Republic of the Philippines

PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

Camarines Sur
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Module 1
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION

Course Code & Title: GE3 – The Contemporary World Week number(s): 1
Name of Faculty: Salvador V. Briones II

I. OBJECTIVES
 Learn the concepts of globalization
 Differentiate the competing concepts of globalizations
 Appreciate the significance and effect of globalization

II. LESSON

What is Globalization?

Since ancient times, humans have sought distant places to settle, produce, and exchange goods
that enabled the improvements in technology and transportation. The increase in global interactions has
caused a growth in international trade and the exchange of ideas and culture. These resulted to an
expansion of global markets that liberalizes the economic activities of the exchange of goods and funds.

Globalization accelerates the movements and exchanges all over the world. It is a phenomenon
that allows widening, deepening and speeding up of global interconnection. However, globalization is a
complexly interrelating concepts. The wide-ranging effects of globalization are complex and politically
charged. As with major technological advances, globalization benefits society as a whole, while harming
certain groups. Understanding the relative costs and benefits can pave the way for alleviating problems
while sustaining the wider payoffs.

The World Health Organization (WHO) define globalization as the increased interconnectedness
and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is generally understood to include two inter-related
elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance,
people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and international levels that
facilitate or promote such flows.”
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur
PSY-SYL-___-___
PSU-SYL-WS1
Globalization according to Philippe Legrain is the way in which people’ s lives are becoming
increasingly intertwined with those of distant people and places around the world economically,
culturally and politically. Roland Robertson’s says that globalization refers both to the compression of
the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole.

Manfred Steger noted that term globalization applies to a set of social processes that appear to
transform our present social condition of weakening nationality into one of globality. He also added that
the term globalization should be confined to a set of complex, sometimes contradictory, social processes
that are changing our current social condition based on the modern system of independent nation-
states. [emphasis supplied] Indeed, most scholars of globalization have defined their key concept along
those lines as a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify
worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing
awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant. At its core, then, globalization is
about the unprecedented compression of time and space as a result of political, economic, and cultural
change, as well as powerful technological innovations.

The intricateness of globalization

The wide-ranging effects of globalization are complex and politically charged. As with major
technological advances, globalization benefits society as a whole, while harming certain groups.
Understanding the relative costs and benefits can pave the way for alleviating problems while sustaining
the wider payoffs. Globalization is a complex phenomenon. As such, it has a considerable influence on
several areas of contemporary societies.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur
PSY-SYL-___-___
PSU-SYL-WS1

Figure 1: Intricateness of Globalization

Pervasive complexities faced by groups that span national borders yet maintain a strong group
identity can contribute to conflict. The intricateness in the globalized economy stand out in particular.
The first concerns the way in which open markets create both benefits and negative distortions for
societies. Openness to trade and foreign investment can break internal oligopolies and weaken vested
interests. Export markets enable countries to profit from their natural and human endowments.
However, without a globally level playing field, market opening can just as easily disenfranchise
domestic producers and threaten the jobs they sustain.

The contradictions of Globalization

Today’s global economy appears riven by contradictions. Steady growth in much of the
developing world – enabled by the opening of markets to goods, services, investment and technology –
has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. Yet more than 1.2 billion people still live in
extreme poverty, and even the better off have profited unevenly from liberalizing markets.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur
PSY-SYL-___-___
PSU-SYL-WS1

Figure 2: Contradictions of Globalization

The current debates over ‘inequality’ and ‘exclusion’ imply that while the wealthy are able to
take full advantage of an ever-integrating global economy, the majority experience little returns.
Globalization can undermine labor organizations and informal networks of solidarity, lead to the
deterioration of working conditions for vast numbers of people, and widen income inequalities.

Globalization and the Generation Gap

As globalization has grown rapidly, mass media, general education, attitudes and practices have
multiplied. Social change is moving even faster, and the faster it is, the more difficult it is to create and
between generations.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur
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Figure 3: Generation Gap

The tendency of the new generation to modern values and culture has increased their
segregation from previous generations, and in case of neglecting the processes of culturalization and
reproduction of youth culture by the state, the media and the press, conflicts a generation and,
eventually, a generation break, will endanger the future of the development path of society. with regard
to issues such as globalization, urbanization and the emergence of new information and communication
technologies, it can be said that the new generation faces a new world that changes its values, norms,
and culture. the aim of the present study is globalization and intergenerational gap. the research
method in this research is descriptive, documentary and library. the generation gap, if neglected, leads
to the formation of a social issue that generates the gap of generation and its disruption and its
consequences.

Table 1. Different Generations

Births Births Youngest Oldest Age
Generation Name
Start End Age Today Today
The Lost Generation -
1890 1915 105 130
The Generation of 1914
The Interbellum Generation 1901 1913 107 119
The Greatest Generation 1910 1924 96 110
The Silent Generation 1925 1945 75 95
Baby Boomer Generation 1946 1964 56 74
Generation X (Baby Bust) 1965 1979 41 55
Xennials 1975 1985 35 45
Generation Y -  The Millennial - 
1980 1994 26 40
Gen Next
iGen / Generation Z 1995 2012 8 25
Gen Alpha 2013 2025 1 7
Source: careerplanner.com
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur
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In my Generation

Figure 3: Generation Gap-My Generation

In your Generation
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PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur
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Figure 4: Generation Gap-Your Generation

These generation conveys age cohorts, which are groups of people who are around the same
age, provide a way for people to understand how different formative experiences interact with the life-
cycle and aging process to shape people’s view of the world. An individual’s age is one of the most
common predictors of differences in attitudes and behaviors. Age cohorts provide us insights on how
various generations uniquely approach topics such as communication, leadership, technology, and work.

Some Assumptions Related to Globalization

According to the ideas of Martin Luther King Jr. all life is interrelated. We are all caught in an
inescapable network of mutuality, tied together into a single garment of destiny.  Whatever affects one
directly, affects all indirectly. We are made to live together because of the interrelated structure of
reality. Before you finish eating breakfast in the morning, you’ve depended on more than half the world.
This is the way our universe is structured, this is its interrelated quality. We aren’t going to have peace
on Earth until we recognize the basic fact of the interrelated structure of all reality.”
Globality
Manfred Steger coined the term globality to signify a future social condition characterized by
thick economic, political, and cultural interconnections and global flows that make currently existing
political borders and economic barriers irrelevant. It is the movement from the modern concept of
nation-states towards an integrated one or shall we say post-modern trend.

Globalism
Joseph Nye explain globalism as a world which is characterized by networks of connections that
span multi-continental distances. It attempts to understand all the inter-connections of the modern
world and to highlight patterns that underlie and explain them.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur
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Globalization as it is, is a social process, it is distinct from globalism. The on-going effort of the
political entities in the global north after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 80s and 90s began to sell
their brand of “globalization”. They begin to sell their own narratives of how the world order should be.
And one of the most dominant ideology was market values.

For Steger there are three types of globalism: Market, Jihadist, Justice. They are more centered
on a single ideology trying to impose its value on others. Globalization with its suffix “tion” denotes
change. A change into something desired or planned. By the end of 90s most of the global north and
south has accepted the doctrines of the market which resulted in open borders, reduced tariffs,
privatization of state enterprises. The acceptance of Neo-Liberal policies and market integration.
Surprisingly many of those who buy the ideas of free market were the poor countries.

The six claims of globalism

Claim 1: Globalization is about liberalization and global integration - the driving force today is
market suborning the role of governments. There is the assumption that there should be less
government because the market is self-regulating. Thomas Friedman relies on the idea that
globalization and market integration is all about economy and it has to be unburdened from the non-
economic burden. The liberalization and market integration are central to this claim. Liberalism is a
political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality.

Claim 2: Globalization is inevitable and irreversible - numerous speeches of leaders mentioned

the inevitability of market integration. Leaders of developing countries in the global south even
emphasize the deterministic nature of globalization.

Claim 3: Nobody is in charge of globalization - some advocate of globalism believes that no one
is in charge expect the free market forces. But the events of 9/11 proves that this global integration can
only be supported with proper leadership, thus the 9/11 event showed the need for the United States of
America to take the leadership.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur
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Claim 4: Globalization benefits everyone (…in the long run) - In the G7 summit the leaders of the
industrialized world claimed that globalization will bring about the expansion of trade and investment.
It aims to create a consumerist utopia. It claims to provide hope for prosperity and opportunity
especially for populous countries. Globalism has the ability to lift up societies out of poverty. Free trade
and reduced tariffs.

Claim 5: Globalization furthers the spread of democracy around the world - according to Francis
Fukuyama, there is a correlation between economic development and democracy. Although it is said
that economic development and capital build up does not produce democracy, wealthier society creates
a powerful middle class. This middle class is the backbone of civil societies.

Claim 6: Globalization requires a global war on terror - Combination of globalism and militarism.
Globalism can turn fascism.

III. ACTIVITY
Let us know how globalized you are! Open this link https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-
school/story.php?title=NjA4NzEy on your browser and take the online quiz. An interpretation of your
answers will be given once finished answering the questions. Make some reaction on the result. You can
either agree or disagree. Justify your point.

IV. REFERENCES

ChatamHouse (2015). Overcoming the risk and Contradictions of Globalization. Available at

https://www.chathamhouse.org/london-conference-2015/background-papers/overcoming-risks-
and-contradictions-globalization#
Gagnon, S. (2019) “All Life is Interrelated”: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s Environmental Justice Legacy.
Retrieved from https://blog.nwf.org/2019/01/all-life-is-interrelated-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-s-
environmental-justice-legacy/
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur
PSY-SYL-___-___
PSU-SYL-WS1
Nye, Joseph (2002). Globalism Versus Globalization. The Globalist. Rethinking Globalization. Retrieved
from https://www.theglobalist.com/globalism-versus-globalization/
Peterson Institute for International Economics (n.d). What is Globalization? And How Has the Global
Economy Shaped the United States. Retrieved from
https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization /what-is-globalization
Reza, F., Zeynab, H., Khatoon, K. A., et. al. (2018). Globalization and the Intergenerational Gap. ACECR
Scientific Information Database. Retrieved from https://www.sid.ir/en/seminar/ViewPaper.aspx?
id=46683
The WorldBank (2014). Theorist Eric Maskin : Globalization is Increasing Inequality. Retrieved from
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/06/23/theorist-eric-maskin-globalization-is-
increasing-inequality#
Youmeter (2020) Globalization: Definition, Benefits, Effects, Examples – What is Globallization?
Retrieved from https://youmatter.world/en/definition/definitions-globalization-definition-benefits-
effects-examples/