2000 1. Make A Précis of The Following Passage in About One Third of Its Length. Suggest A Suitable Title Also.

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2000

1. MAKE A PRÉCIS OF THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE IN ABOUT ONE THIRD OF ITS LENGTH. Suggest a suitable title
also. (20)

Besant describing the middle class of the 9th century wrote " In the first place it was for more a class apart. "In no
sense did it belong to society. Men in professions of any kind (except in the Army and Navy) could only belong to
society by right of birth and family connections; men in trade—bankers were still accounted tradesmen—could not
possibly belong to society. That is to say, if they went to live in the country they were not called upon by the
county families and in the town they were not admitted by the men into their clubs, or by ladies into their houses…
The middle class knew its own place, respected itself, made its own society for itself, and cheerfully accorded to
rank the deference due."

Since then, however, the life of the middle classes had undergone great changes as their numbers had swelled and
their influence had increased.

Their already well –developed consciousness of their own importance had deepened. More critical than they had
been in the past of certain aspects of aristocratic life, they wee also more concerned with the plight of the poor
and the importance of their own values of society, thrift, hand work, piety and respectability thrift, hand work,
piety and respectability as examples of ideal behavior for the guidance of the lower orders. Above all they were
respectable. There were divergences of opinion as to what exactly was respectable and what was not. There were,
nevertheless, certain conventions, which were universally recognized: wild and drunker behaviors were certainly
not respectable, nor were godlessness or avert promiscuity, not an ill-ordered home life, unconventional manners,
self-indulgence or flamboyant clothes and personal adornments.

2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end in your own words. (20)
The vitality of any teaching, or historical movement, depends upon what it affirms rather than upon what it denies,
and its survival and continued power will often mean that its positives are insufficiently regarded by opposing
schools. The grand positives of Bentham were benevolence and veracity: the passion for the relief of man’s estate,
and the passion for truth. Bent ham’s multifarious activities, pursued without abatement to the end of a long life,
wee inspired by a "dominant and all-comprehensive desire for the amelioration of human life"; they wee inspired,
too, by the belief that he had found the key to all moral truth. This institution, this custom, this code, this system of
legislation-- does it promotes human happiness? Then it is sound. This theory, this creed, this moral teaching –
does it rightly explain why virtue is admirable, or why duty is obligatory? The limitation of Bentham can be gauged
by his dismissal of all poetry (and most religion) as "misrepresentation’; this is his negative side. But benevolence
and veracity are Supreme Values, and if it falls to one of the deniers to be their special advocate, the believers
must have long been drowsed. Bentham believes the Church teaches children insincerity by making them affirm
what they cannot possibly understand or mean. They promise, for example, to fulfill the undertaking of their god---
parents, that they will "renounce the devil and all his works, the pomps and vanity of this wicked world" etc. ‘The
Devil" Bentham comments: " who or what is he, and how is it that he is renounced?" Has the child happened to
have any dealings with him? Let the Archbishop of Canterbury tell us, and let him further explain how his own
"works" are distinguished from the aforesaid "Pomps and Vanity". What king, what Lords Temporal or Spiritual,
have ever renounced them? (Basil Willey)

(a) What does the writer mean by the following expressions:


Multifarious activities, amelioration of human Life, it is sound, be their special advocate, Renounce the devil,
drowsed, gauged, aforesaid.

(a) On what grounds does Bentham believe that the Church Teaches children insincerity?
(b)What is Bentham’s philosophy based upon?
(c) What according to the writer is Bentham’s limitation?
(d) In what context has the Archbishop of Canterbury been quoted i.e. is he praised or condemned?
2001
1.Make a precise of the following passage in about one third of its length and
suggest a suitable heading. (20)

It was not from want of perceiving the beauty of external nature but from the different way
of perceiving it, that the early Greeks did not turn their genius to portray, either in color or
in poetry, the outlines, the hues, and contrasts of all fair valley, and hold cliffs, and golden
moons, and rosy lawns which their beautiful country affords in lavish abundance.

Primitive people never so far as I know, enjoy when is called the picturesque in nature, wild
forests, beetling cliffs, reaches of Alpine snow are with them great hindrances to human
intercourse, and difficulties in the way of agriculture. They are furthermore the homes of the
enemies of mankind, of the eagle, the wolf, or the tiger, and are most dangerous in times of
earthquake or tempest. Hence the grand and striking features of nature are at first looked
upon with fear and dislike.

I do not suppose that Greeks different in the respect from other people, except that the
frequent occurrence of mountains and forests made agriculture peculiarly difficult and
intercourse scanty, thus increasing their dislike for the apparently reckless waste in nature.
We have even in Homer a similar feeling as regards the sea, --- the sea that proved the
source of all their wealth and the condition of most of their greatness. Before they had
learned all this, they called it “the unvintagable sea” and looked upon its shore as merely so
much waste land. We can, therefore, easily understand, how in the first beginning of Greek
art, the representation of wild landscape would find no place, whereas, fruitful fields did not
suggest themselves as more than the ordinary background. Art in those days was struggling
with material nature to which it felt a certain antagonism.

There was nothing in the social circumstances of the Greeks to produce any revolution in
this attitude during their greatest days. The Greek republics were small towns where the
pressure of the city life was not felt. But as soon as the days of the Greeks republics were
over, the men began to congregate for imperial purposes into Antioch, or Alexandria, or
lastly into Rome, than we seek the effect of noise and dust and smoke and turmoil breaking
out into the natural longing for rural rest and retirement so that from Alexander’s day ……
We find all kinds of authors --- epic poets, lyricist, novelists and preachers --- agreeing in
the precise of nature, its rich colours, and its varied sounds. Mohaffy: Rambles in Greece

2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end in your
own words. (20)

Poetry is the language of imagination and the passions. It relates to whatever gives
immediate pleasure or pain to human min. it comes home to the bosoms and business of
men: for nothing but what comes home to them in the most general and intelligible shape
can be a subject of poetry. Poetry is the universal language which the heart holds with
nature and itself. He who has a contempt for poetry cannot have much respect for himself
or for anything else. Whatever there is a sense of beauty, or power, or harmony, as in the
motion of the waves of the sea, in the growth of a flower, there is a poetry in its birth. If
history is a grave study, poetry may be said to be graver, its materials lie deeper, and are
spread wider. History treats, for the most part, cumbersome and unwieldy masses of things,
the empty cases in which the affairs of the world are packed, under the heads of intrigue or
war, in different states, and from century to century but there is no thought or feeling that
can have entered into the mind of man which he would be eager to communicate to others,
or they would listen to with delight, that is not a fit subject for poetry. It is not a branch of
authorship: it is “the stuff of which our life is made”. The rest is mere oblivision, a dead
letter, for all that is worth remembering gin life is the poetry of it. Fear is Poetry, hope is
poetry, love is poetry; hatred is poetry. Poetry is that fine particle within us that expands,
refines, raises our whole being; without “man’s life is poor as beasts”. In fact, man is a
poetical animal. The child Is a poet when he first plays hide and seek, or repeats the story
of Jack the Giant Killer, the shepherd – boy is a poet when he first crowns his mistress with
a garland of flowers; the countryman when he stops he stops to look at the rainbow; the
miser when he hugs his gold; the courtier when he builds his hope upon a smile; the vain,
the ambitious the proud, the choleric man, the hero and the coward, the beggar and the
king, all live in a world of their own making; and the poet does no more than describe what
all others think and act. Hazlitt

(a) In what sense is poetry the language of the imagination and the passion?
(b) How is poetry the Universal Language of the heart?
(c) What is the difference between history and poetry?
(d) Explain the phrase: “Man is a poetical animal”.
(e) What are some of the actions which Hazlitt calls poetry and its doers poet?
(f) Explain the followings underlined expression in the passage.
(i) It relates to whatever gives immediate pleasure or pain to human heart
(ii) A sense of beauty, or power, or harmony.
(iii) Cumbersome and unwieldy masses of things.
(iv) It is the stuff of which our life is made.
(v) The poet does no more than describe what all others think and act.

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