copper loss = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒
    Note. There is also brush contact loss due to brush contact resistance (i.e., resistance
    between the surface of brush and surface of commutator). This loss is generally included
    in armature copper loss.
    2. Iron or Core losses
    These losses occur in the armature of a d.c. machine and are due to the rotation of armature
    in the magnetic field of the poles. They are of two types viz., (i) hysteresis loss (ii) eddy
    current loss.
    (i) Hysteresis loss
    Hysteresis loss occurs in the armature of the d.c. machine since any given part of the
    armature is subjected to magnetic field reversals as it passes under successive poles.

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    Fig. (1) shows an armature rotating in two-pole machine. Consider a small piece ab of the
    armature. When the piece ab is under N-pole, the magnetic lines pass from a to b. Half a
    revolution later, the same piece of iron is under S-pole and magnetic lines pass from b to a
    so that magnetism in the iron is reversed. In order to reverse continuously the molecular
    magnets in the armature core, some amount of power has to be spent which is called
    hysteresis loss. It is given by Steinmetz
    formula. This formula is
    16
    Hysteresis loss, Ph = ƞ Bmax f V watts
    where
    Bmax = Maximum flux density in armature
    f = Frequency of magnetic reversals = NP/120 where N is in r.p.m.
    V = Volume of armature in m3
    h = Steinmetz hysteresis co-efficient

    Figure 1

    In order to reduce this loss in a d.c. machine, armature core is made of such materials which
    have a low value of Steinmetz hysteresis co-efficient e.g., silicon steel.

    (ii) Eddy current loss


    In addition to the voltages induced in the armature conductors, there are also voltages
    induced in the armature core. These voltages produce circulating currents in the armature
    core as shown in Fig. (2). These are called eddy currents and power loss due to their flow
    is called eddy current loss. The eddy current loss appears as heat which raises the
    temperature of the machine and lowers its efficiency.

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    If a continuous solid iron core is used, the resistance to eddy current path will be small due
    to large cross-sectional area of the core. Consequently, the magnitude of eddy current and
    hence eddy current loss will be large. The magnitude of eddy current can be reduced by
    making core resistance as high as practical. The core resistance can be greatly increased by
    constructing the core of thin, round iron sheets called laminations [See Fig. 3]. The
    laminations are insulated from each other with a coating of varnish. The insulating coating
    has a high resistance, so very little current flows from one lamination to the other. Also,
    because each lamination is very thin, the resistance to current flowing through the width of
    a lamination is also quite large. Thus laminating a core increases the core resistance which
    decreases the eddy current and hence the eddy current loss.

    Figure 2 Figure 3

    2
    Eddy current loss, Pe = K e Bmax f 2 t 2 V
    where
    Ke = Constant depending upon the electrical resistance of core and system of units used

    Bmax = Maximum flux density in Wb/m2


    f = Frequency of magnetic reversals in Hz
    t = Thickness of lamination in m
    V = Volume of core in m3

    It may be noted that eddy current loss depends upon the square of lamination thickness.
    For this reason, lamination thickness should be kept as small as possible.

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    3. Mechanical losses
    These losses are due to friction and windage.
    (i) friction loss e.g., bearing friction, brush friction etc.
    (ii) windage loss i.e., air friction of rotating armature.
    These losses depend upon the speed of the machine. But for a given speed, they are
    practically constant.
    Note. Iron losses and mechanical losses together are called stray losses.

    Constant and Variable Losses


    The losses in a d.c. generator (or d.c. motor) may be sub-divided into
    (i) constant losses
    (ii) variable losses.
    (i) Constant losses
    Those losses in a d.c. generator which remain constant at all loads are known as
    constant losses. The constant losses in a d.c. generator are:
    (a) iron losses
    (b) mechanical losses
    (c) shunt field losses

    (ii) Variable losses


    Those losses in a d.c. generator which vary with load are called variable losses. The
    variable losses in a d.c. generator are:
    (a) Copper loss in armature winding (𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 )
    2
    (b) Copper loss in series field winding ( 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 ))
    Total losses = Constant losses + Variable losses
    Note. Field Cu loss is constant for shunt and compound generators.

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    Power Stages
    The various power stages in a d.c. generator are represented diagrammatically in Fig. (4).
    A - B = Iron and friction losses
    B - C = Copper losses

    Figure 4

    (i) Mechanical efficiency


    Mechanical power input
    𝐵 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎
    ƞ𝑚 = =
    𝐴 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
    (ii) Electrical efficiency
    𝐶 𝑉𝐼𝐿
    ƞ𝑒 = =
    𝐵 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎

    (iii) Commercial or overall efficiency


    𝐶 𝑉𝐼𝐿
    ƞ𝑐 = =
    𝐴 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

    Clearly ƞ𝑐 = ƞ𝑚 × ƞ𝑒
    Unless otherwise stated, commercial efficiency is always understood.
    𝐶 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡−𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
    Now, commercial efficiency, ƞ𝑐 = = =
    𝐴 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

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