Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Availableonline
Available onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia115 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 139–154
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

International
International Conference
Conference –– Alternative
Alternative and
and Renewable
Renewable Energy
Energy Quest,
Quest, AREQ
AREQ 2017,
2017, 1-3
1-3 February
February 2017,
2017, Spain
Spain

Smart
Smart Materials
Materials Innovative
Innovative Technologies
Technologies in in Architecture;
Architecture; Towards
Towards
Innovative
Innovative
The 15th International Design
Design
Symposium Paradigm
on Paradigm
District Heating and Cooling

Assessing the Associate

Associate Prof.
Prof. Dr.
feasibility Dr. Abeer
of using
Abeer Samy
Samy Yousefthe heat
Yousef Mohamed*
Mohamed*demand-outdoor
temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast
Department Of Architecture Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Post Code 31111, Egypt.
Department Of Architecture Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Post Code 31111, Egypt.

Abstract
Abstract I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
Smarta materials technologies are the key to 21st-century competitive advantage. Various building materials can significantly increase levels of
Smart IN+
materials
Centertechnologies are Technology
for Innovation, the key to 21st-century
and Policy competitive advantage. Various building materials can1,significantly increase levels of
functionality. “Smart Materials” will play critical role inResearch
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Instituto Superior Técnico,
development; Av. Rovisco
these materialsPais 1049-001
that form part ofLisbon,
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functionality. “Smart Materials”bVeolia
will play critical &
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Avenue development;
Dreyfous Daniel, these
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Limay, that form part of a smart structural
France
system, which has the capability to sense its environment, so smart materials can perform like living systems. Recognizing that the traditional
system, which has
c the capability
Département to sense
Systèmesand its environment,
Énergétiques so smart
et Environnement materials can perform like living systems. Recognizing that the traditional
partition between Materials Science Architecture is obsolete, the -study
IMT Atlantique,
intent is to 4show
rue Alfred Kastler,
how these two44300
fields Nantes, France connected
are intrinsically
partition between Materials Science and Architecture is obsolete, the study intent is to show how these two fields are intrinsically connected
while growing ever more symbiotic as we progress into the future. The paper provides an analytical study of the types of smart materials
while growing ever more symbiotic as we progress into the future. The paper provides an analytical study of the types of smart materials
available, giving a new insight into innovative methods and techniques that will give a new inspiration for architectural design, which the study
available, giving a new insight into innovative methods and techniques that will give a new inspiration for architectural design, which the study
will introduce “A New Innovative Design Paradigm”.
will introduce “A New Innovative Design Paradigm”.
Abstract
©
© 2017
2017TheTheAuthors.Published
Authors. Publishedby Elsevier Ltd.
by Elsevier
© 2017 The Authors.Published by Elsevier Ltd. B.V.
Peer-review under
District heating responsibility
networks of the
are of organizing
commonly committee
addressed inof AREQ 2017. as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
Peer-review
Peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility of the the organizing
organizing committee of the
committee literature
of AREQ
AREQ 2017. 2017.
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
Keywords: Smart materials, Smart structural systems, Architecture, Innovative Design Paradigm
sales. Due
Keywords: Smarttomaterials,
the changed climate
Smart structural conditions
systems, and Innovative
Architecture, buildingDesign
renovation
Paradigmpolicies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
prolonging the investment return period.
The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
1. Introduction
1.forecast.
Introduction
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buildings
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developed enhance environmental
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security. New
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© 2017 The
architectural innovative design by Elsevier
methodologies Ltd.
(Paradigm).
architectural innovative design methodologies (Paradigm).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
Cooling.

Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +201008750220

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +201008750220
E-mail address:[email protected]
E-mail address:[email protected]

1876-6102©
1876-61022017 The Authors.
© 2017 Published
The Authors. by Elsevier
Published Ltd.
by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review
Peer-reviewunder responsibility
under of theof
responsibility organizing committee
the Scientific of AREQ
Committee of2017.
The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of AREQ 2017.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of AREQ 2017.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.014
140 Abeer Samy Yousef Mohamed / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 139–154
2 Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

1.1. Research objectives

This research aims to study the terms of smart materials and their impact on architecture to investigate the role and function of
smart materials as a flexible approach in architectural materials in order to reduce energy consumption which will reduce
environmental emissions from the construction. That aim was reached through the following objectives:

 Study the relation between architecture and materials.

 Classify smart (materials, structure, and system) into that taxonomy.
 Analyze the properties and behavior of smart materials with an overview of smart (structure, system).
 Show how smart materials and its Innovative technologies application can be applied in the architectural field.
 Suggest the new Innovative Design Paradigm, the study introduce.

1.2. Research questions &hypotheses

There are many problems affect negatively on architectural design and creation, the progressive field of smart materials may
help in:

 Application of proper smart materials in architecture can influence operation and maintenance of the environment.
 Applying smart materials in architecture to achieve new forms and new method, because refers to important issues such as
smart materials and regarding the lack of using environmental pollutants.
But through that it still questions about:
 Does using smart materials leads to better quality of sustainable architecture?
 Does using smart materials put the building in front of nature or along with it?

1.3. Research methodology

Through the suggested vision of research, the study will use deductive analytical studies for smart materials effect on
architectural form elements and functions to answer the research questions.
Based on the objective of this study to determine the application of smart materials in construction industry and architecture
design creative paradigm, using analytical-descriptive methods, investigates various aspects of materials in construction and
architecture then studies their effect on sustainable environment and reduction of pollution.

2. Architecture Creation Through Construction Materials

2.1. Architectural design process

Architectural design is a continual process of selecting and organizing elements, trying to create a functional creative space
[2]. Material and structural systems are sub-systems in this configuration, which link all systems together. Both variables
influence the extension of the design process as a whole, and consequently, the architectural product. Therefore, the character of
the architectural space depends on how things are done and formed, and hence it is determined by its structural composition of
the substances and the used building materials, (table 1).

Table 1: Interrelation in building design [2].

Interrelation in building design

Environmental system Human system

Building system
Physical Client
Cultural context Building technology Internal ambience User requirements
context objectives
Available resources Structural
social Climate Organic Security
mass
Sensory Locational
Economic topographical Material equipment Profit
environment (static/dynamic)
Technological Structural systems (lighting/
historical Services system sound The
political Constrains control/ Spatial ability to
aesthetic Fitting system heating/ change
religious vent
 Abeer Samy Yousef Mohamed / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 139–154 141
Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 3

2.2. The dilemma of material impact on architecture (Materials considerations in architecture)

The materials configure central stone of building construction; it is expected to benefit from modern technologies [3]. Material
has been traditionally a follower to the form, mainly it changes the final image of the architectural product but it is not
participating in an early stage in the design process itself. In fact, it appears that the hierarchical sequence “form–structure–
material” is dominated the design process from a perspective of building systems. But is it possible that material occupies a
preliminary stage in the design process?
The study of material structure and its role in creative design has become an important subject on both the professional and the
academic levels. Researching and understanding the function of material in design has become an important element of the
architectural knowledge base and one of its research areas. These research areas also include the techniques of manipulating
representations of material structures, [4]. Lorraine Farrelly [5]; puts in her book "construction materials" a global layout, to
explain the way materials have been used historically in architecture, and also give an awareness regarding innovations in
material applications, see Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Construction materials layout, [2, 5].

The recent developments of material performance became a key driver of architectural design, new smart materials that start to
appear in the architecture field which we can control and adapt its thickness, pattern density, stiffness, color, flexibility, and
translucency, emphasizes this design approach, and it gives us new possibilities and potentials which affect the way we think [2],
see Fig. 2.
Physical context

Material User requirements

Calculations
Environment Spatial arrangements 

Generated form
Fig. 2. Materials role in design operation

2.3. New material requirements

Architectural materials are generally deployed in very large quantities, and building systems tend to be highly integrated into
the building to maintain homogeneous interior conditions. Materials and systems must also withstand very large ranges of
transient exterior conditions. The combination of these two general requirements tends to result in buildings of high thermal and
mechanical inertia.
To achieve a specific objective for a particular function or application, a new material or alloy has to satisfy specific
qualifications related to the following properties, [6]:

 Technical properties, including mechanical characteristics such as plastic flow, fatigue, and yield strength; and behavioral
characteristics such as damage tolerance and electrical, heat and fire resistance;
 Technological properties, encompassing manufacturing, forming, welding abilities, thermal processing, waste level,
workability, automation and repair capacities;
 Economic criteria, related to raw material and production costs, supply expenses and availability;
 Environmental characteristics, including features such as thermal comfort and proper lighting and avoid pollution; and
 Sustainable development criteria, implying reuse and recycling capacities.

If the functions of sensing and actuation are added to the list, then the new material/alloy is considered a smart material.
142 Abeer Samy Yousef Mohamed / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 139–154
4 Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

3. Smart materials - New construction materials

3.1. Definition of smart materials

Smart materials; are engineered materials which are able to provide a unique beneficial response when a particular change
occurs in its surrounding environment, [7]. NASA defines smart materials as “materials that (remember) configurations and can
conform to them when given a specific stimulus”, [8]. Encyclopedia of chemical technology defines smart materials and
structures; are those objects that sense environmental events, a process that sensory information, and then act on the environment,
[9]. The third definition refers to materials as a series of actions.
In architectural definition, smart materials are high technological materials that when placed in a building they respond
intelligently to the climatic changes, in different seasons (summer, winter, etc.) Either the environment is hot or cold to comfort
or to get the human needs. The term “Smart materials” is applicable to materials and systems that can responsively react to
change interior environments through material properties or material synthesis.
Smart Materials are often considered to be a logical extension of the trajectory in materials development toward more selective
and specialized performance. From this vision, they are similar to living beings, have the ability to perform both sensing,
actuating functions and are capable of adapting to changes in the environment. In other words, smart materials can change
themselves in response to an outside stimulus or respond to the stimulus by producing a signal of some sort. By utilizing these
materials, a complicated part in a system consisting of individual structural, sensing and actuating components can now exist in a
single component, thereby reducing overall size and complexity of the system. However, smart materials will never replace
system fully; they usually are part of some smart systems. Now architects could begin to select or engineer the properties of a
high-performance material to meet a specifically defined need.

3.2. Intelligent material

Intelligent materials as defined by Mihashi [10], are materials which; “incorporate the notion of information as well as
physical indexes such as strength and durability”. This higher level function or “intelligence” is achieved through the systematic
corporation of various individual functions. As a result, intelligent materials exhibit a self-control capability whereby they are not
only able to sense and respond to various external stimuli but conduct this response in a regulated manner. Schmets [11],
identifies this inherent ‘intelligent’ adaptability of natural materials and states that their outstanding mechanical properties are a
consequence of their highly organized hierarchical structure, which is omnipresent at all levels (length scales) of the material.
Given their complexity, it is not surprising that such materials are currently not used in practice. The development of
manmade intelligent materials is still largely at the conceptual and early design stages and is confined mainly to the high
technology fields of medicine, bionics, and aeronautics/astronautics. It is therefore, likely to be several decades before intelligent
materials enter the specialized end of the construction market.
The difference between a smart materials and an intelligent material is therefore defined by the degree to which the material
can gather information, process this information and react accordingly.

3.3. Benefits of using smart materials in architecture

Smart materials and its production processes may offer a wide range of benefits in construction field including, [1, 12]:

 Superior strength, toughness, and ductility.

 Enhanced durability/service life.
 Increased resistance to abrasion, corrosion, chemicals, and fatigue.
 Initial and life-cycle cost efficiencies.
 Improved response to extreme events such as natural disasters and fire.
 Ease of manufacture and application or installation.
 Aesthetics and environmental compatibility.
 Ability for self-diagnosis, self-healing, and structural control.

These benefits offer insight into the design and construction industry’s ability to think beyond its current boundaries and to
continually strive for improvement, utilizing its resources to fully pursue innovative ideas. According to previous benefits
taxonomy of smart materials as following, see Fig. 3.
 Abeer Samy Yousef Mohamed / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 139–154 143
Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 5

Taxonomy of Smart Materials

Smart Material Characteristics Types of Smart Materials

Property Change Type 2: Type 1:

Energy Exchange “first

 Light-emitting materials  Thermochromics
law” materials  Photoluminescents  Phototropics
 Electroluminescent  Magnetorheological&
Material exchange  Chemoluminescent electrorheological
 Thermoelectrics  Thermotropic
 Photovoltaics  Shape memory
Size/Location  Electrostrictives  Mechanochromics
 Magnetostrictives  Chemochromics
 Light Emitting Diodes -  Electrochromics -
Reversibility/Directionality LEDs.  Phase-changing materials
 Shape memory alloys.  Adhesion-changing materials
Fig. 3. Taxonomy of smart materials

3.4. Smart materials characteristics

According to different stimulus-response, smart materials are able to reversibly change their properties. Whether a molecule, a
material, a composite, an assembly, or a system, the five fundamental characteristics distinguishing a smart material from the
more traditional materials used in architecture are defined as follows [13]:

 Immediacy: they respond in real time;

 Transiency: they respond to more than one environmental state;
 self -actuation: intelligence is internal to rather than external to the “material”;
 Selectivity: their response is discrete and predictable;
 Directness: the response is local to activating event.
All smart materials can be grouped into three type’s characteristics, [14]:
 property changing materials;
 energy exchanging material;
 Material exchanging (Discrete size/location –Reversibility)

The first class has a great number of potential applications in architecture while the second class would be applied in building
servicing such as actuators and sensors and the third class are acted as an insulator.

3.4.1. property change

These materials undergo a change in a property or properties; chemical, thermal, mechanical, magnetic, optical, or electrical,
in response to a change in the conditions of the material's environment, [12]. The conditions of the environment may be ambient
or may be produced via a direct energy input, see Fig. 4.

Fig.4.How phase changing materials work [15].

3.4.2. energy exchange, “first law” materials

These can also be called “first law” materials, change an input energy into another form to produce an output energy in
accordance with the first law of thermodynamics. Although the energy converting efficiency of smart materials such as
photovoltaics and thermoelectrics is typically much less than those of conventional energy conversion technologies, the potential
utility of the energy is much greater, [14]:
144 Abeer Samy Yousef Mohamed / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 139–154
6 Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

3.4.3. material exchanges

 Size/ location: These characteristics are the discrete size and direct action of the material. The elimination or reduction in
secondary transduction networks, additional components, and, in some cases, even packaging and power connections allows
minimizing the size of the active part of the material. A component or element composed of a smart material can be much
smaller than a similar construction using traditional materials and also will require less infrastructural support [13]. The
smaller size coupled with the directness of the property change or energy exchange renders these materials particularly
effective as sensors.
 Reversibility/ directionality [16]: Materials that have bidirectional property change or energy-exchange behaviour can often
allow further exploitation of their transient change rather than only of the input and output energies and/or properties. The
energy absorption characteristics of phase changing materials can be used either to stabilize an environment or to release
energy to the environment, depending on the direction in which the phase change is taking place. The bidirectional nature of
shape-memory alloys can be exploited to produce multiple or switchable outputs, allowing the material to replace components
composed of many parts.

3.5. Types of Smart Materials [13]:

Smart materials and systems could be divided into two classes:

3.5.1. type 1:
Materials undergo changes in one or more of their properties (chemical, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, or thermal) in direct
response to a change in external stimuli in the surrounding environment. The energy input to a material affects the internal energy
of the material by altering the material’s microstructure and the input results in a property change of the material, include the
following, [16]:

 Thermochromics - an input of thermal energy changes the material’s color.

 Phototropics - materials that change color when exposed to light.
 Magnetorheological and electrorheological - the application of a magnetic field (or for electro-rheological -an electrical field)
causes a change in micro-structural orientation, resulting in a change in viscosity of the fluid.
 Thermotropic - an input of thermal energy (or radiation for a phototropic, electricity for electrotropic and soon) to the material
alters its microstructure through a phase change. In a different phase, most materials demonstrate different properties,
including conductivity, transmissivity, volumetric expansion, and solubility.
 Shape memory - an input of thermal energy (which can also be produced through resistance to an electrical current) alters the
microstructure through a crystalline phase change. This change enables multiple shapes in relationship to the environmental
stimulus.
 Mechanochromics - materials that change colour due to imposed stresses and/or deformations.
 Chemochromics - materials that change colour when exposed to specific chemical environments.
 Electrochromics - materials that change colour when a voltage is applied. Related technologies include liquid crystals and
suspended particle devices that change colour or transparencies when electrically activated.
 Phase-changing materials - use chemical bonds to store and release heat.
 Adhesion-changing materials - change the attraction forces of adsorption or absorption of atoms or molecules when exposed
to light or electrical field.

3.5.2. type 2:
Smart materials transform energy from one form to another. The energy input to a material changes the energy state of the
material composition but does not alter the material, it stays the same, but the energy undergoes a change, include the following:

 Light-emitting materials, that convert an input energy to an output of radiation energy in the visible spectrum, are including,
[17]:
- Photoluminescents (input is radiation energy from the ultraviolet spectrum.
- Electroluminescent (input is electrical energy).
- Chemoluminescent (input is chemical reaction).
 Piezoelectrics (an input of elastic energy - strain produces an electrical current. Most piezoelectrics are bi-directional in that
the inputs can be switched and an applied electrical current will produce a deformation - strain).
 Thermoelectrics (an input of electrical current creates a temperature differential on opposite sides of the material).
 Photovoltaics (an input of radiation energy from the visible spectrum produces an electrical current.
 Electrostrictives (the application of a current produces elastic energy - strain which deforms the shape of the material).
 Magnetostrictives (the application of a magnetic field produces elastic energy - strain which deforms the shape of the
material).
 Light Emitting Diodes - LEDs.
 Abeer Samy Yousef Mohamed / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 139–154 145
Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 7

 Shape memory alloys.

4. Applications of smart materials in architecture: New vision in construction

The application of advanced technologies, based on smart materials, has the capacity to significantly improve the
sustainability of buildings, by focusing on phenomena and not on the material artifact. Energy can be reduced by using discretely
acting only where necessary and operate discretely and locally. Then many of the advantages offered by these technologies can
be appropriated by a greater diversity of designs for new and retrofitting existing buildings. Material properties are determined by
either molecular structure or microstructure. So, architects have to understand all material behavior in relation to the phenomena
and environments they create, see Fig. 5.
Applications of Smart Materials in Architecture:
New Vision in Construction

Smart structures Smart materials

Sensory Smart construction materials

Self-healing
Tactile sensing
structures Materials

Sensory nerves Smart concrete

Autonomic
and Autogenic
Healing Brain
Smart bricks
Motor nerves
Passive and
active mode Smart wrap
Muscles
Smart base
isolation Smart glass Smart non-construction
systems materials

Active smart Passive smart Smart composites

Electrochromic devices (EC) Smart green roofs

Suspended particle devices (SPD) (Photochromic Glass) (PC)
Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (Thermochromic Glass)
devices (PDLC) (TC) Smart paints and coatings
Fig. 5. Application of smart materials in architecture

4.1. Smart construction materials

4.1.1. smart concrete

The innovation is the invention of smart concrete, that concrete is itself a sensor of strain or stress. The sensing ability is not
due to that concrete has been modified through the use of admixtures so it becomes a sensor see Fig. 6., without the admixtures,
the sensing ability is poor. The sensing ability is associated with the reversible change of the electrical resistance of the concrete
upon deformation in the elastic regime [18].
Short carbon fibers are added to the conventional concrete mixture, this modification gives the concrete the ability to detect
stress and tiny deformations in the concrete. In the presence of structural flaws - within a levee made of smart concrete, for
example - the concrete's electrical resistance increases. This change can be detected by electrical probes placed on the outside of
structures. Similarly, the electrical properties of smart concrete could be used to detect underground stress that builds prior to an
earthquake, to monitor building occupancy for intruders or for stragglers during an evacuation, and to monitor traffic flow in an
emergency or around borders [1,19].
a b

Fig. 6. [18]; (a) A single discontinuous conductive fiber, it bridges a micro-crack, the opening of which is exaggerated for clarity. (b)Electronic Sensors: the
electrical resistivity fractional change correlates with the strain (measured with a conventional strain gage) in the same direction (longitudinal) for three loading
cycles at progressively increasing strain amplitudes. Both the resistivity change and strain are reversible upon unloading. Full curve: fractional change in
resistivity, Dashed curve: strain
146 Abeer Samy Yousef Mohamed / Energy Procedia 115 (2017) 139–154
8 Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

4.1.2. smart bricks

Bricks stuffed with sensors, signal processors and wireless communication links warning about hidden stresses, or damage in
the aftermath of natural calamities like earthquakes, storms or hurricanes. A variety of additional sensors depending on the
application, such as sensors for detecting moisture, humidity, sound, chemicals, stress, force, and so forth. Built into a wall, the
brick could monitor a building’s temperature, vibration, and movement [1, 20] see Fig. 7. sensor node could be used in fire
curtain walls found in stairwells to send information regarding the safety of building exits during a fire. The tilt and acceleration
sensors would provide structural damage data while the temperature sensors would indicate areas of active burn or unsafe for an
exit due to compromised fire curtain. Such data collected from distributed network of sensors in a large building or skyscraper
could dramatically increase the safety of occupants and well as emergency crews. Also, these could be vital to firefighters
battling a blazing skyscraper, or to rescue workers ascertaining the soundness of an earthquake-damaged structure.
a b

Fig. 7. [20]; (a) Prototype wireless sensor system cast into a standard sized brick; ( b) Concept drawing of next generation wireless sensor node design currently
underway.

4.1.3. smart wrap

The Smart Wrap concept will deliver shelter, climate control, lighting, information display and power with a printed and
layered polymer composite. Smart Wrap as a futuristic building material could replace all existing interior and exterior wall
materials. The ultrathin, ultra-light material consists of 6 layers; an applied layer of carbon nanotubes that gives it rigidity, four
organic “smart” layers that change the appearance of your house, control circuitry, change material for thermal regulation,
provide environmentally-friendly and inexpensive power to the wall and to the whole building or other application, and a
PEN/PET substrate that holds them all together and protects them from the elements [21].
The benefits from using such potential technology applications could, [1, 21, and 22] see Fig. 8.:
 allow a person to “program” and reconfigure his house quickly and inexpensively to suit his changing needs, tastes, and
fashions,
 be portable (take own home with you when you move),
 save enormously on heating/cooling/lighting energy and provide it with renewable solar sources,
 eliminate the need for environmentally destructive, bulky and building materials.
a b c

Fig. 8. (a) Smart wrap Pavilion, General View, Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, New York, 2003, [22]; (b) Elevation showing thin-film photovoltaics,
organic light-emitting diodes, and thin-film batteries [23]. (c) View of wraps within the interstitial air space [23].

4.2. Smart non-construction materials

4.2.1. smart glass

Smart glass is a category of glazing materials that changes its light-control properties in reaction to an external stimulus [24],
known also as switchable glazing, dynamic glazing and chromogenics, smart glass is a relatively new category of high
performing glazing with significant clean technology characteristics. It can be used in a wide range of everyday products such as
windows, doors, skylights, partitions, sun roofs, sun visors and more. Expectations for growth in smart glass demand are very
high. Smart Glass can be manually or automatically tuned to precisely control the amount of light, glare and heat passing through
a window. There are two types of smart glass, (table 2):

 Passive smart glass: does not involve an electrical stimulus. Rather, it reacts to the presence of other stimuli such as light
(Photochromic Glass) (PC) or heat (Thermochromic Glass) (TC).
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Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 9

 Active smart glass: switchable glass which changes light transmission properties when a voltage is applied; by allow users to
control the amount of light and heat passing through. With the press of a button, it changes from transparent to opaque,
partially blocking light while maintaining a clear view of what lies behind the window, it can provide privacy at the turn of a
switch.

Table 2: types of Smart glass

- That changes color when exposed to light
Photochromic Glass (PC)

- absorb radiant energy

- absorb electromagnetic energy to produce an intrinsic property change
Passive smart glass

Fig. 9. Sample of uses Photochromic Glass [25].

- changes color due to temperature changes
Thermochromic Glass (TC)

- absorb heat, thermally induced chemical reaction or the phase transformation

Fig. 10. Shows the effect of thermal heat on Glass [26].

- materials that can change color when energized by an electrical current
- can be adjusted to allow varying levels of visibility
a b
Electrochromic devices (EC).
Types of Smart glass

Fig. 11. [26]: (a) Shows When switched off, an electrochromic window remains transparent; (b) Shows When switched on, a
low volt of electricity makes electrochromic window translucent
- can be dimmed, allow instant control the amount of light and heat passing through
- when becomes dark can blocking up to 99.4% of light. Also, protect from damaging UV when on or off.
suspended particle devices (SPD)

a b
Active smart glass

Fig. 12. [26]: (a) Shows When switched off, SPD window remains translucent.; (b) Shows When switched on, SPD window
remains transparent
- "milky white" appearance.
- great for homes and offices, you get privacy without sacrificing all light
Polymer dispersed liquid crystal

a b
devices (PDLC)

Fig. 13. [26]: (a) shows when switched off, PDLC window remains translucent; (b) Shows When switched on, PDLC window
remains transparent.
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10 Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

4.2.2. smart composites

Combining two or more single smart materials to utilize synergistically the best properties of their individual constituents is
the ultimate objective of any new composite of smart materials. Their advantages and adaptability to achieve design requirements
have led to a profusion of new products [27]. There are essentially two types:

 A completely tailored man-made composite material. The purpose of this material is to improve or add strength or stiffness.
The following examples will provide insight into the field; one product is made by incorporating a strong fibrous material
with boron or silicon into a matrix of aluminium or titanium, another by mixing a solid with minute spheres of glass [28],
ceramic or polymer, and a third by turning polymer, glass and some metals into sturdy foams. Syntactic foams use bubbles
that are mechanically combined with a resin to form a composite material. These foams can be combined with thin panels or
outer skins to create laminated composite or sandwich construction. Another example consists of a non-metallic material
introduced into a powder alloy to form a metal matrix composite.
 An amalgamation of single/composite materials with fiber/Reinforced Polymers (FRPs). In the last two decades, FRPs have
been used as reinforcement for concrete, steel or other construction materials. The selection of FRP as an alternative to other
materials, particularly steel [17], is possible because of the tradeoffs between cost, weight, handling, and transportation are
very attractive and economical. Another significant advantage is the flexibility of the various design configurations. If the
FRP is combined with fiber optic sensors, the resulting product will be attractive and particularly cost-effective smart
composite.

4.2.3. smart green roofs:

Conventional uses of green roofs aim at improving the heat island effect, storm water management, air quality, and energy
conservation. However, insulation is needed to keep heat out when it is too hot outdoors or to keep heat inside when it is too cold
outdoors. A smart ventilation system that improves thermal performance by coupling or uncoupling the thermal mass as
necessary is proposed [29] see Fig. 14. To achieve this system has an insulated plenum in which a fan is activated by temperature
based rules. When the fan is on the plenum is ventilated and when it is turned off the ceiling acts as an insulator. However, the
fan needs to be more powerful so that this effect is transferred to the rest of the cell.

Fig. 14. Test cell with smart green roof [29]

4.2.4. Smart paints and coatings see Fig. 15.

Painting and coatings are ancient techniques for changing or improving the characteristics or performance of a material. The
development of smart paints and coatings give these old approaches new capabilities. Smart paints and coatings can be generally
classified into:

 high-performance materials,
 property-changing materials and
 energy-exchanging materials.

The pigments may be insoluble or soluble finely dispersed particles, the binder forms surface films. The liquid may be volatile
or nonvolatile, but does not normally become part of the dried material. Coatings are a more generic term than paints and refer to
a thicker layer. Many coatings are nonvolatile. These paints or coatings absorb energy from light, chemical or thermal sources
and reemit photons to cause fluorescence, phosphorescence or afterglow lighting. In these smart piezoelectric paints,
piezoelectric ceramic particles made of PZT (lead zirconate titanate) or barium titanate (BaTIO3) are frequently used. They are
dispersed in an epoxy, acrylic, or alkyd base [26].
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Fig. 15. (a) Hybrid special effects pigments consisting of TiO2 coating deposited on mica flakes. Reproduced with permission from Wiley-VCH [30]; (b)
Fluorescent materials for corrosion detection on alloy surfaces, [31].

4.3. Smart structures

a smart structure is a system that incorporates particular functions of sensing and actuation to perform smart actions in an
ingenious way. So, they differ from smart materials, in that they are engineered composites of conventional materials, which
exhibit sensing and actuation properties, due to the properties of the individual components [32]. The basic five components of a
smart structure are summarized as follow, see Fig. 16.:

 Data Acquisition (tactile sensing): the aim of this component is to collect the required raw data needed for an appropriate
sensing and monitoring of the structure.
 Data Transmission (sensory nerves): the purpose of this part is to forward the raw data to the local and/or central command
and control units.
 Command and Control Unit (brain): the role of this unit is to manage and control the whole system by analyzing the data,
reaching the appropriate conclusion, and determining the actions required.
 Data Instructions (motor nerves): the function of this part is to transmit the decisions and the associated instructions back to
the members of the structure.
 Action Devices (muscles): the purpose of this part is to take action by triggering the controlling devices/ unit.

Fig. 16. The Basic Five Components of a Smart Structure.

So, a smart system which is defined to be a non-biological physical structure having the following attributes:

 a definite purpose;
 means and imperative to achieve that purpose; and
 a biological pattern of functioning.

4.3.1. Self-healing material see Fig. 17.

This field covers a very broad range of materials including metals, polymers, ceramics/concretes and coatings [33]. Many self-
healing materials fall into the category of smart structures, since they contain encapsulated healing agents which are released
when damage occurs, thereby “healing” the “injury”, and increasing the materials’ functional life. Self-healing studies have been
performed on polymers, coatings, and composites (Inc. concrete), however, all of these ‘structures’ rely on previous knowledge
of the damage mechanisms to which they are susceptible, and are therefore classed as smart rather than intelligent.
There are many other areas of the application currently being researched, many of these areas are in high technology materials
that may not be directly applicable to the construction industry at present, however, in time, as their cost of manufacture reduces
their potential applicability will increase. In addition, an awareness of the technology employed in these high-end materials also
introduces the possibility of technology transfer to lower end bulk materials.
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a b

Fig. 17. (a) Optical micrograph of the cross-section of a coating containing microcapsules [33]; (b) Testing arrangement for self-healing experiments on notched
beams [34].

4.3.2. Autonomic and autogenic healing

A composite material which exhibits self-healing capabilities due to the release of encapsulated resins or glues, as a result of
cracking from the onset of damage, is categorized as having autonomic healing properties; the composite has been
“manufactured” to exhibit a healing behavior [17]. If the healing properties of a material are generic to that material, then the
material could potentially be classed as a smart material, and the healing process is termed autogenic healing: The material
exhibits a “natural” healing ability. Cementitious materials have this innate ability to self-repair, since re-hydration of a concrete
specimen in water, can serve to kick-start the hydration process when the water reacts with pockets of un-hydrated cement in the
matrix.

4.3.3. Passive and active modes

Smart self- healing structures may also be classified depending on the passive or active nature of their healing abilities. A
passive mode smart structure has the ability to react to an external stimulus without the need for human intervention, whereas an
active mode smart structure requires intervention in order to complete the healing process. Both systems have been tested, in
respect to concrete by Dry, [35], see Fig. 18. A fully passive release system draws its main benefits from the omittance of the
need for human inspection, repair, and maintenance. The requirement for human intervention in an active mode system,
nonetheless, allows for a larger degree of control to be exercised and is thus likely to inspire greater confidence within the end
user.
a b

Fig. 18. [34]; (a) Active release mode illustrated through the melting of a wax coating on porous fibers containing methyl methacrylate healing agent; (b) Passive
release mode illustrated through the physical cracking of the brittle fiber under loading.

4.4. Sensory structures see Fig. 19.

The need to control various kinds of motions and, in particular, vibrations in a structure appears in many forms. At the level of
the whole building structure, excitations resulting from seismic or wind forces can result in damage to both primary structural
systems and non-structural elements. Alternatively, many pieces of equipment used in buildings can produce unwanted vibrations
that can propagate through buildings [28]. In response to these needs, methods of mitigating structural damage have been
proposed that seek to control overall structural responses via controllable smart damping mechanisms used throughout a
structure. Several smart base isolation systems for mitigating structural damage in buildings exposed to seismic excitations have
also been proposed. These dampers are based on various electro- or magneto-rheological fluids or piezoelectric phenomena.
Piezoelectric sensors and actuators [13], for example, have been tested for use in vibration control of steel frame structures for
semiconductor manufacturing facilities.
Active control can be used to modify the behavior of specific structural elements by stiffening or strengthening them.
Structures can adaptively modify their stiffness properties so that they are either stiff or flexible as needed. In one project,
microstrain sensors coupled with piezoceramic actuators were used to control linear buckling, thereby increasing the buckling
load of the column several-fold.
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Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 13

Fig. 19. Microseisometer is capable of sensing accelerations. Thus, it can be used for sensing vibrations. (NASA) [13].

4.5. Smart base isolation systems see Fig. 20.

A “smart” base isolation strategy is proposed and shown to effectively protect structures against extreme earthquakes
without sacrificing performance during the more frequent, moderate seismic events. The proposed smart base isolation system is
composed of conventional low-damping elastomeric bearings and ‘‘smart’’ controllable (semi-active) dampers, such as magneto-
rheological fluid dampers [36]. To demonstrate the advantages of this approach, the smart isolation system is compared to lead-
rubber bearing isolation systems. The effectiveness of the isolation approaches is judged based on computed responses to several
historical earthquakes scaled to various magnitudes. The limited performance of passive systems is revealed and the potential
advantages of smart dampers are demonstrated [37]. Smart isolation is shown to achieve notable decreases in base drifts over
comparable passive systems with no accompanying increase in base shears or in accelerations imparted to the superstructure. In
contrast to passive lead-rubber bearing systems, the adaptable nature of the smart damper isolation system provides good
protection to both the structure and its contents over a wide range of ground motions and magnitudes.

Fig. 20. [36]: a- Combined filter/structure model for which primary controller is designed. b- Smart damper control strategy using a clipped-optimal controller.

5. Challenges aganist development of smart materials

Smart materials can be effective and impressive to environmental crisis issue; they don’t have wide-spread usage in
building construction. The reason of not being widespread can be proposed in two fields: theoretical and applied.

 Theoretical field: limited knowledge and limited raw material cause a new technology not to be spread widely. About smart
materials, these two features do not exist while it is conceived that the supply of various types are different in each material.
So the reason of not being widespread should be found in another field.
 Applied field: three main features exist: (fear of risk, lack of cognition and high cost). To overcome these barriers, smart
materials should be introduced to people. Advertisements play a great role in this way. In the next stage, smart materials
should be utilized in highly visible places. Through this way, people would be familiar with and encourage using them.
Finally, general acceptation of using smart materials causes high request and leads to mass production which decreases the
cost.
 As a result, recognition is the primarily step in both fields of development. This problem needs careful and precise
observation in order to analyze challenges and give solutions.
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14 Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

6. Towards a new Innovative Architectural design paradigm

Beyond customization and personalization for Architects to sustain in the future, they must also meet the continuous
innovation requirements while producing environmentally friendly Architecture and the socio-technical objectives, through smart
innovative materials, structures, and systems. The fiercely competitive market can be represented by a continuous need to
innovate as represented by the disruptive innovation helix, illustrated in see Fig. 21.

Fig. 21. The socio-technical complex design environment [38].

So, through the previous analytical study of smart materials, structures, and systems it was so clear now that smart materials
technologies will be the main object that affects directly on all design processes; from the first idea in innovative design paradigm
to the end of constructing the building. This continuous need to innovate is essential for architects to sustain. This and the socio-
technical objectives, results in the suggested design paradigm, which is illustrated in Fig. 22.

Architecture
assessment

Preferred Design

Performance
Environmental
Design Validation & Social Impact Sustainability
Refinement
Appraisers
Regulation
Smart
Architects Database Materials
Awareness &Technologies Consider all
Performanc Quality impact factors
Education
Requirements cover all
Training
performance
Design quality metrics
profit time
Requirements Formulation
Analysis +Creation responsi
cost
Progress
+
Capture all design
Innovation
variables & constraints

Sustainability
Pentagonal Prism
Architecture
Holistic class model instances

Architecture Alternative
modeling generating
Cover entire
Constraints
design space
Architecture synthesis

Fig. 22. A new Innovative Architectural design paradigm

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Associate Prof. Dr. Abeer Samy / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 15

7. Conclusion:

 The material doesn’t appear primarily as a texture or surface but is exposed and experienced in the whole depth of
architecture. As a result, architects should consider material as a functional element that has behavior which could be morphic,
adaptive and effective in each stage of design operation.
 The twenty-first century has ushered in a period of pressing threats to the environment, rising energy costs, and a firming
resolve that sustainable architectural design can yield dramatic gains in long-term resource preservation and overall quality of
life. Supporting all of this is the growing portfolio of clean technology products and processes that not only advance
sustainable ideas but do so profitably. Smart Materials technology is poised to propel sustainability to new levels.
 Barriers facing adoption of Smart Materials Innovation range from issues of cost, liability to market cycles and a lack of
established reliability for some products. Besides, there is a lack of coherence and consistency in the measurement of success,
especially with regard to verification and approval of new technologies.
 There is a correlation, compound, Interactive and complex connection between Architecture and construction Materials,
structures and systems. This relation became a key driver of architectural innovative design, new smart materials which start
to appear in the architecture field, emphasizes this design approach, and it gives us new possibilities and potentials which
affect the way we think.
 According to Smart Materials, an Integrated Approach Towards a New Innovative Architectural Design Paradigm
Has Been Proposed.

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