Inductance of a 3 phase overhead line

with Equilateral spacing

 Outlines of Inductance Section

Calculation of flux linkages of a conductor due to internal flux

Flux linkages between two points external to an isolated conductor

Inductance of a single phase 2 wire line

Flux linkages of one conductor in a group

Flux linkages of composite-conductor line

Inductance of a 3 phase overhead line with Equilateral /Unsymmetrical spacing

Inductance of Bundle conductors

 Inductance of a 3 phase overhead line with Equilateral spacing
The inductance of each phase (a, b and c) of a 3-phase line with equal spacing is same. Equal inductance in each phase results
in an balanced circuit (i.e. 𝑰𝒂 + 𝑰𝒃 + 𝑰𝒄 = 𝟎).

Flux linkages of conductor ‘a’ [From (Flux linkages of one conductor in a group neglecting the
impact on point p) slide 5, P2 lecture]
−7
1 1 1
𝜓𝑎 = 2 × 10 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 Wb-T/m (1)
𝑟‘ 𝐷 𝐷

𝑰𝒂 = −(𝑰𝒃 + 𝑰𝒄 )
1 1
𝜓𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 Wb-T/m (2)
𝑟‘ 𝐷

Inductance of conductor ‘a’

1 1 𝐷
𝐿𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 𝐷 =2 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛 Henry/meter (3)
𝑟‘ 𝑟‘

Similarly, for phase b and c, same inductance as eqn. (3) can be found.
Inductance of a 3 phase overhead line with
Unsymmetrical spacing/Transposition
 Inductance of a 3 phase overhead line with Unsymmetrical spacing

Conductors of a 3 phase line are not spaced equilaterally 1

The flux linkages and inductance of each phase of a 3-phase line with is not same.

A different inductance in each phase results in an unbalanced circuit. 3 2

Produces unbalanced voltages at receiving end voltages of phases (𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉𝑠 −

𝐼𝑠 𝑋𝐿 ) although sending end (Vs) phase voltages and currents (Is) are balanced

Induce voltages of power line frequency on adjacent

communication lines which is undesirable characteristics although

Balance of the three phases can be restored by transposition

 Transposition of a 3 phase overhead lines
The changing the position of the conductors at regular intervals along the line so that each conductor occupies the original position of every other conductor
over an equal distance. Such an exchange of conductor positions is called transposition.
30 mH 30 mH 30 mH
Idea is changing inductance value of phase conductor
with position/distance between conductor 20 mH 20 mH 20 mH

10 mH 10 mH 10 mH
For example, Initially
Transposition
conductor a is at position 1 with 30 mH for first 1 km cycle
conductor b is at position 2 with 20 mH for first 1 km
conductor c is at position 3 with 30 mH for first 1 km
1 km 1 km 1 km
l=3 km
For 2nd 1 km
Position of conductor a is changed from 1 to 2 then it will get the inductance of position 2 i.e. from 30 mH to 20 mH
Position of conductor b is changed from 2 to 3 then it will get the inductance of position 3 i.e. from 20 mH to 10 mH 1
Position of conductor c is changed from 3 to 1 then it will get the inductance of position 1 i.e. from 10 mH to 30 mH

3
For 3rd 1 km
Position of conductor a is changed from 2 to 3 then it will get the inductance of position 3 i.e. from 20 mH to 10 mH 2
Position of conductor b is changed from 3 to 1 then it will get the inductance of position 1 i.e. from 10 mH to 30 mH
Position of conductor c is changed from 1 to 2 then it will get the inductance of position 1 i.e. from 30 mH to 20 mH

Inductance of conductor a for whole length (l=3 km)=30 (position 1)+20 (position 2)+10 (position 3)=60 mH. Similarly for
conductor b and c, same 60 mH inductance can be found.
 Inductance of a 3 phase overhead line with Unsymmetrical spacing
Average flux linkages of conductor ‘a’ =( flux linkages of conductor ‘a’ at position 1+ flux linkages of conductor ‘a’ at position 2+flux
linkages of conductor ‘a’ at position 3)/3

𝜓𝑎 =(𝜓𝑎1 +𝜓𝑎2 +𝜓𝑎3 )/3 Wb-T/m (1)

30 mH 30 mH 30 mH

20 mH 20 mH 20 mH

Flux linkages of conductor ‘a’ at position 1 (here b at position 2, c at

position 3) 10 mH 10 mH 10 mH

1 1 1
𝜓𝑎1 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 Wb-T/m (2)
𝑟‘ 𝐷12 𝐷13
1 km 1 km 1 km
Flux linkages of conductor ‘a’ at position 2 (here b at position 3, c at l=3 km
position 1)
−7
1 1 1
𝜓𝑎2 = 2 × 10 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 Wb-T/m (3)
𝑟‘ 𝐷23 𝐷12

Flux linkages of conductor ‘a’ at position 3 (here b at position 1, c at position 2)

1 1 1
𝜓𝑎3 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 Wb-T/m (4)
𝑟‘ 𝐷13 𝐷23
Inductance of a 3 phase overhead line with Unsymmetrical spacing/Single circuit
3 phase line
𝜓𝑎 =(𝜓𝑎1 +𝜓𝑎2 +𝜓𝑎3 )/3

2 × 10−7 1 1 1
= 3𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛
3 𝑟‘ 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷13 𝐷13 𝐷12 𝐷23
1
With the restriction that 𝑰𝒂 = −(𝑰𝒃 + 𝑰𝒄 )

2 × 10−7 1 1
𝜓𝑎 =
3
3𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛
𝑟‘ 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷13 3
3
𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷13 2
=2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛
𝑟‘
𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3
𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷13
=2× 10−7 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛
𝐷𝑠 𝐷𝑠 = 𝑟‘

Average inductance per phase

𝐷𝑒𝑞
𝐿𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛
𝐷𝑠
 Exercise

A single circuit three phase line operated at 60 Hz is arranged as shown in Fig. The conductors are
ACSR Drake. Fid the inductive Reactance per mile per phase.

Solution:
𝐷𝑒𝑞 From the Table (if not given radius value)
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛
𝐷𝑠 𝐷𝑠 =0.0373 ft
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷13

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 =?
 Assignment
1. Find the inductance per km of a 3-phase transmission line using 1·24 cm diameter conductors when these are placed at the
corners of an equilateral triangle of each side 2 m.

2. The three conductors of a 3-phase line are arranged at the corners of a triangle of sides 2 m, 2·5 m and 4·5 m. Calculate
the inductance per km of the line when the conductors are regularly transposed. The diameter of each conductor is 1·24 cm.

3. Calculate the inductance of each conductor in a 3-phase, 3-wire system when the conductors are arranged in a horizontal
plane with spacing such that D31 = 4 m ; D12 = D23 = 2m. The conductors are transposed and have a diameter of 2·5 cm.
Data for transmission line parameters
Inductance of double circuit 3 phase line
 Inductance of double circuit 3 phase line
𝐷𝑒𝑞 Position 1, a c‘
Inductance per phase per metre, 𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛 𝐷
𝑠
Position 2, b b‘
𝐷𝑒𝑞 =Equivalent Mutual GMD= 3 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 =Distance between
the phases
Position 3, c a‘
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 4 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏‘ 𝐷𝑎‘𝑏 𝐷𝑎‘𝑏‘

𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 4 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐‘ 𝐷𝑏‘𝑐 𝐷𝑏‘𝑐‘

Two 3 phase circuits
𝐷𝐶𝐴 = 4 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎‘ 𝐷𝑐‘𝑎 𝐷𝑐‘𝑎‘ One circuit composed of a, b
and c conductors
𝐷𝑠 =Equivalent Self GMD= 3 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐶 =Distance within the phases Another circuit composed of
a‘,b‘ and c‘ conductors.
𝐷𝐴 =Self GMD of aa‘ combination=4 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎‘ 𝐷𝑎‘𝑎 𝐷𝑎‘𝑎‘ =Self GMD of phase a at position 1
In each phase there are two
conductors. Suppose
𝐷𝐵 =Self GMD of bb‘ combination=4 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏‘ 𝐷𝑏‘𝑏 𝐷𝑏‘𝑏‘ =Self GMD of phase a at position 2 conductors a and a‘ consists
phase a.

𝐷𝐶 =Self GMD of bb‘ combination=4 𝐷𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑐‘ 𝐷𝑐‘𝑐 𝐷𝑐‘𝑐‘ =Self GMD of phase a at position 3
 Assignment of double circuit 3 phase line
1. Fig. shows the spacings of a double circuit 3-phase overhead line. The phase
sequence is ABC and the line is completely transposed. The conductor radius in 1·3 cm. Find the
inductance per phase per kilometre.

2. Find the inductance per phase per km of double circuit 3-phase line shown in (1)
Fig. The conductors are transposed and are of radius 0·75 cm each. The phase sequence is ABC.

3. Calculate the inductance per phase per meter for a three-phase double-circuit
line whose phase conductors have a radius of 5·3 cm with the horizontal conductor arrangement
as shown in Fig.

(2)
(3)
Inductance of Bundle Conductors
 Inductance of Bundle Conductors

For a two- For a three For a four-

stranded stranded stranded
bundle bundle bundle
 Inductance of 2 stranded Bundle Conductors
𝐷𝑚
Inductance per conductor per metre, 𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛 𝐷𝑠

𝐷𝑚 =Equivalent Mutual GMD= 3 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 =Distance between a a‘ b b‘ c c‘

the phases
A phase B phase C phase
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 4 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏‘ 𝐷𝑎‘𝑏 𝐷𝑎‘𝑏‘

𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 4 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐‘ 𝐷𝑏‘𝑐 𝐷𝑏‘𝑐‘

One 3 phase circuits. In each
phase there are two conductors.
𝐷𝐶𝐴 = 4 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎‘ 𝐷𝑐‘𝑎 𝐷𝑐‘𝑎‘ Suppose a and a‘ consists A
phase
𝐷𝑠 =Equivalent Self GMD= 3 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐶 =Distance within the phases

𝐷𝐴 =Self GMD of A phase=4 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎‘ 𝐷𝑎‘𝑎 𝐷𝑎‘𝑎‘

𝐷𝐵 =Self GMD of B phase =4 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏‘ 𝐷𝑏‘𝑏 𝐷𝑏‘𝑏‘

𝐷𝐶 =Self GMD of C phase =4 𝐷𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑐‘ 𝐷𝑐‘𝑐 𝐷𝑐‘𝑐‘

Example: Each conductor of the bundled-conductor line is shown in fig. The radius of the conductor is 90 cm. Find the Inductive
reactance in ohms per kilometre for d=48 cm. Also, find the per-unit series reactance of the line if its length is 160 km and the base is
100 MVA, 345 kV.
48 cm 48 cm
48 cm
𝐷𝑚 d d d
−7
𝐿 = 2 × 10 𝑙𝑛
𝐷𝑠

𝐷𝑚 =Equivalent Mutual GMD= 3 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 a a‘ b 𝐛‘ c 𝐜‘

24 24
𝐷 24 24 24 24
𝐴𝐵=4 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
𝑎𝑏 ‘ 𝑎‘𝑏 𝑎‘𝑏‘ 𝐷𝑎𝑏 =8 km

𝐷 𝐷𝑎𝑏‘ =8.48 km 8 km 8 km
𝐵𝐶=4 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷
‘ 𝐷𝑏‘𝑐 𝐷𝑏‘𝑐‘
𝑏𝑐

𝐷
𝐶𝐴=4 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷
𝑐𝑎 ‘ 𝐷𝑐‘𝑎𝐷𝑐‘𝑎‘ 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿=Actual reactance

𝐷𝑠 =Equivalent Self GMD= 3 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐶

𝐷𝑎𝑎 =90 cm per-unit reactance=Actual reactance/Base reactance
𝐷𝐴 =4 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎‘ 𝐷𝑎‘𝑎 𝐷𝑎‘𝑎‘ =
𝐷𝑎𝑎‘ =48 cm Base reactance=V2/S=1190 ohm
 Assignment: Formula for 3 Stranded Bundle
𝐷𝑚
Inductance per conductor per metre, 𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛 𝐷𝑠

𝐷𝑚 =Equivalent Mutual GMD= 3 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 =Distance between a1 b1 c1

the phases

𝐷𝐴𝐵=?
a2 a3 b2 b3 c2 c3
𝐷𝐵𝐶=?
A phase B phase C phase
𝐷𝐶𝐴=?

𝐷𝑠 =Equivalent Self GMD= 3 𝐷𝐴 𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐶 =Distance within the phases

𝐷𝐴 =Self GMD of A phase=?

𝐷𝐵 =Self GMD of B phase =?

𝐷𝐶 =Self GMD of C phase =?