APPM 4360/5360 Homework #2 Solutions Spring 2016

Problem #1 (10 points): Verify if the function sin θ cos θ

f = + const. + i =
f (x, y) = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y satisfies the r r
Cauchy-Riemann conditions. If it does, find the
associated analytic function f (z). cos θ − i sin θ e −i θ
=i + const. = i + const. =
r r
Solution: Let f (x, y) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) where u and v
are real. Then u = sin x cosh y and v = cos x sinh y
s.t. z̄ i
=i + const. = + const.
z z̄ z
u x = cos x cosh y = v y , v x = − sin x sinh y = −u y ,

i.e. CR conditions hold. Problem #3 (15 points): Determine where the

following functions are analytic; find singular
(e i x − e −i x )(e y + e −y ) (e i x + e −i x )(e y − e −y ) points.
f (z) = +i =
4i 4
(a) z 31+1 .
e i x e −y − e −i x e y e i (x+i y) − e −i (x+i y)
= = = sin z. (b) sec z.
2i 2i
(c) exp(cos2 z).

Problem #2 (20 points): Given the imaginary part,

v(x, y), of an analytic function, f (z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y), Solution:
find the real part, u(x, y), and the analytic
function. (a) z 31+1 . It is analytic everywhere except for roots of
equation z 3 + 1 = 0, which are s.t.
(a) v(x, y) = x(c − y), where c is constant.
x
(b) v(x, y) = x 2 +y 2.
z 3 = r 3 e 3i θ = −1 = 1 · e πi +2πi k
Solution:

(a) v(x, y) = x(c − y), where c is constant. π(1 + 2k)

=⇒ r = 1, θ= , k ∈ Z,
3
v x = c − y = −u y =⇒ u = −c y + y 2 /2 + f (x),
i.e. different singular points are
v y = −x = u x =⇒ u = −x 2 /2 + g (y),
therefore z = −1, z = e πi /3 , z = e 5πi /3 .

u = (y 2 − x 2 )/2 − c y + const.,
(b) sec z.
f = (y 2 − x 2 )/2 − c y + const. + i x(c − y) = 1
2 sec z = ,
= −(x + i y) /2 + i c(x + i y) + const., cos z
i.e. a ratio of functions analytic in the whole C, so it
f (z) = −z 2 /2 + i c z + const.. is analytic except for points where cos z = 0,
(b) v(x, y) = x
, i.e. v(r, θ) = cos θ i.e. z = π2 + πk, k ∈ Z.
x 2 +y 2 r .
(c) exp(cos2 z). It is analytic everywhere in C, being
cos θ uθ sin θ a composition of analytic functions, i.e. entire.
vr = − 2
=− =⇒ u= + f (r )
r r r
sin θ sin θ
vθ = − = r ur =⇒ u= + g (θ) Problem #4 (15 points): Show that the real and
r r
imaginary parts of a twice-differentiable function f (z̄)
therefore satisfy Laplace’s equation. Show that f (z̄) is nowhere
sin θ
u= + const., analytic unless it is constant.
r

1
Solution: Let f (z̄) = f (x − i y) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) the corresponding domain in the w plane, D ′ .
where u and v are real. Then Establish the following:
∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂v ∂φ
f x = f ′ (z̄) = u x + i v x , f y = −i f ′ (z̄) = u y + i v y . = + ,
∂x ∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v
µ ¶2 2
Thus, ∂2 φ ∂2 u ∂φ ∂2 u ∂φ ∂u ∂ φ
= − + −
f ′ (z̄) = u x + i v x = i (u y + i v y ), ∂x 2 2
∂x ∂u ∂x∂y ∂v ∂x ∂u 2
µ ¶2 2
which implies ∂u ∂u ∂2 φ ∂u ∂ φ
−2 + .
∂x ∂y ∂u∂v ∂y ∂v 2
u x = −v y , vx = uy . Also find the corresponding formulae for ∂φ/∂y and
∂2 φ/∂y 2 . Recall that f ′ (z) = ∂u/∂x − i ∂u/∂y, and
Differentiating these relations, one gets
u(x, y) satisfies LaplaceÕs equation in the domain D.
u xx +u y y = −v x y +v y x = 0, v xx +v y y = u x y −u y x = 0. Show that
∂2 φ ∂2 φ
∇2x,y φ = + =
For analyticity, f must satisfy CR relations u x = v y , ∂x 2 ∂y 2
µ 2 ¶
v x = −u y . But then u x = v y = −v y = 0 etc., 2 2 ∂ φ ∂2 φ
= (u x + u y ) + = | f ′ (z)|2 ∇2u,v φ.
i.e. u x = u y = v x = v y = 0, which means u and v are ∂u 2 ∂v 2
constants and so is f .
Consequently, we find that if φ satisfies LaplaceÕs
equation ∇2x,y φ = 0 in the domain D, then so long as
Problem #5 (15 points): Consider the following f ′ (z) 6= 0 in D it also satisfies LaplaceÕs equation
complex potential ∇2u,v φ = 0 in domain D ′ .
k
Ω(z) = − , k ∈ R, Solution: Considering φ as function of u and v, we
2πz
find
referred to as a doublet. Calculate the corresponding ∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂v ∂φ
= + ,
velocity potential, stream function, and velocity field. ∂x ∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v
Sketch the stream function (streamlines). ∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂v ∂φ
= + ,
∂y ∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v
Solution: ∂2 φ ∂ ∂φ
= =
k k(x − i y) ∂x 2 ∂x ∂x
Ω(z) = − = u +iv = − , ∂2 u ∂φ
µ
∂u 2 ∂2 φ ∂u ∂v ∂2 φ
¶
2πz 2π(x 2 + y 2 ) = + + +
∂x 2 ∂u ∂x ∂u 2 ∂x ∂x ∂u∂v
i.e. the velocity potential is ∂2 v ∂φ
µ ¶2 2
∂v ∂ φ ∂u ∂v ∂2 φ
+ 2 + + =
kx ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂v 2 ∂x ∂x ∂u∂v
u(x, y) = − , µ ¶2 2
2π(x 2 + y 2 ) ∂2 u ∂φ ∂2 u ∂φ ∂u ∂ φ
= 2 − + −
∂x ∂u ∂x∂y ∂v ∂x ∂u 2
the stream function is µ ¶2 2
∂u ∂u ∂2 φ ∂u ∂ φ
ky −2 + ,
v(x, y) = , ∂x ∂y ∂u∂v ∂y ∂v 2
2π(x 2 + y 2 ) where in the last equality CR condition v x = −u y is
and the velocity field is given by 2-vector used. Similarly,
∂2 φ ∂ ∂φ
µ ¶ = =
k(x 2 − y 2 ) kxy ∂y 2 ∂y ∂y
ux = v y = , u y = −v x = .
2π(x 2 + y 2 )2 π(x 2 + y 2 )2 ∂2 u ∂φ
µ ¶2 2
∂u ∂ φ ∂u ∂v ∂2 φ
= + + +
∂y 2 ∂u ∂y ∂u 2 ∂y ∂y ∂u∂v
µ ¶2 2
Extra-Credit Problem #6 (? points): Consider the ∂2 v ∂φ ∂v ∂ φ ∂u ∂v ∂2 φ
+ 2 + + =
complex analytic function, Ω(z) = φ(x, y) + i ψ(x, y), in ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂v 2 ∂y ∂y ∂u∂v
µ ¶2 2
a domain D. Let us transform from z to w using ∂2 u ∂φ ∂2 u ∂φ ∂u ∂ φ
w = f (z), w = u + i v, where f (z) is analytic in D, with = 2 + + +
∂y ∂u ∂x∂y ∂v ∂y ∂u 2

2
 µ ¶2 2
∂u ∂u ∂2 φ ∂u ∂ φ or
+2 + , i −z
∂x ∂y ∂u∂v ∂x ∂v 2 (1 − i z)ζ2 = 1 + i z ⇔ ζ2 = ,
where v y = u x is used in the last equality. Adding up i +z
the two derived expressions for second derivatives, i.e.
after cancellations, the last formulas follow when we i 1 i −z
e 2i w = ⇔ w= log .
also use that u xx + u y y = 0 and i +z 2i i +z
| f ′ (z)|2 = |u x − i u y |2 = u x2 + u 2y . Then
µ ¶
d −1 ′ 1 1 1
Problem #7 (20 points): Find the location of the tan z = w (z) = − − =
dz 2i i −z i +z
branch points and discuss possible branch cuts for the
following functions: 1 1
=− = ,
1/3
(a) (z − i ) (i − z)(i + z) z 2 + 1
1
(b) log z−2 as in the real case (as should be).

Solution:
Problem #10 (15 points): Consider the complex
(a) Let z − i = ǫe i θp which is a circular contour velocity potential Ω(z) = −i k log(z − z 0 ), where k is
centered at z = i . We have just a power function in real. Find the corresponding velocity potential and
terms of ζ = z − i , so z = i and z = ∞ are branch stream function. Show that the velocity is purely
points. Any line connecting z = ∞ and z = i is a circumferential relative to the point z = z 0 , being
branch cut, e.g. {z = i y|y ∈ [1, +∞)} is as good as counterclockwise if k > 0. Sketch the flow
any. There are 3 distinct branches. configuration. The strength of this flow, called a point
H
1
(b) log z−2 = − log(z − 2). Again this is − log z but with vortex, is defined to be M = C Vθ d s, where Vθ is the
shifted origin. So the branch points are z = 2 and velocity in the circumferential direction and d s is the
z = ∞. A branch cut must connect the branch increment of arc length in the direction tangent to the
points, it can be e.g. {z = x|x ∈ [2, +∞)} or circle C . Show that M = 2πk.
{z = x|x ∈ (−∞, 2]}.
Solution: Let Ω(x, y) = φ(x, y) + i ψ(x, y). Since
log(z?z 0 ) = log |z − z 0 | + i θ, where θ is the angle
Problem #8 (10 points): Solve for all values of z:
between the line connecting z 0 and z and positive x
4 + 2e z+i = 2.
direction. Then the velocity potential φ = kθ and the
Solution: stream function p ψ = −k log r , where y−y
r = |z − z 0 | = (x − x 0 )2 + (y − y 0 )2 and θ = tan−1 x−x00 .
4 + 2e z+i = 2 ⇔ e z+i = −1 = e i π+2πi n , n ∈ Z, For the components of the velocity field V we
therefore get
∂φ 1 ∂φ k
z + i = i π + 2πi n ⇔ z = i (π − 1 + 2πn), n ∈ Z. Vr = = 0, Vθ = = ,
∂r r ∂θ r
so we have only nonzero Vθ component which means
1 that the velocity is purely circumferential relative to
Problem #9 (15 points): Derive tan−1 z = 2i log ii +z
−z
the point z = z 0 and sign(Vθ ) = sign(k) means it is
and then find ddz tan−1 z.
counterclockwise if k > 0. To compute M , let C be a
circle of radius R around z 0 . Then
Solution: One needs to find w = f (z) such that
z = tan w . Then I Z2π
k
M= Vθ d s = · Rd θ = 2πk.
sin w e i w − e −i w C 0 R
z= = .
cos w i (e i w + e −i w )
Let ζ = e i w , then e −i w = 1/ζ. Substituting these into
Problem #11 (20 points): Show that the solution to
the above equation, we find
Laplace equation ∇2 T = ∂2 T /∂u 2 + ∂2 T /∂v 2 = 0 in the
i z(ζ + 1/ζ) = ζ − 1/ζ region −∞ < u < ∞, v > 0, with the boundary

3
conditions T (u, 0) = T0 if u > 0 and T (u, 0) = −T0 if or, in polar coordinates,
u < 0, is given by ·
2
µ ¶¸
−1 2r sin θ
µ ¶ T (r, θ) = T0 1 − cot
2 −1 v π 1−r2
T (u, v) = T0 1 − tan . · µ ¶¸
π u 2 1−r2
= T0 1 − tan−1 .
π 2r sin θ
Solution: From the text we have solutions to Laplace’s
equation, Solution:

Ω(z) = A log w + i B (a) see the previous problem.

= A log(r e i θ ) + i B (b) One could do this in polar or Cartesian

= A log r + i (Aθ + B ) coordinates or staying in (z, z̄). We do this in
| {z } Cartesian.
ψ(θ) µ ¶
1−z
and so ψ(θ) satisfies Laplace’s equation where w =i
p 1+z
w = r e i θ , r = u 2 + v 2 and θ = tan−1 (v/u). Now, apply µ ¶
1 − (x + i y) (1 + x) − i y
the boundary conditions. At θ = 0, we have =i
1 + (x + i y) (1 + x) − i y
ψ(0) = B = T0 and at ψ(π) = Aπ + T0 = −T0 and so µ ¶
(1 − x)(1 + x) − i y(1 − x) − i y(1 + x) − y 2
A = −2T0 /π. Therefore, =i
(1 + x)2 + y 2
T (u, v) = ψ(u, v) µ
1 − x2 − i y − i y − y 2
¶
=i
= Aθ + B (1 + x)2 + y 2
−2T0 2y 1 − (x 2 + y 2 )
= tan−1 (v/u) + T0 = + i
πµ ¶ (1 + x)2 + y 2 (1 + x)2 + y 2
2 −1 v
= T0 1 − tan For u and v we have
π u
2y
u(x, y) =
(1 + x)2 + y 2
Extra-Credit Problem #12 (? points):
1 − (x 2 + y 2 )
v(x, y) =
(a) The above. (1 + x)2 + y 2
(b) Now we’ll use this result to solve Laplace’s
For |z| ≤ 1 we have x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 and we see clearly
equation in |z| < 1 with the boundary conditions
that v ≥ 0 and since y ∈ R it follows u ∈ R.
(
T0 , 0<θ<π For r = 1, x 2 + y 2 = 1 and v(x, y) = 0. Now, using
T (r = 1, θ) = .
−T0 , π < θ < 2π y = r sin θ we can say

Show that the transformation y > 0 ⇐⇒ 0 < θ < π, and

µ ¶
1−z i −w y < 0 ⇐⇒ π < θ < 2π,
w =i z=
1+z i +w
it is the case that
maps
• |z| ≤ 1 to the upper-half w -plane u ∈ (0, ∞) ⇐⇒ 0 < θ < π, and
(w = u + i v and v ≥ 0), u ∈ (−∞, 0) ⇐⇒ π < θ < 2π,
• r = 1, 0 < θ < π onto v = 0, u < 0, and
• r = 1, π < θ < 2π onto v = 0, u > 0. (c) Plug in for u and v from part (b) to see
(c) Use the result in part (b) and the mapping 1−(x 2 +y 2 )
function to show that the solution of the v (1+x)2 +y 2
= 2y
boundary value problem in the circle is given by u
(1+x)2 +y 2
· µ ¶¸
2 −1 2y 1 − (x + y 2 )
2
T (x, y) = T0 1 − cot =
π 1 − (x 2 + y 2 ) 2y
· µ 2 2 ¶¸
2 −1 1 − (x + y ) 1−r2
= T0 1 − tan =
π 2y 2r sin θ

4
 and the result follows. are two branch points z = ±i . As for z = ∞, it is
not a branch point since
limz→∞ ii +z
−z
= −1 6= 0, ∞. A branch cut must
connect the two points, so a possible one is
interval [−i , i ] on the imaginary axis.
Problem #13 (30 points): Find the location of the
branch points and discuss a branch cut structure
associated with the function: Problem #14 (15 points): Consider the complex
velocity potential
(a) f (z) = z−1
z
(b) f (z) = log(z 2
− 3) M
p Ω(z, z 0 ) = [log(z − z 0 ) − log z]
(c) f (z) = e z 2 −1 2π
(d) f (z) = (z 2 − 1)1/3 for M > 0, which corresponds to a source at z = z 0 and
(e) f (z) = tan−1 z = 2i1 log ii +z
−z
a sink at z = 0. Find the corresponding velocity
potential and stream function. Let M = k/|z 0 |,
Solution: z 0 = |z 0 |e i θ0 , and show that
(a) f (z) = z−1
z . This is a rational function singular at
µ ¶
k log z − log(z − z 0 ) z 0
z = 0 but single-valued, so no branch points. Ω(z, z 0 ) = − .
2π z0 |z 0 |
(b) f (z) = log(z 2 − 3). Here z 2 − 3 is entire
single-valued function so the only branch points Take the limit as z 0 → 0 to obtain
are those where z 2 − 3 = 0 or z 2 − 3 = ∞. Thus,
p ke i θ0 1
there are three branch points, z = ± 3 and Ω(z) = lim Ω(z, z 0 ) = − .
z 0 →0 2π z
z = ∞. A branch cut must make sure there is no
possibility going around any single of them, in This is called a “doublet" with strength k. The angle θ0
this case it must connect all three points. specifies the direction along which the source/sink
E.g. consider a cut on real axis coalesces. Find the velocity potential and the stream
{z = x|x p∈ [−3, +∞)}. function of the doublet, and sketch the flow.
2
(c) f (z) = e z −1 . Since function e z is entire,pthe
only possible branch points are those of z 2 − 1, Solution:
i.e. z = ±1 and z = ∞. However, doing the circle M
argument z − 1 = r 1e i θ1 , z + 1 = r 2 e i θ2 , Ω(z, z 0 ) = [log |z −z 0 |−log |z|+i (arg(z −z 0 )−arg(z))],
2π
θ1 → θ1 + 2π, θ2 → θ2 + 2π, one sees that z = ∞ is
not a branch p point since e (2πi +2πi )/2 = 1 so the velocity potential
1 1
log(z−1)+ log(z+1)
(consider z 2 − 1 = e 2 2 ), which
M |z − z 0 |
corresponds to encircling both z = 1 and z = −1, φ = Re Ω = log
2π |z|
equivalent to encircling just z p = ∞. Thus, z = ∞
is not a branch point even for z 2 − 1. But and the stream function
z = ±1 are branch points, and a branch cut M¡ ¢
connecting them is {z = x|x ∈ [−1, 1]}. ψ = Im Ω = arg(z − z 0 ) − arg(z) .
2π
(d) f (z) = (z 2 − 1)1/3 . By definition, we have
1 2
f (z) = e 3 log(z −1) and the only possible branch The first formula to show is obtained by just
points are that of log(z 2 − 1), i.e. z = ±1 and substituting M = k/|z 0 | into the definition of Ω(z, z 0 )
z = ∞. By doing circle argument z − 1 = r 1 e i θ1 , and multiplying and dividing it by z 0 . Then, since
z + 1 = r 2 e i θ2 , θ1 → θ1 + 2π, θ2 → θ2 + 2π, one z 0 /|z 0 | = e i θ0 ,
sees that all three points are indeed branch
Ω(z) = lim Ω(z, z 0 ) =
points. A branch cut must connect them, e.g. a z 0 →0
possible branch cut is {z = x|x ∈ [−1, +∞)} on
the real axis. ke i θ0 log z − log(z − z 0 )
=− lim =
(e) f (z) = tan−1 z = 2i1 log ii +z−z
. This is (up to a 2π z0 →0 z0
constant) log of rational function, so the branch ke i θ0 1
points are those where ii −z =− ,
+z = 0 or ∞, i.e. there 2π z

5
the last equality being true by the definition of the i.e. (since Ω = φ + i ψ), we get the velocity potential φ
derivative considering z 0 as variable and z as constant. and the stream function ψ,
Let z = r e i θ , then
ke i θ0 1 ke −i (θ−θ0) k cos(θ − θ0 ) k sin(θ − θ0 )
Ω(z) = − =− = φ(r, θ) = − , ψ(r, θ) = .
2π z 2πr 2πr 2πr
k(cos(θ − θ0 ) − i sin(θ − θ0 ))
=− ,
2πr