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Chapter 2 Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements - Part II

This document discusses ideal basic circuit elements and their characteristics. The five ideal elements are voltage sources, current sources, resistors, inductors, and capacitors. It describes voltage sources and current sources as either independent or dependent elements. Kirchhoff's laws of voltage and current are introduced as the basis for circuit analysis to determine unknown voltages and currents. Key circuit analysis concepts like nodes, paths, and loops are also defined.

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94 views20 pages

Chapter 2 Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements - Part II

This document discusses ideal basic circuit elements and their characteristics. The five ideal elements are voltage sources, current sources, resistors, inductors, and capacitors. It describes voltage sources and current sources as either independent or dependent elements. Kirchhoff's laws of voltage and current are introduced as the basis for circuit analysis to determine unknown voltages and currents. Key circuit analysis concepts like nodes, paths, and loops are also defined.

Uploaded by

Dania
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EECE 210

Electric Circuits

Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements


Part II
Ideal Basic Circuit Elements
 Five ideal basic circuit elements:
 Voltage sources
 Current sources
 Resistors
 Inductors – Chapter 6
 Capacitors - Chapter 6
Electrical Sources
 An electrical source is a device that is capable of converting non-
electric energy to electric energy or vice versa
 Examples of electrical sources:

 Mains electricity
 Cells
 Batteries (two or more cells connected together)
• A discharging battery converts chemical energy to electric energy
• A battery being charged converts electric energy to chemical energy

 Electrical sources can either deliver or absorb electric power,


generally maintaining either voltage or current
 Ideal voltage source
 Ideal current source
Voltage and Current Sources
 Ideal Voltage/current sources are active elements
 Generate electrical energy

 Otherwise would be passive elements

 Ideal voltage source: a circuit element that maintains a prescribed


voltage across its terminals regardless of the current flowing in those
terminals
 Ideal current source: a circuit element that maintains a prescribed
current through its terminals regardless of the voltage across those
terminals
 They can be:

 Independent: of other voltages/currents in the circuit


 Dependent: on other voltages/currents in
the circuit (controlled sources)
Dependent (Controlled) Sources
 Voltage-controlled voltage source (a)  Current-controlled voltage source (b)

controlled

μ : dimensionless ρ: Volts/Amp
controlling

 Voltage-controlled current source (c)  Current-controlled current source (d)

α : Amp/Volts
β : dimensionless
Interconnection of
Sources: Constraints
 Current sources in series or voltage
sources in parallel are forbidden
 Except if the sources are pointing in
the same direction and have exactly
the same values
 Similar concepts apply for
dependent sources
 Apply KVL and KCL to validate the
connections
Interconnection of Sources: Constraints
Voltage/Current Sources: Example
 What value of vg is required in order for the connection to be
valid?
 For this value of vg, find the power associated with the 8A
source.

 -2V

 -16W (delivered)
Electrical Resistance
 Resistance is the capacity of materials to impede the flow of
current or the flow of electric charge
 During interaction of moving electrons with atomic structure of
materials, some amount of electric energy is converted to thermal
energy and dissipated in the form of heat
 Might be undesirable: losses
• Copper wires or connections

 Might be useful: electrical devices take advantage of this resistance


heating, including stoves, toasters, irons, and heaters
Electrical Resistance
 Circuit element used to model this behavior is called the resistor

 Resistance of resistor denoted by the variable R


 Resistance measured in the unit ohms (Ω)
 Ideally constant value (does not depend on time)

Resistivity
length

R
A
Cross-sectional Area

 Reciprocal of resistance called conductance (G=1/R siemens)


Ohm’s Law
 When a current flows in a resistor, a voltage drop across it will be
induced according to Ohm’s Law
 Algebraic relationship between voltage and current for a resistor

v = Ri

• v = the voltage in volts


• i = the current in amperes
• R = the resistance in ohms
 Power

P=vi=Ri2= v2 /R
 Square of i or v  independent of reference values

 Power is consumed
Ohm’s Law: Example
 If vg = 1 kV and ig = 5 mA, find the value of R and the
power absorbed by the resistor

 R= 200kΩ
 P= 5W
Circuit Terminology
 Node is the junction of two or more circuit elements
 Path is a set of one or more adjoining circuit elements that may be
traversed in succession without passing through the same node
more than once
 If initial and final nodes are the same, the path is closed and
becomes a loop
Circuit Analysis
 A circuit is said to be solved when the voltage across and
the current in every element have been determined
 Flashlight circuit:

 Seven unknowns to be determined


 How?
Kirchhoff’s Laws
iC
 Two Kirchhoff’s laws based on
conservation of charge and iA iB
conservation of energy:
N
 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
iD
 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

 KCL: The algebraic sum of all – v3 +

the currents at any node in a + +


v2
v4
circuit equals zero –
–
+q
 KVL: The algebraic sum of all the
voltages around any closed path + +
v1 v5
–
in a circuit equals zero –
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
 KCL: The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in
a circuit equals zero

An algebraic sign
corresponding to a
reference direction must
be assigned to every
current at the node ex:
Assigning a positive sign
to current leaving a node
and a negative sign to
current entering a node
Node a? b? c? d?
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
 KVL: The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any
closed path in a circuit equals zero
Circuit Analysis
 A circuit is said to be solved when the voltage across and
the current in every element have been determined
 Flashlight circuit:

 Seven unknowns to be determined


 How? Apply KCL and KVL
Circuit Analysis: Example I

 Find i0
 Find P in sources: delivered or absorbed?

 i0=-3A, P delivered to 120V: 360W, P delivered by 6A: 900W


Circuit Analysis: Example II

 idelta=4A, i0=24A, v0=480A

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