Database Engine and its

Functionality

A Project Report submitted for the partial

fulfillment
For the award of Degree of

Master of Computer
Application (MCA)

Submitted By

Name : Suraj Kumar Singh

Roll_no : 77
Section : E3004
Group : B
Subject_Code : CAP301
Course_Code : 1604

Submitted To

Mr. Sartaj singh

Lovely Professional University

Phagwara (The Punjab)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies that the successful

completion of any task would be incomplete without the
mention of people whose ceaseless cooperation made it
possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement
crown all efforts with success.
We are grateful to our project guide Mr. Sartaj Singh for the
guidance, inspiration and constructive suggestions that
helpful us in the preparation of this project. We also thank
our colleagues who have helped in successful completion of
the project.

The overall material of the project has been collected from

the various sites and books. Explanation is richly illustrated
with relevant example to provide meaningful results.

I retain the responsibility of any kind of mistakes in this

project material and look forward to the comments and
suggestion from the teacher further improvement where
required

Once again I am short of thanks, as I cherish the inspiring

ideas, constant encouragement and earnest interest by our
project guide Mr. Sartaj Singh.
Name:-Suraj Kumar Singh
 Abstract
Database engine is the core of database. It is the place where the
execution of code takes place. It is internal to the database and not
visible to the user/developer. For e.g. a PL/SQL code for Oracle or T-
SQL for Microsoft would compile and execute from the database
engine. In other word we can say a data base engine is the component
that a database management system uses to create, retrieve, update,
and delete data from a database. Like Microsoft SQL server, oracle SQL
PLUS *, etc are Database engines.

The Jet database engine is an advanced database engine that

combines speed and performance with many other advanced features
not found in competing desktop DBMS products. The Microsoft Jet
database engine is also a reliable engine that offers certain transaction
processing capabilities, for example, it can wrap bulk operations into
transactions
 Table of contents

1. Introduction of Database engine.

2. Database engine tasks.

3. Troubleshooting (Database engine)

4. Database engine development.

5. System security.

6. Advantages.

7. How table is created & some queries.

8. Microsoft JET Database engine.

9. MYSQL Database engine.

10. ORACLE Database engine.

11. SQLITE Database engine.

INTRODUCTION

The Database Engine is the core service for storing, processing, and
securing data. The Database Engine provides controlled access and
rapid transaction processing to meet the requirements of the most
demanding data consuming applications within your enterprise.

Use the Database Engine to create relational databases for online

transaction processing or online analytical processing data. This
includes creating tables for storing data, and database objects such as
indexes, views, and stored procedures for viewing, managing, and
securing data. You can use SQL Server Management Studio to manage
the database objects, and SQL Server Profiler for capturing server
events.

Database Engine Tasks

The order of the topics in the Database Engine documentation follows

the main sequence of tasks used to implement a system that uses the
Database Engine for data storage:

• Design and create a database to hold the relational tables or

XML documents required by the system.

• Implement systems to access and change the data stored in

the database. This includes implementing Web sites or
applications that work with the data, and also building
 procedures that use the SQL Server tools and utilities to work
with the data.
• Deploy the implemented systems to the organization or
customers.

• Provide daily administration support to optimize the

performance of the database.

Troubleshooting (Database Engine)

o Troubleshooting the Data Collector

o Troubleshooting Database Engine Connectivity
o Troubleshooting Insufficient Data Disk Space
o Troubleshooting Queries

Development (Database Engine)

• Designing and Implementing Structured Storage

Databases

Tables

Indexes

Partitioned Tables and Indexes

Views

• Designing and Implementing Semi structured Storage

Understanding XML in SQL Server

 Implementing XML in SQL Server

Maintaining XML in SQL Server

• Designing and Implementing Spatial Storage

Working with Spatial Data (Database Engine)

Working with Spatial Indexes (Database Engine)

• Querying and Changing Data

Accessing and Changing Database Data

Stored Procedures (Database Engine)

DML Triggers

User-Defined Functions (Database Engine)

Security systems

Whether pure software or a combination of hardware and software

must store and manage critical information reliably. Because these
systems are a crucial part of the security infrastructure for enterprises,
they have unusual requirements not common to many business
applications that use database technology. Choosing the right database
product can increase reliability, improve performance and enhance the
level of Security provided by mission-critical deployed systems.

Advantage:

Using a Database engine provides a central store of data that can be

accessed by multiple users, from multiple locations. Data can be
shared among multiple applications, instead of new iterations of the
same data being propagated and stored in new files for every new
application. Central storage and management of data within the
database engine provides.
HOW TABLE IS CREATED

Create table: -
CREATE TABLE student (stu_no number(5), stu_name
char(15),address varchar2(20),course_id varchar2(10),course_name
char(20));

Table created
Insert values in table:
INSERT INTO student
values(1001,’Amit’,’Jalandhar’,’cap302’,’operating_system’);
values(1001,’Vikash’,’Chandighar’,’cap301’,’Data_base’);
values(1001,’Sumit’,’ludiana’,’cap303’,’Financial_Management’);
values(1001,’Rahul’,’Jammu’,’cap302’,’Data_base’);
values(1001,’Vijay’,’chandighar’,’cap302’,’Math’);

Stu_No Stu_Name Address Course_ID Course_Name

1001 Amit Jalandhar Cap302 Operating_System

1002 Vikash Chandighar Cap301 Data_base

1003 Sumit ludhiana Cap303 Financial_Management

1004 Rahul Jammu Cap301 Data_base

1005 Vijay Chandighar Cap304 Math

Some queries
1. List all students whose ‘address’ is chandighar.

SELECT *FROM student WHERE address=’chandighar’;

Stu_No Stu_Name Address Course_ID Course_Name

1002 Vikash Chandighar Cap301 Data_base

1005 Vijay Chandighar Cap304 Math

2. List all students whose address is chandighar and course_name

is Math.

SELECT *FROM student WHERE address=’chandighar’ and

course_name=’Math’;

Stu_No Stu_Name Address Course_ID Course_Name

1005 Vijay Chandighar Cap304 Math

3. List is students name whose name started with ‘s’;

SELECT *FROM student LIKE=’s%’;

Stu_No Stu_Name Address Course_ID Course_Name

1003 Sumit ludhiana Cap303 Financial_Management

List of Some Database engines:

• Microsoft Jet Database engine.

• MySQL Database engine.
• Oracle Database engine.
• SQLite Database engine

Microsoft jet Database engine

Data Access Objects (DAO) is the programming interface for the

Microsoft Jet database engine.
The Jet database engine stores data in a Microsoft Access database
(.mdb) file. All tables and indexes are stored in this file, as are any
forms, reports, macros, and modules used by Microsoft Access.
According to user feedback, having everything in one file makes it
easy to manage data and applications.

How do I use the Jet database engine in my applications

The Jet database engine itself ships with Microsoft Access, Microsoft
Visual Basic, Microsoft Visual C++, and Microsoft Excel. However these
are not the only applications that can access the Jet database engine
features. The following scenarios show how a user or developer can tap
into the Jet database engine features:

• The Microsoft Access user interface calls upon the Jet

database engine to provide data retrieval and other
 services because all objects created in Microsoft Access are
stored in the Jet database engine's native .mdb file.

• Any program that is an OLE Automation controller, such as

Microsoft Project, can access the Jet database engine
programmatically because the Jet database engine's
objects are fully exposed through DAO.

• Any program that ships with the Microsoft Jet database

engine, such as Microsoft Visual Basic, Microsoft Visual C+
+, or Microsoft Excel, can control the Jet database engine
programmatically.

Microsoft Jet database engine better than other database

engines

Besides the basic features that users have come to expect from any
database engine, the Microsoft Jet database engine adds advanced
capabilities that were previously unavailable on desktop databases.
These include:

• Access to heterogeneous data sources. The Jet database

engine provides transparent access, through industry-
standard ODBC drivers, to over 170 different data formats,
including DBASE, Paradox, ORACLE, Microsoft SQL Server,
and IBM DB2. Developers can build applications in which
users read and update data simultaneously in virtually any
data format and can replace a back-end data store with
minimal programming should application requirements
change.
• Engine-level referential integrity and data validation. The
Jet database engine has built-in support for primary and
foreign keys, database-specific rules, and cascading
updates and deletes. This means that a developer is freed
from having to create rules using procedural code to
implement data integrity.

• Advanced workgroup security features. The Jet database

engine stores User and Group accounts in a separate
database, typically located on the network. Object
permissions for database objects (such as tables and
queries) are stored in each database. By separating
account information from permission information, the Jet
database engine makes it much easier for system
administrators to manage one set of accounts for all
databases on a network.

• Updateable record sets. As opposed to most database

engines which return query results in temporary views or
snapshots, the Jet database engine returns a record set
that automatically propagates any changes users make
back to the original tables. This means that the results of a
query, even those based on multiple tables can be treated
as tables themselves. Users can even base queries on
other queries.

• Query optimization using Rushmore technology. The Jet

database engine has incorporated this innovative
technology from Microsoft FoxPro to enhance query
performance.
 • Multi user features. The Jet database engine supports
multiple users in all products. You don't have to do
anything to enable multi user access. The Jet database
engine supports both optimistic and pessimistic locking. It
also supports

MySQL Database engine

MySql is a powerful database. It's very good and free of charge. Many
developers in the world selected mysql and php for developing their
website.

The MySQL database has become the world's most popular open
source database because of its consistent fast performance, high
reliability and ease of use. It's used in more than 6 million installations
ranging from large corporations to specialized embedded applications
on every continent in the world.

Not only is MySQL the world's most popular open source database, it's
also become the database of choice for a new generation of
applications built on the LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP / Perl
/ Python.) MySQL runs on more than 20 platforms including Linux,
Windows, OS/X, HP-UX, AIX, Netware, giving you the kind of flexibility
that puts you in control.

1. Scalability and Flexibility

The MySQL database server provides the ultimate in scalability,

sporting the capacity to handle deeply embedded applications with a
footprint of only 1MB to running massive data warehouses holding
terabytes of information. Platform flexibility is a stalwart feature of
MySQL with all flavors of Linux, UNIX, and Windows being supported.
And, of course, the open source nature of MySQL allows complete
customization for those wanting to add unique requirements to the
Database-server.

2. High Performance

A unique storage-engine architecture allows database professionals to

configure the MySQL database server specifically for particular
applications, with the end result being amazing performance results.
Whether the intended application is a high-speed transactional
processing system or a high-volume web site that services a billion
queries a day, MySQL can meet the most demanding performance
expectations of any system. With high-speed load utilities, distinctive
memory caches, full text indexes, and other performance-enhancing
mechanisms, MySQL offers all the right ammunition for today's critical
business-systems.

3. High Availability

Rock-solid reliability and constant availability are hallmarks of MySQL,

with customers relying on MySQL to guarantee around-the-clock
uptime. MySQL offers a variety of high-availability options from high-
speed master/slave replication configurations, to specialized Cluster
servers offering instant failover, to third party vendors offering unique
high-availability solutions for the MySQL database server.

4. Robust Transactional Support

MySQL offers one of the most powerful transactional database engines
on the market. Features include complete ACID (atomic, consistent,
isolated, durable) transaction support, unlimited row-level locking,
distributed transaction capability, and multi-version transaction
support where readers never block writers and vice-versa. Full data
integrity is also assured through server-enforced referential integrity,
specialized transaction isolation levels, and instant deadlock detection.

5. Web and Data Warehouse Strengths

MySQL is the de-facto standard for high-traffic web sites because of its
high-performance query engine, tremendously fast data inserts
capability, and strong support for specialized web functions like fast full
text searches. These same strengths also apply to data warehousing
environments where MySQL scales up into the terabyte range for either
single servers or scale-out architectures. Other features like main
memory tables, B-tree and hash indexes, and compressed archive
tables that reduce storage requirements by up to eighty-percent make
MySQL a strong standout for both web and business intelligence
application.

6. Strong Data Protection

Because guarding the data assets of corporations is the number one

job of database professionals, MySQL offers exceptional security
features that ensure absolute data protection. In terms of database
authentication, MySQL provides powerful mechanisms for ensuring only
authorized users have entry to the database server, with the ability to
block users down to the client machine level being possible. SSH and
SSL support are also provided to ensure safe and secure connections.
A granular object privilege framework is present so that users only see
the data they should, and powerful data encryption and decryption
functions ensure that sensitive data is protected from unauthorized
viewing. Finally, backup and recovery utilities provided through MySQL
and third party software vendors allow for complete logical and
physical backup as well as full and point-in-time recovery.

7. Comprehensive Application Development

One of the reasons MySQL is the world's most popular open source
database is that it provides comprehensive support for every
application development need. Within the database, support can be
found for stored procedures, triggers, functions, views, cursors, ANSI-
standard SQL, and more. For embedded applications, plug-in libraries
are available to embed MySQL database support into nearly any
application. MySQL also provides connectors and drivers (ODBC, JDBC,
etc.) that allow all forms of applications to make use of MySQL as a
preferred data management server. It doesn't matter if it's PHP, Perl,
Java, Visual Basic, or .NET, MySQL offers application developers
everything they need to be successful in building database-driven
information systems.

Oracle database engine

An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The

purpose of a database is to store and retrieve related information. A
database server is the key to solving the problems of information
management. In general, a server reliably manages a large amount of
data in a multi user environment so that many users can concurrently
access the same data. All this is accomplished while delivering high
performance. A database server also prevents unauthorized access and
provides efficient solutions for failure recovery.

Oracle Database is the first database designed for enterprise grid

computing, the most flexible and cost effective way to manage
information and applications. Enterprise grid computing creates large
pools of industry-standard, modular storage and servers. With this
architecture, each new system can be rapidly provisioned from the pool
of components. There is no need for peak workloads, because capacity
can be easily added or reallocated from the resource pools as needed.

The database has logical structures and physical structures. Because

the physical and logical structures are separate, the physical storage of
data can be managed without affecting the access to logical storage
structures.

Oracle Database Features

• Scalability and Performance Features

• Manageability Features
• Database Backup and Recovery Features
• High Availability Features
• Business Intelligence Features
• Content Management Features
• Security Features
• Data Integrity and Triggers
• Information Integration Features
Oracle Database Application Development

SQL and PL/SQL form the core of Oracle's application development

stack. Not only do most enterprise back-ends run SQL, but Web
applications accessing databases do so using SQL (wrapper by Java
classes as JDBC), Enterprise Application Integration applications
generate XML from SQL queries, and content-repositories are built on
top of SQL tables. It is a simple, widely understood, unified data
model. It is used standalone in many applications, but it is also invoked
directly from Java (JDBC), Oracle Call Interface (OCI), Oracle C++ Call
Interface (OCCI), or XSU (XML SQL Utility). Stored packages,
procedures, and triggers can all be written in PL/SQL or in Java.

This section contains the following topics:

• Oracle SQL
• PL/SQL
• Application Programming Languages (APIs)
• Transactions
• Data types
• Globalization

SQLite Database engine

SQLite is an embedded relational database engine. Its developers call

it a self-contained, server less, zero-configuration and transactional
SQL database engine. It is very popular and there are hundreds of
millions copies worldwide in use today. SQLite is used in Solaris 10 and
Mac OS operating systems.
SQLite implements most of the SQL-92 standard for SQL. The SQLite
engine is not a standalone process.

Custom Functions

One of the most interesting features that the SQLite extension brings
to the table is the ability to create functions of your own to use within
SQL. This is possible due to the fact that SQLite combines both the
interface and the database engine in a single library that is coupled
with PHP. Through the use of sqlite_create_function() you can create
functions that can then be applied to the result set or used inside a
WHERE condition.

Distinctive features of SQLite

• Zero-Configuration

SQLite does not need to be "installed" before it is used. There is no

"setup" procedure. There is no server process that needs to be started,
stopped, or configured. There is no need for an administrator to create
a new database instance or assign access permissions to users. SQLite
uses no configuration files. Nothing needs to be done to tell the system
that SQLite is running. No actions are required to recover after a
system crash or power failure. There is nothing to troubleshoot.

• Single Database File

A SQLite database is a single ordinary disk file that can be located

anywhere in the directory hierarchy. If SQLite can read the disk file
then it can read anything in the database. If the disk file and its
directory are writable, then SQLite can change anything in the
database. Database files can easily be copied onto a USB memory stick
or emailed for sharing.

Other SQL database engines tend to store data as a large collection of

files. Often these files are in a standard location that only the database
engine itself can access. This makes the data more secure, but also
makes it harder to access. Some SQL database engines provide the
option of writing directly to disk and bypassing the file system all
together. This provides added performance, but at the cost of
considerable setup and maintenance complexity.