9P01 – Motion 1

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2016 Edition

9P01. Motion
TABLE OF CONTENTS

9P01. Motion 1
9P01.1 Distance, Displacement & Speed ………………………………………….…………….…………….………………..……..2
9P01.2 Velocity & Acceleration …………….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………….……………………….4
9P01.3 Graphical Representation of Motion & Uniform Circular Motion …………….…………….…………………….6
9P01.4 Equations of Motion …………….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………………………….10
Advanced Practice Problems …………….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………………......…….12
Solutions …………….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………..….14

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9P01 – Motion 2

9P01.1 Distance, Displacement & Speed

CONCEPTS COVERED
1. What is ‘motion’?
2. Why is frame of reference important?
3. Relative motion and its significance in real life.
4. What is the difference between distance and displacement?
5. Uniform and non-uniform motion.
6. What is speed and how it is calculated?

IN CLASS EXERCISE
Q1. How can we describe the location of an object?
Q2. Differentiate between distance and displacement.
Q3. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius 𝑟. What will be its displacement after half a circle is completed?

Q4. A particle travels three quarters of a circle of radius 𝑟. What is the magnitude of its displacement?
Q5. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 𝑚 in 40 𝑠 . What will be the magnitude of
displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 min 20 s from his initial position?
Q6. What is meant by uniform motion? Give an example.
Q7. Define the term average speed.
Q8. A car travels a certain distance with a speed of 50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 and returns with a speed of 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. Calculate the
average speed for the whole journey.
Q9. On a 100 𝑘𝑚 track, a train travels the first 30 𝑘𝑚 at a uniform speed of 30 𝑘𝑚 /ℎ. How fast must the train travel
the next 70 𝑘𝑚 so as to average 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ for the entire trip?

HOMEWORK
Q1. With the help of a suitable example, explain the terms distance and displacement.
Q2. An object is moving with a uniform speed in a circle of radius 𝑟. Calculate the distance and displacement:
I. When it completes half of the circle.
II. When it completes a full circle.
Q3. A body moves in a circle of radius ‘2𝑅’. What is the distance covered and displacement of the body after 2
complete rounds?
Q4. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 𝑚 in 40 𝑠. What will be the distance covered
and the displacement at the end of 2 min 20 𝑠?
Q5. An ant climbs up five stairs, each of width 20 𝑐𝑚 and height 20 𝑐𝑚. Find the distance covered and displacement
of ant, if it starts from the bottom, and reaches the start of the sixth staircase.
Q6. What is non-uniform motion? Give some examples.
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9P01 – Motion 3

Q7. Does the speedometer of a car measure its average speed?

Q8. Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟. On his return trip along
the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟. What is the average speed for Abdul’s
entire trip?
Q9. A boy runs for 10 minutes at a uniform speed of 9 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. At what speed should he run for the next 20 minutes so
that the average speed becomes 12 𝑘𝑚/ℎ?

ADVANCED QUESTIONS
Q1. A bridge is 500 𝑚 long. A 100 𝑚 long train crosses the bridge at a speed of 20 𝑚/𝑠. The time taken by train to
cross it will be:
A) 25 𝑠 B) 5 𝑠 C) 30 𝑠 D) 20 𝑠
Q2. A body covers one-third of its journey with speed 𝑢, next third with speed 𝑣 and the last third with speed 𝑤.
Calculate the average speed of the body over the entire journey.
Q3. When two bodies move uniformly towards each other, the distance between them decreases by 8 𝑚/𝑠. If both
the bodies move in the same direction with the same speeds, the distance between them increases by 4 𝑚/𝑠.
What are the speeds of the two bodies?
Q4. A man can row a boat at 1.8 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ in still water. He heads straight downstream for 2.7𝑘𝑚 in a river where the
current is 0.9 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ and then returns to the starting point. Calculate the time for the round trip.

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9P01 – Motion 4

9P01.2 Velocity & Acceleration

CONCEPTS COVERED
1. What is velocity?
2. How to find velocity from displacement?
3. What is the difference between average and instantaneous velocity?
4. What is acceleration?
5. What is positive and negative acceleration?
6. What do you mean by uniform and non-uniform acceleration?

IN CLASS EXERCISE
Q1. Define the term velocity. What is its SI unit? Is it a scalar or vector quantity?
Q2. Joseph jogs from one end 𝐴 to the other end 𝐵 of a straight 300 𝑚 road in 2 min 30 𝑠 and then turns around and
jogs 100 𝑚 back to point 𝐶 in another 50 𝑠. What are Joseph’s average speeds and velocities in jogging
I. From 𝐴 to 𝐵 II. From 𝐴 to 𝐶?
Q3. What is acceleration? How will you express it mathematically?
Q4. When will you say a body is in (I) Uniform acceleration? (II) Non-uniform acceleration?
Q5. A bus retards uniformly at a rate of 3 𝑚/𝑠 2 and stops in 10 𝑠. With what velocity was the bus travelling?
Q6. In your everyday life you come across a range of motions in which
I. Acceleration is in the direction of motion.
II. Acceleration is against the direction of motion.
III. Acceleration is uniform.
IV. Acceleration is non-uniform.
Can you identify one example each the above type of motion?
Q7. A body moving with an initial velocity of 5 𝑚/𝑠 accelerates at 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Its velocity after 10 𝑠 is
A) 20 𝑚/𝑠 B) 25 𝑚/𝑠 C) 5 𝑚/𝑠 D) 22.5 𝑚/𝑠
Q8. Give examples where
I. The velocity is in opposite direction to the acceleration.
II. The velocity of the particle is zero but its acceleration is not zero.
III. The velocity is perpendicular to the acceleration.

HOMEWORK
Q1. An insect moves along a circular path of radius 10 𝑐𝑚 with a constant speed. It
takes 1 min to move from a point on the path to the diametrically opposite point.
Find
I. The distance covered.
II. The speed.
III. The displacement.
IV. The average velocity.
Q2. I. An object travels 30 𝑚 in 4 𝑠 and then another 30 𝑚 is 2 𝑠. What is the average speed of the object?
II. Is the data given above sufficient to find average velocity of the object?
III. Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to its average speed?

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9P01 – Motion 5

Q3. State a relationship connecting 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑎 and 𝑡 for an accelerated motion. Give an example of motion in which
acceleration is uniform.
Q4. What is meant by retardation or deceleration?
Q5. The initial velocity of a train which is stopped in 20 𝑠 by applying brakes (retardation due to brakes being
1.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) is
A) 30 𝑚/𝑠 B) 30 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 C) 20 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 D) 24 𝑚/𝑠

Q6. A car increases its speed from 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ to 50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ in 10 seconds. Its acceleration is
A) 30 𝑚/𝑠 2 B) 3 𝑚/𝑠 2 C) 18 𝑚/𝑠 2 D) 0.83 𝑚/𝑠 2

Q7. A racer starts a car race from rest and finishes it with a velocity of 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. Assuming constant acceleration
of 3 𝑚/𝑠 2 , Find the time it will take to finish the race.
Q8. State the condition (s) under which the displacement of a particle and its average velocity are zero. What can be
said about the corresponding average speed(s)?
Q9. An object does not possess an acceleration or retardation when it moves
A) In upward direction with decreasing speed
B) In downward direction with increasing speed
C) With constant speed along circular path
D) With constant speed along a particular horizontal direction

ADVANCED QUESTIONS
Q1. Can velocity of a particle be equal to zero at a given instant, and yet be varying with time? Explain with an
example.

Q2. Two cars start off to race with velocities 4 𝑚/𝑠 and 2 𝑚/𝑠 and travel in a straight line with uniform accelerations
1 𝑚/𝑠 2 and 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 respectively. If they reach the final point at the same time instant, then what is the length of
the path?
(Hint: When a body is travelling with uniform acceleration, distance travelled is given by the average velocity
multiplied with the time of travel and the average velocity is the average of final and initial velocities)
(An equation in which the degree i.e. highest power present is two is known as a quadratic equation.
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 0 is an example of quadratic equation. It can be solved in the following manner:
𝑥(𝑥 − 6) = 0
𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 6
These values are known as the roots of the above quadratic equation).
Q3. A 50𝑔 ball travelling at 25 𝑚/𝑠 bounces off a wall and rebounds at 24 m/s. A high speed camera records this
event. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 3.50 ms, what is the magnitude of the average acceleration of the
ball during this time interval?
Q4. During a constant accelerated motion of a particle, average velocity of the particle
A) is always less than its final velocity B) is always greater than its final velocity
C) may be zero D) is half of its final velocity

Q5. A police jeep is chasing a thief with a velocity of 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. The thief is in another jeep with a velocity of 90 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
The police fires a bullet with a velocity of 180 𝑘𝑚/ℎ (with respect to the jeep) when the thief is 350 metres away.
Determine the time after which the bullet will hit the thief.

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9P01 – Motion 6

9P01.3 Graphical Representation of Motion & Uniform Circular Motion

CONCEPTS COVERED
1. Introduction of graph plotting – origin, axes, coordinates
2. How to plot motion on a graph?
3. How to find speed/velocity from a distance/displacement time graph?
4. Calculating the distance travelled using the area under the graph.
5. How to find acceleration from velocity time graph?
6. Uniform circular motion and its various parameters (speed, direction) with examples.

IN CLASS EXERCISE
Q1. What is the nature of distance time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion of an object?
Q2. From the 𝑣-𝑡 graph alongside, (see figure), what can be inferred?
Q3. Make a velocity-time graph from the following displacement-time graph.

Q4. How do we measure magnitude of displacement from a 𝑣-𝑡 curve?

Q5. Find the displacement of a body whose velocity-time graph is shown alongside.
Q6. The velocity-time graph (see figure below) shows the motion of a cyclist. Find:
I. Its acceleration
II. Its velocity after 15 𝑠 and
III. The distance covered by the cyclist in 15 𝑠.

Q7. A motorcyclist riding motorcycle 𝐴 who is travelling at 36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ applies the brakes and stops the motorcycle
in 10 𝑠. Another motorcyclist of motorcycle 𝐵 who is travelling at 18 𝑘𝑚/ℎ applies the brakes and stops the
motorcycle in 20 𝑠. Plot speed-time graph for the two motorcycles. Which of the two motorcycles travelled
farther before it came to a stop?
Q8. Can an object be accelerated if it is moving with constant speed? Justify your answer with an example.
OR
Can a body have constant speed and still be accelerating? Give an example.
OR
Explain how is it possible for an object to move with a constant speed but with uniform acceleration.
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9P01 – Motion 7

HOMEWORK
Q1. What do the graphs I) and II) shown here indicate?

Q2. Find the total displacement of the body from the graph alongside.
Q3. The driver of train 𝐴 travelling at a speed of 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ applies brakes and retards the train uniformly. The train
stops in 5 𝑠. Another train 𝐵 is travelling on the parallel with a speed of 36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. Its driver applies the brakes
and the train retards uniformly, train 𝐵 stops in 10 𝑠. Plot speed-time graphs for both the trains. Which train
travelled farther after the brakes were applied?
Q4. The velocity-time graph for the motion of an object in a straight path is a straight
line parallel to the time axis.
I. Identify the nature of motion of the body.
II. Find the acceleration of the body.
III. Draw the shape of distance-time graph for this type of motion.
Q5. Draw velocity-time graphs for the following cases:
I. When the object is at rest.
II. When the object is thrown vertically upwards.
Q6. A particle is moving with uniform positive acceleration. Its velocity-time graph will be
A) A straight line parallel to the time-axis
B) A straight line inclined at an obtuse angle to the time-axis
C) A straight line inclined at an acute angle to the time-axis
D) None of the above
Q7. Why is the motion of an athlete moving along the circular path, with a constant speed, an accelerated motion?
Q8. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 42250 𝑘𝑚. Calculate its speed if it takes 24 hours to
revolve around the earth.

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9P01 – Motion 8

ADVANCED QUESTIONS
Slope of a Graph:
Every graph has two axes, usually represented by 𝑥 axis and 𝑦 axis. In this chapter, in most of the cases we plot time on
the 𝑥 axis and other quantities like displacement, velocity etc. on the 𝑦 axis. One concept is particularly important for
us, i.e slope.
Slope can be defined in many ways, simplest of them is that it
is the ratio of change of quantity in 𝑦 axis to that of the change
in 𝑥 axis.
𝑦2− 𝑦1
Mathematically, Slope can be defined as .
𝑥2 −𝑥1

This may appear very unfamiliar, but we have learnt about it

in this chapter.
Try recollecting the graph of displacement-time, in this graph
𝑠 𝑠
we find velocity by using the formula 𝑣 = 2− 1
𝑡2 −𝑡1

This is exactly in the same form as we have in the definition of slope. Hence we can conclude that velocity is the slope
of displacement- time graph. By similar logic, we can say that speed is the slope of distance-time graph and acceleration
is the slope of velocity-time graph.
Finding out the slope of a graph might appear a bit tedious to you, but there is an easy way out.
Try finding the angle the straight line graph makes with the positive 𝑥 axis. If the angle made is acute, we call it a positive
slope otherwise we call it a negative slope. For example, in the displacement-time curve if the angle made is obtuse,
then it shows that acceleration is negative (retardation). We will study why exactly this happens in higher grades.
Another simple way of looking at a slope can be by finding the change in the quantity in 𝑦 axis for a fixed/unit change
in the quantity in 𝑥 axis. The value of slope is proportional to the change in the corresponding 𝑦 axis for a change in a
unit quantity of 𝑥 axis.
Q1. Figure shows the distance-time graph of three objects 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶. Study the graph and answer the following
questions.

I. Which of the three is travelling the fastest?

II. Are all three ever at same point on the road?
III. How far has 𝐵 travelled when it passes 𝐴?
IV. How far has 𝐵 travelled by the time it passes 𝐶?

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9P01 – Motion 9

Q2. Figure shows the distance-time graphs of two trains, which start
moving simultaneously in the same direction. From the graphs, find:
.

I. How much ahead of 𝐴 is 𝐵 when the motion starts?

II. What is the speed of 𝐵?
III. When and where will 𝐴 catch 𝐵?
IV. What is the difference between the speeds of 𝐴 and 𝐵?

Q3. Four cars 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 are moving on a levelled road. Their distance versus time graphs are shown in the figure.
Which car is the slowest? Which is the fastest?

Q4. An article starts from rest. Its acceleration versus time 𝑡 is as shown in the figure. The maximum speed of the
particle will be

A) 110 𝑚/𝑠 B) 55 𝑚/𝑠

C) 10 𝑚/𝑠 D) Information insufficient
Q5. Look at the speed against time graph in figure given below. Name the sections that represent

I. Steady speed II. Speeding up (accelerating)

III. Being stationary IV. Showing down (decelerating)

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9P01 – Motion 10

9P01.4 Equations of Motion

CONCEPTS COVERED
1. Significance of velocity-time, position-time and position-speed relations.
2. How to find the equations of motion using graphical method?
3. Solving various examples using the equations of motion.

IN CLASS EXERCISE
Q1. State the three equations of motion. Which of them describes
I. Velocity-time relation? II. Position-time relation?
Q2. Deduce the following equations of motion.

I.
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + ( ) 𝑎𝑡 2 II. 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
2

Q3. Brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 6 𝑚/𝑠 2 in the direction opposite to motion. If the car takes
2 𝑠 to stop after the application of brakes, calculate the distance it travels during this time.
Q4. A car starting from rest accelerates uniformly to acquire a speed 20𝑘𝑚/ℎ in 30 min. The distance travelled by
car in this time interval will be:
A) 600 𝑘𝑚 B) 5 𝑘𝑚 C) 6 𝑘𝑚 D) 10 𝑘𝑚
Q5. A trolley while going down an inclined plane has an acceleration of 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 . What will be its velocity 3 𝑠 after
the start?
Q6. A racing car starting from rest has a uniform acceleration of 4 𝑚/𝑠 2 . What distance will it cover in 10 𝑠 after the
start?
Q7. A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.1 𝑚/𝑠 2 for 2 mins. Find
I. The speed acquired II. The distance travelled.
4
Q8. An electron moving with a velocity of 5 × 10 𝑚/𝑠 enters into a uniform electric field and acquires a uniform
acceleration of 104 𝑚/𝑠 2 in the direction of its initial motion.
I. Calculate the time in which the electron would acquire a velocity double of its initial velocity.
II. How much distance would the electron cover in this time?

HOMEWORK
Q1. An object starts linear motion with a velocity ‘𝑢’ and under uniform acceleration ‘𝑎’ it acquires a velocity ‘𝑣’ in
time ‘𝑡’. Draw its velocity-time graph. From this graph obtain the following equations:
1
I. 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 II. 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 III. 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎𝑠
2

Q2. Velocity of a train changes from 20 𝑚/𝑠 to 25 𝑚/𝑠, when it accelerates at a rate 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Find the distance covered
by the train.
Q3. A moving train is brought to rest within 20 𝑠 by applying brakes. If the retardation due to brakes is 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 , then
the initial velocity was
A) 10 𝑚/𝑠 B) 20 𝑚/𝑠 C) 30 𝑚/𝑠 D) 40 𝑚/𝑠
Q4. A train is travelling at a speed of 90 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 . Brakes are applied so as to produce a uniform acceleration
of −0.5 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Find how far the train will go before it is brought to rest.
Q5. A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant rate of 3 𝑚/𝑠 2 for 8 𝑠. How far
does the boat travel during this time?
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9P01 – Motion 11

Q6. If the displacement of an object is proportional to square of time, predict the motion of the object.
Q7. A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 𝑚/𝑠. If the acceleration of the stone during
its motion is 10 𝑚/𝑠 2 in the downward direction, what will be the height attained by the stone and what time
will it take to reach there?
Q8. A bullet initially moving with a velocity of 20𝑚/𝑠 strikes a target and comes to rest after penetrating a distance
10𝑐𝑚 in the target. Calculate the retardation caused by the target.
Q9. Two stones are thrown vertically upwards simultaneously with their initial velocities 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 , respectively.
Prove that the heights reached by them would be in the ratio 𝑢12 : 𝑢22 . (Assume upward acceleration is −𝑔 and
downward acceleration is +𝑔).

ADVANCED QUESTIONS
Q1. A particle having initial velocity 𝑢 is moving with a constant acceleration 𝑎 for a time 𝑡.
I. Find the displacement of the particle in the last 1 𝑠.
II. Evaluate the displacement of particle in the last 1 𝑠 when 𝑢 = 2 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑎 = 1 𝑚/𝑠 2 and 𝑡 = 5 𝑠.

Q2. A body moving with a constant acceleration travels the distance 3𝑚 and 7𝑚 respectively in 1𝑠 and 3𝑠. Calculate
I. The acceleration of the body and
II. The initial velocity.
Q3. A bullet of mass 0.006𝑘𝑔 travelling at 120𝑚/𝑠 penetrates deeply into a fixed target and is brought to rest
in 0.01𝑠. Calculate the distance of penetration in the target.
Q4. A ball is tossed straight up from the ground. Half way up, it has a speed of 19.6𝑚/𝑠. Find
I. Its initial velocity
II. The maximum height reached
Q5. A particle experiences constant acceleration for 20 seconds after starting from rest. If it travels a distance 𝑠1 in
the first 10 seconds and distance 𝑠2 in the next 10 seconds, then
A) 𝑠2 = 𝑠1 B) 𝑠2 = 2𝑠1 C) 𝑠2 = 3𝑠1 D) 𝑠2 = 4𝑠1

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9P01 – Motion 12

Advanced Practice Problems

Q1. The acceleration versus time graph of a particle moving along a straight
line is shown in the figure. Draw the respective velocity – time graph.
Given 𝑣 = 0 at 𝑡 = 0.
Q2. Which of the following statements are true for a moving body?
A) If its speed changes, its velocity must change and it must have some
acceleration
B) If its velocity changes, its speed must change and it must have some
acceleration
C) If it is accelerating, then its speed and velocity must change
D) If its speed changes but direction of motion does not change, its velocity can remain constant
Q3. The graph describes an airplane’s acceleration during its take – off run. The airplane’s velocity when it lifts off at
𝑡 = 20𝑠 is:

A) 40𝑚/𝑠 B) 50𝑚/𝑠 C) 90𝑚/𝑠 D) 180𝑚/𝑠

Q4. The figure shows the velocity (𝑣) of a particle plotted against time (𝑡)
Choose the correct alternative from the following.
A) The particle changes its direction of motion at some point
B) The acceleration of the particle remains constant
C) The displacement of the particle is zero
D) All of the above
Q5. Identify the correct graph representing the motion of a particle along a straight line with constant acceleration.
(The curve in the 4𝑡ℎ option is an arc of a circle). More than one options can be correct in this question.

A) B)

C) D)

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9P01 – Motion 13

Q6. A body falls freely from a certain height. Show graphically the relation between the distance fallen and square of
time. How will you determine 𝑔 from this graph?
Q7. A ball moves on a smooth floor in a straight line with uniform velocity 10𝑚/𝑠 for 6𝑠. At 𝑡 = 6𝑠, the ball hits a wall
and comes back along the same line to the starting point with the same speed. Draw the velocity – time graph
and use it to find the total distance travelled by the ball and its displacement.
Q8. A train starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at a rate of 2𝑚/𝑠 2 for 10𝑠. It then maintains a constant speed
for 200𝑠. The brakes are then applied and the train is uniformly retarded and comes to rest in 50𝑠. Find
I. The maximum velocity reached, II. The retardation in the last 50𝑠,
III. Total distance travelled, and IV. The average velocity of the train

Q9. A particle starts with an initial velocity and passes successively over the two halves of a given distance with
acceleration 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 respectively. Show that the final velocity is the same as if the whole distance is covered
(𝑎1 +𝑎2 )
with a uniform acceleration
2

Q10. A body moving along a straight line with uniform acceleration has a speed 15𝑚/𝑠 when passing a point 𝑃 and
35𝑚/𝑠 when passing a point 𝐵 in its path. Calculate its speed at the midpoint of 𝑃𝐵.
Q11. A train, 100𝑚 long and stationary, is given the all clear by a signal 80𝑚 ahead of it. The train accelerates
uniformly at 0.4𝑚/𝑠 2 . Find the time taken for the engine driver (at the front) and the guard (at the back) of the
train to pass the signal. At what speed is the train moving at each of these times?
Q12. The following figure represents the velocity – time graph of a particle moving in a straight line

I. Did the particle ever move with uniform velocity?

II. Did the particle ever move with uniform acceleration?
III. What is the distance traversed by the particle in 4 seconds?
If your answer to any of the parts I or II is yes, then specify the region(s) and also specify/ calculate the
corresponding value(s)

ǤǤǤ
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9P01 – Motion 14

Solutions
9P01.1 DISTANCE, DISPLACEMENT & SPEED
IN CLASS EXERCISE
Q1. To describe the location of an object we need to specify its distance from a reference point, which we call the
origin. For example, suppose that a library in a city is 2 𝑘𝑚 north of the railway station. We have specified the
position of the library with respect to the railway station, i.e. in this case, the railway station acts as the reference
point (origin).
Q2.
Distance Displacement
1. Distance is the length of the actual path 1. Displacement is the shortest distance between
travelled by the object, irrespective of its the initial and final positions of an object in a
direction of motion. given direction.
2. Distance is a scalar quantity. 2. Displacement is a vector quantity.
3. Distance covered can never be negative. It is 3. Displacement may be positive, negative or zero.
always positive or zero.
4. Distance between two given points may be 4. Displacement between two given points is
different depending on the path chosen. always the same.
Q3. After completing half the circle, the particle will Displacement of farmer after 2 min 20 s, i.e. after
reach the diametrically opposite point, i.e. from 140 𝑠
point 𝐴 to point 𝐵 . The shortest distance = Displacement after (3 × 40 + 20)𝑠
between these points is the diameter of the = 0 + Displacement after 20 𝑠
circle, i.e. 2𝑟. [∵ After each 40 𝑠 displacement is zero]
Farmer completes one round in 40 𝑠, so he will
Q4. When the particle covers three quarters of a
complete half a round in 20 𝑠, i.e. after 20 𝑠 final
circle, the magnitude of its displacement is
position of farmer would be 𝐶 if he were to start
𝐴𝐵 = √𝑂𝐴2 + 𝑂𝐵2 = √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 = √2𝑟.
at A.

Q5. Farmer takes 40 𝑠 to move along the boundary

Displacement of farmer, 𝐴𝐶 = √𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
of the square field, i.e. after 40 𝑠 the farmer is
again at his initial position. Hence after every = √102 + 102 = 10√2 𝑚
interval of 40 𝑠 his displacement becomes zero. = 10 × 1.414 = 14.14 𝑚.
Time given = 2 min 20 𝑠 Q6. If an object covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time, however small the time
interval may be, then the object is said to be in
uniform motion. For example, suppose a bus
moves 10 𝑘𝑚 in the first 15 minutes, 10 𝑘𝑚 in
second 15 minutes, 10 𝑘𝑚 in third 15 minutes
and so on. Then one can say that the bus is in
uniform motion.
= (2 × 60 + 20)𝑠 = 140 𝑠
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 15

Q7. Average Speed is the total distance travelled by a measured in the direction from the initial to the
body, divided by the total time taken to cover final position of the body. In the figure,
that distance. Thus, Displacement = 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Total distance travelled
Average Speed =
Total time taken
For example, if a car travels a distance of 100 𝑘𝑚
in 2 hours, then its average speed
100 𝑘𝑚
= = 50 𝑘𝑚 per hour.
2 hour

Q8. Let the distance one way = 𝑥 𝑘𝑚

Time taken in the forward journey at a speed of
50 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ =
Distance
=
𝑥
ℎ As displacement has both magnitude and
Speed 50 direction, so it is a vector quantity. If the
Time taken in the return journey at a speed of measurement of displacement is expressed
𝑥
40 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ = ℎr without direction, it is known as the magnitude
40
Total time for the whole journey of displacement. The magnitude of displacement
𝑥 𝑥 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 9𝑥 is always less than or equal to the distance
= ( + )ℎ = ( )ℎ = ℎ
50 40 200 200 travelled.
Total distance covered = 2𝑥 Displacement may be positive, negative or zero.
Total distance
∴ Average Speed = Displacement is used to locate the final position
Total time
2𝑥×200 of an object with reference to its initial position
2𝑥 𝑘𝑚 ( ) 𝑘𝑚 at a given time.
9𝑥
= 9𝑥 =
ℎ ℎ 1
200 Q2. I. Distance = ×Circumference of the circle
400 2
=( ) 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 44.44 𝑘𝑚/ℎ. 1
9
= × 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟
𝑠1 +𝑠2 𝑠 2
Q9. 𝑣𝑎𝑣 = = 𝑠1 𝑠2 Displacement = 2𝑟
𝑡1 +𝑡2 +
𝑣1 𝑣2
100 𝑘𝑚 II. Distance = 2𝜋𝑟
Or 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 30 70 Displacement = 0 [Since initial and final
+ ℎ
30 𝑣2
70 100 positions are the same]
Or 1 + =
𝑣2 40 Q3. Distance covered after 2 complete rounds
70 5 3
Or = −1= = 2 × Circumference
𝑣2 2 2
70×2
𝑘𝑚 = 2 × 2𝜋(2𝑅) = 8𝜋𝑅
3
Or 𝑣2 = After 2 complete rounds, the body comes back to
ℎ
140 𝑘𝑚 its initial position. ∴ Displacement= 0.
=
3 ℎ Q4. I. Diameter of circular track = 200 𝑚
= 46.7 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
∴ Radius of circular track
200
HOMEWORK = 𝑚 = 100 𝑚
2
Q1. Distance: It is the length of the actual path Circumference of circular track = 2𝜋𝑟
22 4400
travelled by a body between its initial and final = (2 × × 100) 𝑚 = 𝑚
7 7
positions. In the figure, suppose a body moves Total time given = 2 min 20𝑠
from position 𝐴 to 𝐵 through 𝐶. Then, = 2 × 60 + 20 = 140 𝑠
Distance travelled = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶 According to question, athlete takes 40 𝑠 to
Distance is a scalar quantity because it has only complete one round.
4400
magnitude and no direction. Distance covered is ∴ Distance covered in 40 𝑠 = 𝑚
7
always positive or zero. Distance describes the Distance covered in 1 𝑠 =
4400
𝑚
total path covered by an object. 7×40
So distance covered in 140 𝑠
Displacement: The change in the position of an 4400
object in a given direction is known as ⇒( × 140) 𝑚
7 × 40
displacement. It is the shortest distance ⇒ 2200 𝑚 = 2.2 𝑘𝑚
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 16

II. As per the question, athlete completes one V. The motion of a ball rolling down an inclined
round in 40 𝑠 , i.e. after 40 𝑠 athlete comes plane.
back to its initial position or after 40 𝑠 his Q7. No, the speedometer of a car does not measure
displacement is zero. Similarly,
its average speed. It measures the speed at every
after 120 𝑠 (40 × 3) , his displacement is
instant, which is called the instantaneous speed.
zero.
∴ Displacement after 2 min 20 𝑠 or 140 𝑠 Q8. Let the distance of school from Abdul’s home
= Displacement after 20 𝑠 be 𝑥 𝑘𝑚.
In 20 𝑠 athlete will cover half the circular Time taken by Abdul to reach the school
track from 𝐴 to 𝐵 (in 40 𝑠 one round is Distance 𝑥 𝑘𝑚
completed, so in 20 𝑠 half of the round will = = ℎ
Average speed 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
be completed.)
Similarly, time taken by Abdul to reach the home
from school
Distance 𝑥 𝑘𝑚
= = ℎ
Average speed 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
Average speed for Abdul’s entire trip
Total distance 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑘𝑚
= = 𝑥 𝑥
Total time + ℎ𝑟
Displacement after 20 𝑠 = 𝐴𝐵 20 40
= Diameter of circular track= 200 𝑚. 2𝑥 2𝑥 × 40 𝑘𝑚 80
= 2𝑥+𝑥 = = 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
(Initial position is 𝐴 and after half round, 3𝑥 ℎ 3
40
final position is 𝐵)
Q9. Average speed, 𝑣𝑎𝑣 = 12 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
Q5. Distance covered by ant = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 + 𝑠1 + 𝑠2 𝑣1 𝑡1 + 𝑣2 𝑡2
𝐷𝐸 + 𝐸𝐹 + 𝐹𝐺 + 𝐺𝐻 + 𝐻𝐼 + 𝐼𝐽 + 𝐽𝐾 𝑣𝑎𝑣 = =
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 𝑡1 + 𝑡2
= 5 × (20 𝑐𝑚 + 20 𝑐𝑚) 10 20
9 × + 𝑣2 ×
60 60
= 5 × 40 = 200 𝑐𝑚 12 = 10 20
+
60 60
𝑣2
Thus, 6 = 1.5 +
3
⇒ 𝑣2 = 4.5 × 3 = 13.5 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.

ADVANCED QUESTIONS
Q1. C
Assume the train is about to enter the platform.
If the train travels 500 𝑚, the front of the train
will reach the end of the platform. For the train
to completely pass the platform, it must travel
another 100 𝑚 so that its last compartment
Displacement = 𝐴𝐾 = 5 × √(20)2 + (20)2 clears the platform. Total length of path covered
i.e. sum of all hypotenuse of the right angled by train
triangles = 5 × √800 = 100√2𝑚. = 500 + 100 = 600 𝑚
Q6. If an object covers unequal distances in equal Speed of train = 20 𝑚/𝑠
intervals of time, it is said to be in non-uniform Time taken by train to cross the bridge
Distance
motion. Most of the motions seen in our daily life =
are non-uniform. Speed
600 𝑚
Some examples of non-uniform motion are: = 𝑚
20
I. A stone dropped from the top of a building. 𝑠
II. A ball thrown vertically upwards. = 30 𝑠
III. The motion of a train as it leaves the station.
IV. The motion of a bus as it approaches a bus-
stop.
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 17

Q2. Let the whole journey be of distance 𝐷. ∴ 𝑣𝐵 = 𝑣𝐵𝑅 + 𝑣𝑅

Part 1: (One third with speed 𝑢)
Distance = D/3; Speed = u
Time = Distance/Speed = D/3u.
Part 2: (One third with speed 𝑣)
Distance = D/3; Speed = 𝑣
Time = Distance/Speed = 𝐷/3𝑣.
Part 3: (One third with speed 𝑤)
Distance = D/3; Speed = 𝑤 Boat heading downstream for a distance 𝑫 and
Time = Distance/Speed = 𝐷/3𝑤.
returning to its starting point
Average speed over entire journey
Data:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷
= = 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝑣𝐵𝑅 = 1.8 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ, 𝑣𝑅 = 0.9 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 + +
3𝑢 3𝑣 3𝑤 We take the direction of the river current as the
3𝑢𝑣𝑤 positive direction
=
𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑢𝑤 Then, while going downstream,
Q3. When two bodies with speeds 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 (assume 𝑣𝐵 = 1.8 + 0.9 = 2.7 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝑣1 > 𝑣2 ) respectively are in motion, we can find So that the time taken to row downstream is
the relative motion between them: 𝐷
𝑡𝐷 =
I. When they are in the same direction, 𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑙. = 𝑣𝐵
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 2.7
= = 1ℎ
II. When they are in opposite directions, 2.7
𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑙. = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 While returning upstream, the velocity of the
Let 𝑢 and 𝑣 be the speeds of the two bodies boat relative to water is −1.8 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ (minus sign
respectively. implies it is in the opposite direction). Hence, the
According to the question, velocity of the boat relative to the river bank and
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 8 and 𝑢 − 𝑣 = 4 the time taken for the return journey are,
Solving the above equations, we get respectively,
2𝑢 = 12 𝑚/𝑠 ⇒ 𝑢 = 6 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣𝐵 = −1.8 + 0.9
And 𝑣 = 8 − 𝑢 = (8 − 6) 𝑚/𝑠 = −0.9 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝐷
= 2 𝑚/𝑠. And 𝑡𝑢 =
𝑣𝐵
Q4. Let 𝑣𝑅 and 𝑣𝐵 be the velocities of the river 2.7
= =3ℎ
current and boat relative to the river bank. Then 0.9
the velocity of the boat with respect to the water ∴ The time for the round trip is
is 𝑣𝐵𝑅 = 𝑣𝐵 − 𝑣𝑅 𝑡𝑑 + 𝑡𝑢 = 4 ℎ

9P01.2 VELOCITY & ACCELERATION

𝑠
IN CLASS EXERCISE 𝑣=
𝑡
Q1. It is a physical quantity that gives both the speed The SI unit of velocity is 𝑚/𝑠.
and direction of motion of the body. Velocity is a vector quantity because its
Velocity of a body is defined as the displacement description requires both magnitude and
produced per unit time. It is also defined as the direction.
speed of a body in a given direction. Q2. Distance covered from 𝐴 to 𝐵 = 300 𝑚
Displacement
Velocity = Displacement from 𝐴 to 𝐵 = 300 𝑚
Time
If 𝑠 is the distance travelled by a body in a given
direction and 𝑡 is the time taken to travel that
distance, then the velocity 𝑣 is given by
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 18

[∵ If an object is moving along a straight line, Q6. I. When a body falls freely towards the earth,
then its distance and displacement are same] the acceleration due to gravity acts in its
Time taken by Joseph to move from 𝐴 to 𝐵 direction of motion (downward).
𝑡 = 2 min 30 𝑠 = 2 × 60 + 30 II. When a body is thrown up, the acceleration
= 120 + 30 = 150 𝑠 [∵ 1 min= 60 𝑠] due to gravity acts against its direction of
motion.
I. Average speed in jogging from 𝐴 to 𝐵 = III. A body falling freely towards the earth has
Distance from A to B 300 𝑚
= = 2 𝑚/𝑠 a uniform acceleration of 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
Time taken from A to B 150 𝑠
IV. When a ball is thrown on a rough surface, it
Average velocity in jogging from 𝐴 to 𝐵 =
Displacement from A to B 300 𝑚
has non-uniform acceleration.
= = 2 𝑚/𝑠
Time taken from A to B 150 𝑠 Q7. B
II. Distance covered from 𝐴 to 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 Initial velocity, 𝑢 = 5 𝑚/𝑠
= 300 + 100 = 400 𝑚 Acceleration, 𝑎 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2
Displacement from 𝐴 to 𝐶 = minimum distance Time, 𝑡 = 10 𝑠
from 𝐴 to 𝐶 Final velocity, 𝑣 =?
𝑣−𝑢
= 300 − 100 = 200 𝑚 As 𝑎 =
𝑡
Time taken in jogging from 𝐴 to 𝐶 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝑣 = 5 + 2 × 10 = 25 𝑚/𝑠.
= 2 min 30 𝑠 + 50 𝑠
= 2 × 60 + 30 + 50 = 200 𝑠 Q8. I. A particle thrown upwards has its velocity in
Average speed in jogging from 𝐴 to 𝐶 opposite direction to its acceleration (𝑔 ,
Displacement from A to B downwards)
= II. When the particle is released from rest from
Time taken from A to B a certain height, its velocity is zero while
400 𝑚
= = 2 𝑚/𝑠 acceleration is 𝑔 downwards. Similarly, at
200 𝑠 the extreme position of a pendulum velocity
Average velocity in jogging from 𝐴 to 𝐶 is zero, while acceleration is not zero
Displacement from A to C III. In uniform circular motion velocity is
=
Time taken from A to C perpendicular to its radial or centripetal
200 𝑚
= = 1 𝑚/𝑠 acceleration
200 𝑠

Q3. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of HOMEWORK

velocity with time, i.e.
Q1. Suppose the insect was at 𝐴 initially and it
Change in velocity
Acceleration = moved along 𝐴𝐶𝐵 to reach the diametrically
Time taken
(Final velocity − Initial velocity) opposite point 𝐵 in 1 min.
= I. The distance moved in 1 min = 𝜋𝑟
Time taken
If the velocity of a body changes from 𝑢 to 𝑣 in = (3.14 × 10) 𝑐𝑚 = 31.4 𝑐𝑚
Distance 31.4
time 𝑡, then mathematically, acceleration 𝑎 is II. Speed = = = 31.4 𝑐𝑚/min
Time 1
(𝑣−𝑢)
given by 𝑎 = . III. Displacement, 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑟
𝑡
= (2 × 10) 𝑐𝑚 = 20 𝑐𝑚
Q4. I. A body is in uniform acceleration if it travels IV. Average velocity,
in a straight path and its velocity increases 𝑣𝑎𝑣 =
Displacement
=
20 𝑐𝑚
= 20 𝑐𝑚/min
or decreases by equal amounts in equal time Time 1 min
In the direction 𝐴 to 𝐵.
intervals.
𝑠1 +𝑠2
II. A body is in non-uniform acceleration if it Q2. I. Average speed=
𝑡1 +𝑡2
travels in a straight path when its velocity (30+30) 𝑚
increases or decreases by unequal amount = = 10 𝑚/𝑠.
(4+2) 𝑠
in equal time intervals. II. No, the direction of motion of the object is
Q5. Given, final velocity, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑎 = −3 𝑚/𝑠 2 also needed for finding its average velocity.
Time taken, 𝑡 = 10 𝑠 III. The two magnitudes will be equal when the
As 𝑎 =
𝑣−𝑢 motion is only in one particular direction
𝑡 and the direction should not change during
𝑢 = 𝑣 − 𝑎𝑡 = 0 − (−3)(10) 𝑚/𝑠 = 30 𝑚/𝑠. motion.
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 19

Q3. The relationship between 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑎 and 𝑡 is For example, when a particle is thrown straight
𝑣−𝑢
𝑎= up, the Earth’s gravitational force downward
𝑡
decelerates the particle until its velocity
A body falling freely towards the earth has a
becomes momentarily zero. At this peak point of
uniform acceleration of 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 . its motion, the particle has zero instantaneous
Q4. The motion of the particle is said to be velocity but constant downward acceleration.
accelerated if the velocity of the particle changes
with time. When the instantaneous speed of the Q2. Let the path length be 𝑥 and the time taken be 𝑡.
particle decreases with time, the acceleration is For car A:
opposite to the instantaneous velocity and is
called retardation or deceleration. Final velocity (𝑣) – Initial velocity (𝑢) = 𝑎𝑡
𝑣 =4+1×𝑡
Q5. A Distance = Average speed × time
𝑣−𝑢 u+v
𝑎= ⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑣 − 𝑎𝑡 = ×t
𝑡 2
𝑢 = 0 − (−1.5 × 20) 4 + (4 + t)
= ×t
𝑢 = 30 𝑚/𝑠 2
2
Q6. D 8t + t
=
Converting velocities to 𝑚/𝑠, 2
100 250 [Note: Distance is given by average velocity ×
we have 𝑢 = 𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑣 = 𝑚/𝑠.
18 18 time only when acceleration is constant. Also, for
𝑣 − 𝑢 150 constant acceleration, average velocity = (𝑣 +
𝑎= =
𝑡 180 𝑢)/2]
5 For Car B:
= = 0.83 𝑚/𝑠 2
6 Final velocity (𝑣) – Initial velocity (𝑢) = 𝑎𝑡
Q7. Initial velocity, 𝑢 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 =2+2×𝑡
Final velocity, 𝑣 = 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 15 𝑚/𝑠 Distance = Average speed × time
u+v 2 + (2 + 2t)
Acceleration, 𝑎 = 3 𝑚/𝑠 2 = ×t= ×t
𝑣−𝑢
2 2
2
So, Time 𝑡 = 4t + 2t
𝑎 = = 2t + t 2
15 − 0 2
= = 5𝑠 Since, both the distances are same, on equating
3
both of them, we get
Q8. In a given time interval, the displacement and 8t + t 2
average velocity of a particle are both zero if its = 2t + t 2
2
initial and final positions are the same, i.e., when 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 = 0
the particle is at rest or it returns to its initial On solving, t = 0, 4s {Ignoring the 𝑡 = 0𝑠 as at
position. 𝑡 = 0𝑠, motions starts and both are at the initial
For a particle at rest, the path length is zero and position}
hence, the average speed is also zero. In the Putting 𝑡 = 4𝑠 in any of the above equations, we
second case, the total path length > 0 so that get
𝑥 = 2 × 4 + 42 = 24 m, which is the length of the
total path length
Average speed = >0 path
elapsed time
change in velocity
Q9. D Q3. Average acceleration =
time taken

Initial velocity = 25 𝑚/𝑠

ADVANCED QUESTIONS Final velocity = −24 𝑚/𝑠 {negative direction
Q1. A deceleration can reduce the velocity of a because of opposite direction}
(−24)−(25)
particle to zero and then increase it in a direction ⇒ Average acceleration =
3.50 × 10−3
opposite to its initial velocity. At the turning 49 × 103
point of the motion, the particle has an =− 𝑚/𝑠 2 = −1.4 × 104 𝑚/𝑠 2
3.5
acceleration but its instantaneous velocity is Magnitude = 1.4 × 104 𝑚/𝑠 2
zero.
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 20

Q4. Let the acceleration = 𝑎. Now, since bullet is fired from police jeep which
is going at 20 𝑚/𝑠,
Initial velocity = 𝑢
Final velocity, 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 Therefore, velocity of bullet is
In this time interval, average velocity,
𝑢+𝑣 (180 + 20) 𝑚/𝑠 = 200 𝑚/𝑠.
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2 To calculate velocity with which bullet with hit
𝑎𝑡 the thief we use concept of relative velocity.
=𝑢+
2
This can be greater or smaller than the final Therefore, we have 𝑉𝐵𝑇 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝑇
velocity, it may also be half the final velocity. Here 𝑉𝐵 is velocity of bullet and 𝑉𝑇 is velocity of
Hence we cannot be sure about options A, B and thief
D.
In an accelerated motion, average velocity may 𝑉𝐵𝑇 = 200 𝑚/𝑠 − 25 𝑚/𝑠 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
be zero as well.
Hence the correct option is (C). As the thief is 350 m away from the police jeep at
the time when the bullet is fired, time taken
Q5. Velocity of police jeep = 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 20 𝑚/𝑠 would be (350/175) 𝑠 = 2 𝑠.
Velocity of thief’s jeep = 90 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 25 𝑚/𝑠
Velocity of bullet (with respect to the jeep) =
180 𝑚/𝑠

9P01.3 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION & UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

20
IN CLASS EXERCISE Velocity after 4 𝑠 = 𝑚/𝑠 = 5 𝑚/𝑠
4
30
Q1. The distance time graph for uniform motion of Velocity after 6 𝑠 = 𝑚/𝑠 = 5 𝑚/𝑠
6
an object is a straight line. E.g. whenever velocity is constant, acceleration
=0
So, velocity-time graph will be drawn as

Uniform motion
The distance time graph for non-uniform
motion of an object is a curved line.

Q4. By measuring the area under 𝑣-𝑡 curve.

Q5. Displacement = Area under 𝑣-𝑡 curve
1
= (Sum of parallel sides) ×height
Non – uniform motion 2
1
= (𝐴𝐷 + 𝐵𝐶) × 𝐶𝐹
Q2. From the given 𝑣 - 𝑡 graph, it is clear that the 2
1
velocity of the object is not changing with time, = (10 + 6) × 12.5 𝑚 = 100 𝑚
2
i.e. the object is in uniform motion.
Q6. I. From the graph, it is clear that velocity is not
Q3. From the graph, changing with time, i.e. acceleration is zero.
10
Velocity after 2 𝑠 = 𝑚/𝑠 = 5 𝑚/𝑠 II. Again from the graph, we can see that there
2
is no change in the velocity with time, so
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 21

velocity after 15 𝑠 will remain the same 1 1

= [ (2 × 5) + (4 × 5) + (4 × 5) + (5 × 4)] 𝑚 =
2 2
as 20 𝑚/𝑠.
III. Distance covered in 15 𝑠 55 𝑚.
= velocity × time = (20 × 15) 𝑚 Q3. For train 𝐴, the initial velocity,
= 300 𝑚. 𝑘𝑚
𝑢 = 54
5 ℎ𝑟
Q7. Here 𝑢𝐴 = 36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 36 × 𝑚/𝑠 = 10 𝑚/𝑠, 5 𝑚
18
= 54 ×
𝑣𝐴 = 0, 𝑡𝐴 = 10 𝑠 18 𝑠
𝑢𝐵 = 18 𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 5 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣𝐵 = 0, 𝑡𝐵 = 20 𝑠 = 15 𝑚/𝑠
The speed-time graph for the two motorcycles Final velocity, 𝑣 = 0 and time, 𝑡 = 5 𝑠
𝑘𝑚
are shown below: For train 𝐵, 𝑢 = 36
ℎ𝑟
5
= 36 × = 10 𝑚/𝑠
18
𝑣 = 0, 𝑡 = 10 𝑠
Speed-time graph for train 𝐴 and 𝐵 are shown
in figure below:

Distance travelled by motorcycle 𝐴,

1
𝑠𝐴 =Area under 𝑃𝑄 = × 10 × 10 = 50 𝑚
2
Distance travelled by motorcycle 𝐵
1
𝑠𝐵 =Area under 𝑅𝑆 = × 20 × 5 = 50 𝑚
2 Distance travelled by train 𝐴 = Area under 𝑅𝑆
Thus both the motorcycles travelled the same 1
= Area of ∆𝑂𝑅𝑆 = × 𝑂𝑅 × 𝑂𝑆
distance before coming to a stop. 2
1
Q8. An object moving with constant speed can be = ( × 15 × 5) 𝑚 = 37.5 𝑚
2
accelerated if its direction of motion changes. Distance travelled by train 𝐵 = area under 𝑃𝑄
For example, an object moving with a constant 1
= × 𝑂𝑃 × 𝑂𝑄
speed in a circular path has an acceleration 2
because its direction of motion changes 1
= ( × 10 × 10) 𝑚 = 50 𝑚
continuously. 2
So, train 𝐵 travelled farther after the brakes
HOMEWORK were applied.
Q4. I. The body is moving with a uniform velocity.
Q1. Graph I) indicates that a body has certain initial
II. Acceleration = 0.
speed and then its speed uniformly decreases
III. The distance-time graph will be a straight
and finally becomes zero.
line inclined to the time-axis as shown in Fig.
Graph II) shows that a body first retards and
then accelerates.
Q2. Total displacement
= Area under the velocity-time graph
= Sum of areas (∆𝐴𝐵𝐹 +rectangle 𝐵𝐶𝐺𝐹 +
∆𝐶𝐷𝐸 +rectangle 𝐶𝐸𝐼𝐺)
1 1
= [ (𝐴𝐹 × 𝐹𝐵) + (𝐵𝐶 × 𝐶𝐺) + (𝐶𝐸 × 𝐷𝐽) +
2 2 Q5. I. When the object is at rest, 𝑣 = 0. The 𝑣-𝑡 is a
(𝐶𝐺 × 𝐺𝐼)] straight line on the time-axis, as shown in Fig
(a)
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 22

II. When the object is thrown vertically I. The object for which slope of speed-time
upwards, it has decreasing velocity for graph is maximum will have maximum speed,
upward motion and then increasing velocity i.e., will travel the fastest. Here for object 𝐵,
for downward motion, as shown in Fig. (b). slope is maximum so it is travelling the fastest.
II. All the three objects will be at the same point
on the road if the speed-time graph intersect
each other at any point. Here all the three
graphs do not intersect each other, so these
three will never be at the same point on the
road.
III. When 𝐵 passes 𝐴, it travels a distance of 7 𝑘𝑚
IV. Distance travelled by 𝐶 by the time it passes
𝐵 = 10 𝑘𝑚.
Q2. I. 𝐵 is ahead of 𝐴 by distance 𝑂𝑃 = 100 𝑘𝑚
when the motion starts.
𝑄𝑅
II. Speed of 𝐵 =
𝑃𝑅
(150 − 100) 𝑘𝑚
= = 25 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
(2 − 0) ℎ
III. As it is clear from graphs, 𝐴 will catch 𝐵 at
point 𝑄, i.e. after 2 hours and at a distance
of 150 𝑘𝑚.
𝑄𝑆
IV. ∵ Speed of 𝐴 =
𝑂𝑆
(150 − 0) 𝑘𝑚
= = 75 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.
(2 − 0) ℎ
Q6. C ∴ Difference in speeds = 75 − 25 = 50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ.

Q7. The motion is an accelerated motion because the Q3. The slope of distance-time graph represents the
direction of motion of the athlete changes speed. From the graph, it is clear that the slope of
continuously at every point of the circular path. distance-time graph for car 𝐵 is minimum. So car
𝐵 is the slowest. By the same logic, C is the
Q8. Here, 𝑟 = 42,250 𝑘𝑚 fastest.
𝑇 = 24 ℎ
Total path length = 2𝜋𝑟 Q4. B
2𝜋𝑟 The area under acceleration-time graph gives
Speed, 𝑣 =
𝑇 change in velocity. As acceleration is zero at the
2 × 3.14 × 42,250 end of 11 𝑠.
= 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ
24 ∴ 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Area of ∠𝑂𝐴𝐵
= 11055 𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ 1
= × 11 × 10 = 55 𝑚/𝑠
ADVANCED QUESTIONS 2

Q1.

Q5. The graph illustrates the below points:

𝐶, 𝐸 →Sloping downwards. The speed of the
object is decreasing.

Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 23

𝐵, 𝐷, 𝐹, 𝐻 →Horizontal. The speed of the object II. 𝐺 is speeding up or accelerating.

is constant. III. 𝐹 is being stationary.
𝐺 → Sloping upwards. The speed of the object is IV. 𝐶 and E are slowing down i.e. decelerating.
increasing.
I. 𝐵, 𝐷 and 𝐻 have steady speed.

9P01.4 EQUATIONS OF MOTION

IN CLASS EXERCISE Or 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎𝑠.
Q3. Final velocity, 𝑣 = 0
Q1. For a body moving along a straight line at
[Since, car stops after applying the brakes]
velocity 𝑢 and accelerating uniformly with 𝑎 for
𝑎 = −6 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑡 = 2 𝑠
time 𝑡 to attain a velocity 𝑣 and cover
From first equation of motion, 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
displacement 𝑠 . Thus, the three equations of
Or 𝑢 = 𝑣 − 𝑎𝑡 = 0 − (−6)(2) = 12 𝑚/𝑠
motion are as follows:
From second equation of motion,
First equation, 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 1
1 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
Second equation, 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 2
2 1
2
Third equation, 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 2𝑎𝑠 2 = (12)(2) + (−6)(2)2 𝑚 = 12 𝑚.
2

I. First equation represents velocity-time Q4. 𝑢=0

30 1
relation. 𝑡 = 30𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ℎ= ℎ
II. Second equation represents position-time 60 2
Using 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡, we have
relation.
1 𝑎
20 = 0 + 1 × =
Q2. I. Consider a body which starts with initial 2 2
velocity 𝑢 and due to uniform ∴ 𝑎 = 40𝑘𝑚/ℎ
acceleration 𝑎, its final velocity becomes 𝑣 Again using 2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 , we have
after time 𝑡 . Then, its average velocity is 2 × 40 × 𝑠 = (20)2 − (0)2 or 80𝑠 = 400
given by 400
∴𝑠= = 5𝑘𝑚
Average velocity 80
Initial velocity + Final velocity 𝑢 + 𝑣 Q5. Given, initial velocity of trolley, 𝑢 = 0
= =
2 2 Acceleration, 𝑎 = 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 = 0.02 𝑚/𝑠 2
∴The distance covered by the body in time 𝑡 Time taken, 𝑡 = 3 𝑠
is given by From first equation of motion,
Distance, 𝑠 =Average velocity × Time 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = (0 + 0.02 × 3) 𝑚/𝑠 = 0.06 𝑚/𝑠
𝑢+𝑣 𝑢+(𝑢+𝑎𝑡)
Or 𝑠 = ×𝑡 ⇒𝑠 = ×𝑡 Hence, the velocity of the trolley 3 𝑠 after the
2 2
2 𝑢𝑡+𝑎𝑡 2 1 start is 0.06 𝑚/𝑠 or 6 𝑐𝑚/𝑠.
∴𝑠= or 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2 2
II. We know that, Q6. Given acceleration,𝑎 = 4 𝑚/𝑠 2
1 Time taken, 𝑡 = 10 𝑠,
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 (1)
2 Initial velocity of the racing car, 𝑢 = 0
𝑣−𝑢
Also, 𝑎 =
𝑡 From second equation of motion,
𝑣−𝑢
⇒𝑡= 1 1
𝑎 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 0 + × 4 × (10)2 𝑚
Substituting the value of 𝑡 in Eq. (1), we have 2 2
𝑣−𝑢 1 𝑣−𝑢 2 = 200 𝑚.
𝑠 = 𝑢( )+ 𝑎( ) The distance travelled by the racing car in 10 𝑠
𝑎 2 𝑎
2 2 2
𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢 − 2 𝑢𝑣 is 200 𝑚.
Or 𝑠 = +
𝑎 2𝑎 Q7. Here, acceleration, 𝑎 = 0.1 𝑚/𝑠 2
Or 2 𝑎𝑠 = 2 𝑢𝑣 − 2𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑢2 − 2 𝑢𝑣
Or 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2 𝑎𝑠 Time, 𝑡 = 2 mins = (2 × 60) 𝑠 = 120 𝑠
Initial speed, 𝑢 = 0
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 24

I. From first equation of motion,

Speed acquired by the bus,
𝑚
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = (0 + 0.1 × 120)
𝑠
= 12 𝑚/𝑠
II. From second equation of motion,
1
Distance travelled, 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
= 0 × 120 + × 0.1 × 120 × 120
2
= 0.1 × 60 × 120 = 720 𝑚 Displacement of the object in time 𝑡 is
The distance travelled by the bus is 720 𝑚. 𝑠 = Area of the trapezium 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐸
Q8. Given, 𝑢 = 5 × 104 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑎 = 104 𝑚/𝑠 2 =Area of rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐷𝐸 +Area of triangle
𝑣 = 2𝑢 = 105 𝑚/𝑠 𝐴𝐷𝐵
1
From first equation of motion, 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑂𝐴 × 𝑂𝐸 + 𝐷𝐵 × 𝐴𝐷
2
𝑣−𝑢 105 −(5×104 ) 5×104 1
I. 𝑡= = = =5𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 × 𝑡
𝑎 104 104 2
1
From third equation of motion, Or 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 This proves the second equation of motion.
𝑣 2 −𝑢2 1010 −(25×108 )
II. 𝑠 = = III. Equation for position-velocity relation: The
2𝑎 2×104
75 × 10 8 displacement of the object in time 𝑡 is
= = 3.75 × 105 𝑚. 𝑠 = Area of the trapezium 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐸
2 × 104 1 1
= (𝐸𝐵 + 𝑂𝐴) × 𝑂𝐸 = (𝐸𝐵 + 𝐸𝐷) × 𝑂𝐸
2 2
HOMEWORK Acceleration, 𝑎 = Slope of velocity-time
Q1. Equations of motion by graphical method: graph 𝐴𝐵
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐵−𝐸𝐷 𝐸𝐵−𝐸𝐷
Consider an object moving along a straight line Or 𝑎 = = or 𝑂𝐸 =
𝐴𝐷 𝑂𝐸 𝑎
with initial velocity 𝑢 and uniform 1 (𝐸𝐵 − 𝐸𝐷)
acceleration 𝑎. Suppose, it has a displacement 𝑠 ∴ 𝑠 = (𝐸𝐵 + 𝐸𝐷) ×
2 𝑎
in time 𝑡. As shown in Fig, its velocity-time graph 1 1
= (𝐸𝐵2 − 𝐸𝐷 2 ) = (𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 )
is a straight line. Here 𝑂𝐴 = 𝐸𝐷 = 𝑢, 𝑂𝐶 = 𝐸𝐵 = 2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑣 and 𝑂𝐸 = 𝑡 = 𝐴𝐷. Or 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠
I. Equation for velocity-time relation: We This proves the third equation of motion.
know that Q2. Initial velocity, 𝑢 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
Acceleration = Slope of velocity-time Final velocity, 𝑣 = 25 𝑚/𝑠
graph 𝐴𝐵 Acceleration, 𝑎 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐵−𝐸𝐷 𝑣−𝑢 From second equation of motion,
or 𝑎 = = = =
𝐴𝐷 𝑂𝐸 𝑂𝐸 𝑡 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠
or 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑣 2 −𝑢2
or 𝑠 =
2𝑎
or 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
(25)2 − (20)2
This proves the first equation of motion. = 𝑚 = 56.25 𝑚.
2×2
II. Equation for position-time relation.
Q3. D
From the above part, we have
𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐵 Given,
𝑎= = Final velocity, 𝑣 = 0
𝐴𝐷 𝑡
Or 𝐷𝐵 = 𝑎𝑡 Acceleration, 𝑎 = −2 𝑚/𝑠 2
Initial velocity, 𝑢 =?
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
⇒ 0 = 𝑢 + −2 × 20
⇒ −𝑢 = −2 × 20
∴ 𝑢 = 40 𝑚/𝑠.
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 25

90 𝑘𝑚 5
Q4. Here, initial speed, 𝑢 = 𝑡= = 0.5 𝑠
ℎ𝑟 10
5 The time taken by the stone to reach at the
= (90 × ) 𝑚/𝑠 = 25 𝑚/𝑠
18 top will be 0.5 𝑠
Acceleration, 𝑎 = −0.5 𝑚/𝑠 2
Q8. Here, 𝑢 = 20𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣 = 0
Train brought to rest, so final speed, 𝑣 = 0
10 1
From third equation of motion, 𝑠 = 10𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚= 𝑚
100 10
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 2 2
Using 2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣 − 𝑢 , we get
0 = (25)2 − 2 × 0.5 × 𝑠 1
0 = 625 − 𝑠, ⇒ 𝑠 = 625 𝑚 2𝑎 × = (0)2 − (20)2
10
The train will travel a distance of 625 𝑚 before it 𝑎
Or = −400
5
is brought to rest.
Or 𝑎 = (−400 × 5) 𝑚/𝑠 2 = −2000 𝑚/𝑠 2
Q5. The motorboat starts from rest, so initial i.e. Retardation caused by the target
velocity, 𝑢 = 0 = 2000 𝑚/𝑠 2
Time taken 𝑡 = 8 𝑠, acceleration, 𝑎 = 3 𝑚𝑠 −2
Q9. According to the question,
Displacement during the given time,
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 Stone 1 Stone 2
2
[∵ from second equation of motion]
1 1
Initial velocity 𝑢1 𝑢2
= 0 × 8 + × 3 × (8)2 = ( × 3 × 64) 𝑚 = 96 𝑚.
2 2
Acceleration −𝑔 −𝑔
Q6. From second equation of motion,
1 Final velocity 𝑣1 = 0 𝑣2 = 0
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
If the object starts from rest, i.e. 𝑢 = 0 Height ℎ1 ℎ2
1 2
Then, 𝑠 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑣12 = 𝑢12 + 2𝑔ℎ1 and 𝑣22 = 𝑢22 + 2𝑔ℎ2
2
𝑠 ∝ 𝑡 2 , only if 𝑎 =constant −𝑢12 𝑢12 −𝑢22 𝑢22
So, the object moves with constant or uniform Or ℎ1 = = or ℎ2 = =
−2𝑔 2𝑔 −2𝑔 2𝑔
acceleration. 𝑢12
2𝑔
Q7. Here, 𝑢 = 5 𝑚/𝑠 ℎ1 : ℎ2 = 𝑢22
= 𝑢12 : 𝑢22
𝑎 = −10 𝑚/𝑠 2 2𝑔
[Negative sign is due to downward direction]
𝑣 = 0 (At maximum height velocity is zero) ADVANCED QUESTIONS
Height attained, 𝑠 =? Q1. I. Displacement of a particle at time 𝑡,
Time taken, 𝑡 =? 1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2 2 2
I. 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 2𝑎𝑠
At time(𝑡 − 1), displacement of a particle,
0 = (5)2 + 2 × −10 × 𝑠 1
25 𝑠 ′ = 𝑢(𝑡 − 1) + 𝑎(𝑡 − 1)2
𝑠= = 1.25 𝑚 2
20 ∴Displacement in the last 1 𝑠 is 𝑠 − 𝑠′
1 1
= 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 − [𝑢(𝑡 − 1) + 𝑎(𝑡 − 1)2 ]
2 2
1 2 1
= 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑢 − 𝑎(𝑡 − 1)2
2 2
1 2 1 2 𝑎
= 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 − + 𝑎𝑡
2 2 2
𝑎
= 𝑢 + (2𝑡 − 1)
Height attained by the stone is 1.25 𝑚 2
II. 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
0 = 5 + (−10)𝑡
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 26

II. At 𝑢 = 2 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑎 = 1 𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝑡 = 5 𝑠 𝑢2

∴ 0 = 𝑢2 − 2𝑔ℎ or ℎ = (2)
1 2𝑔
𝑠 = 2 + (2 × 5 − 1) 𝑚 ℎ
When 𝑠 = , 𝑣 = 19.6𝑚/𝑠
2 2
= (2 + 4.5) 𝑚 Therefore, from Equations (1) and (2),
= 6.5 𝑚. 𝑢2 𝑢2
2
𝑎
(19.6 𝑚⁄𝑠) = 𝑢2 − 2𝑔 =
Q2. I. Using 𝑆𝑛𝑡ℎ = 𝑢 + (2𝑛 − 1) we get (As it 4𝑔 2
2
∴ 𝑢2 = 2(19.6 𝑚/𝑠)2
has been derived earlier)
∴ 𝑢 = 27.71𝑚/𝑠
Where 𝑆𝑛𝑡ℎ represents the displacement of
𝑢2
the particle in the 𝑛𝑡ℎ second And ℎ =
𝑎 2𝑔
∴ 3 = 𝑢 + (2 × 1 − 1) (27.71 𝑚/𝑠)2
2 =
⇒ 2𝑢 + 𝑎 = 6 (1) (2 × 9.8) 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑎
And 7 = 𝑢 + (2 × 3 − 1) = 39.2 𝑚
2
⇒ 2𝑢 + 5𝑎 = 14 (2) The initial velocity of the ball is 27.71𝑚/𝑠 and
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get the maximum height reached by it is 39.2𝑚.
5𝑎 − 𝑎 = 14 − 6 or 4𝑎 = 8 Q5. C
Or 𝑎 = 2𝑚/𝑠 2
6−𝑎 Assume the constant acceleration is 𝑎 𝑚/𝑠 2 for
II. From (1), 𝑢 = 20 𝑠.
2
6−2
Or 𝑢 = Given: initial velocity, (𝑢) = 0
2
4
Or 𝑢 = 𝑚/𝑠 Distance covered in first 10 𝑠 = 𝑠1
2
= 2 𝑚/𝑠 Distance covered in last 10 𝑠 = 𝑠2
Q3. Here, 𝑚 = 0.006𝑘𝑔; 𝑢 = 120𝑚/𝑠; To find: The relation between 𝑠1 and 𝑠2 .
𝑣 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 (as the body is coming to rest) 1
Using equation 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑡 = 0.01𝑠 2

Using 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡, we get For the first case:

𝑣 − 𝑢 0 − 120 1
𝑎= = 𝑠1 = 𝑎(10)2 = 50 𝑎
𝑡 0.01 2
−120 × 100
= 𝑚/𝑠 2 Speed at 𝑡 = 10 𝑠 can be calculated by 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 +
1 2𝑎𝑠
= −12000 𝑚/𝑠 2
Using 2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 , we get 𝑣 2 = 0 + 2𝑎 (50 𝑎) = 100 𝑎2
2(−12000) 𝑠 = (0)2 − (120)2 𝑣 = 10𝑎
Or −2 × 12000 × 𝑠 = −120 × 120 Now 𝑣 = 10𝑎 will be the initial velocity for the
120 × 120 last 10 𝑠 of motion.
= 𝑚
2 × 12000 1
6 Using equation 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
= 𝑚 2
10 1
= 0.6𝑚 𝑠2 = (10𝑎) × 10 + 𝑎 × (10)2 = 150 𝑎
2
Therefore the body covered a distance of 0.6 𝑚 From the obtained values of 𝑠1 and 𝑠2
inside the target.
We get 𝑠2 = 3𝑠1
Q4. 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 − 2𝑔𝑠 (1)
Therefore, option 𝐶 is correct.
(In cases where 𝑎 is equal to 𝑔, we can use the
above equation)
At the highest point, ℎ from the ground, 𝑣 = 0

Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 27

ADVANCED PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Q1. From 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 2𝑠, 𝑎 = +2𝑚/𝑠 2 Acceleration does not necessarily mean change
in speed. The best example can be of a uniform
circular motion, where speed of the object
remains constant but direction changes at every
instant. Option C can also be ruled out.
Q3. C.
If we find the area under an acceleration-time
graph till a particular time (for example till 20𝑠),
In the given scenario 𝑢 = 0, we will get the instantaneous velocity of the
∴ 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 0 + 2𝑡 = 2𝑡 object at that time (velocity at the 20𝑡ℎ second).
Or 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph is a straight line passing through In the given figure, the area under the graph till
origin with slope 2𝑚/𝑠 2 20𝑠 will be:
At the end of 2𝑠, Area of trapezium + Area of rectangle
𝑣 = 2 × 2 = 4𝑚/𝑠 1
(3 + 5) × 10 𝑚/𝑠 + (10 × 5) 𝑚/𝑠
2
From 𝑡 = 2 to 4𝑠, 𝑎 = 0 . Hence, 𝑣 = 4𝑚/𝑠 will
⇒ (40 + 50) 𝑚/𝑠
remain constant
From 𝑡 = 4 to 6𝑠, 𝑎 = −4𝑚/𝑠 2 . Q4. D.
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 All the three statements are true.
In the time interval 𝑡 = 4𝑠 to 𝑡 = 6 𝑠 , as the The object changes its direction of motion as the
acceleration is −4 𝑚/𝑠 2 velocity changes its direction (from negative to
Substituting the value of 𝑎 and 𝑢 (which will be positive).
4𝑚/𝑠 for the next part of the motion) in the As the slope of the graph is constant, the
above equation we get 𝑣 = 4 − 4𝑡 acceleration also remains constant.
After1𝑠, the velocity is 𝑣 = 4 − 4 × 1 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 The total displacement will be zero as the
Here we have taken the time as 1𝑠 and not 5𝑠 as magnitude of positive displacement is equal to
the object obtains this motion only after 4𝑠. the magnitude negative displacement, so they
At the end of 6𝑠 (or 𝑡 = 2𝑠) 𝑣 = (4 − 4 × 2)𝑚/ will cancel out each other (as the directions are
𝑠 = −4𝑚/𝑠 . Corresponding 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph is as opposite).
shown alongside. Q5. A, D.
Q2. A. In the graphs given, only A and D show the
Velocity has two components i.e. magnitude and motion of a particle with constant acceleration.
direction. Change in any one component will In B, the slope of the graph changes, so
change the velocity. Change in speed will acceleration is not constant. In C, the velocity of
definitely change the velocity, but change in the particle remains constant (slope of
velocity does not necessarily mean change in displacement-time graph is constant), as a result
speed (it can be due to change in direction also). there is no acceleration.
So option B can be ruled out. In D the curve represents the arc of a circle, so
Also if speed changes with the direction of the velocity changes at every instant (tangential
motion being constant, velocity will change. to the 𝑥 − 𝑡 curve). So there will be a constant
Option D ruled out. acceleration as in case of a uniform circular
motion.

Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 28

Q6. Here, 𝑢 = 0; 𝑎 = 𝑔
Let distance fallen in time 𝑡 = ℎ
Therefore, using
1 1
𝑆 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 , we get ℎ = 0 × 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2 2
1
Or ℎ = 𝑔𝑡 2 (∵ 𝑔 = 10𝑚𝑠 −2 )
2
1
Or ℎ = × 10𝑡 2
2
Or ℎ = 5𝑡 2
Therefore, different values of 𝑡 2 and ℎ are as follows:

𝑡 2 (in 𝑠 2 ) 0 1 2 3 4 5
ℎ( in 𝑚) 0 5 10 15 20 25

Therefore, the graph (𝑂𝑃) between 𝑡 2 and ℎ is a straight line as shown below

The value of 𝑔 can be determined from this graph by taking double of the slope of the graph
i.e. 𝑔 = 2 × slope of ℎ − 𝑡 2 graph = 2 × 5 = 10𝑚 𝑠 −2
Q7. The velocity – time graph of the ball is as follows:

Total distance travelled by the ball

= Area 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 + Area 𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 = 𝑂𝐴 × 𝑂𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷 × 𝐶𝐹 = 10 × 6 + 10 × 6 = 120𝑚
Displacement of the ball = Area 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 − Area 𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹
= 60 − 60 = 0
Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 29

Q8. The velocity – time graph (𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶) of the train is as shown ahead

I. Let maximum velocity reached by the train 𝑣12 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎1 𝑠 (i)

= 𝑉𝑚/𝑠 𝑣22 = 𝑣12 + 2𝑎2 𝑠 (ii)
Acceleration = 2𝑚/𝑠 2 Adding Equations. (i) and (ii), we have
𝐷𝐴 𝑎1 +𝑎2
Now, acceleration = slope of 𝑂𝐴 =
𝑂𝐷
𝑣22 = 𝑢2 + 2 ( ) (2𝑠) (iii)
2
𝑉−0 𝑉 In the second case
∴2= =
10 − 0 10 We are given that the acceleration is
𝑎1 +𝑎2
and
∴ 𝑉 = (10 × 2)𝑚/𝑠 = 20𝑚/𝑠 2
the displacement is 2𝑠
II. Acceleration in the last 50𝑠 = slope of 𝐵𝐶 Now substituting these values in the third
𝐸𝐵 0−𝑉 𝑉
= = =− = −0.4 𝑚/𝑠 2 equation of motion 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠, we get
𝐸𝐶 260 − 210 50 𝑎1 +𝑎2
i.e. Retardation in the last 50𝑠 = 0.4 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 ( ) (2𝑠) (iv)
2

III. Total distance travelled = area 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 From Equations. (iii) and (iv), we can see that
= Area of 𝐷𝑂𝐴 + Area of rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐷 + 𝑣2 = 𝑣 Hence proved
Area of 𝐵𝐶𝐸 Q10. Data: 𝑣𝑃 = 15𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑣𝐵 = 35𝑚/𝑠
1 1
= 𝑂𝐷 × 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐷𝐸 × 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐸𝐶 × 𝐸𝐵
2 2
1
= (10 − 0) × (𝑉 − 0) + (210 − 10) ×
2
1
(𝑉 − 0) + (260 − 210) × (𝑉 − 0)
2
Let 𝑃𝐶 = 𝐶𝐵 = 𝑙, where 𝐶 is the midpoint of 𝑃𝐵
1 1
= × 10 × 𝑉 + 200 × 𝑉 + × 50 × 𝑉 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠
2 2
= 5𝑉 + 200𝑉 + 25𝑉 = 230𝑉 = 230 × 20 (∵ ∴ 𝑣𝐶2 − 𝑣𝑃2 = 2𝑎𝑙 and 𝑣𝐵2 − 𝑣𝐶 2 = 2𝑎𝑙
𝑉 = 20𝑚/𝑠) ∴ 𝑣𝐶2 − 𝑣𝑃2 = 𝑣𝐵2 − 𝑣𝐶2
= 4600𝑚 ∴ 2𝑣𝐶2 = 𝑣𝐵2 + 𝑣𝑃2 = (35 𝑚/𝑠)2 + (15 𝑚/𝑠)2
2𝑣𝐶2 = 1225 + 225 = 1450
IV. Average velocity of the train
∴ 𝑣𝐶2 = 725
Total distance travelled 4600𝑚
= = ∴ 𝑣𝐶 = √725 𝑚/𝑠 = 26.93 𝑚/𝑠
Total time taken 260𝑠
230 Q11. Data: 𝑠1 = 80𝑚, 𝑠2 = (80 + 100)𝑚 = 180𝑚,
= 𝑚/𝑠 = 17.69 𝑚/𝑠
13 𝑢 = 0 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑎 = 0.4𝑚/𝑠 2
Q9. In the first case, I. For the engine driver:
1
𝑠1 = 𝑢𝑡1 + 𝑎𝑡12
2
1
∴ 80𝑚 = 0 + (0.4 𝑚/𝑠 2 )𝑡12
2
160
∴ 𝑡12 = 𝑠 2 = 400𝑠 2
0.4

Soln.
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9P01 – Motion 30

∴ The time taken by the engine driver to Q12. I. The particle moved with uniform velocity of
pass the signal, 𝑡1 = 20𝑠 20𝑚/𝑠 in the region 𝐴𝐵 from 𝐴𝐵 from 𝑡 =
20 seconds after starting from rest, the 1𝑠 to 𝑡 = 2𝑠 , and 10𝑚/𝑠 in the region 𝐶𝐷
speed of the train is from 𝑡 = 3𝑠 to 𝑡 = 4𝑠
𝑚 II. The particle moved with uniform
𝑣1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑎𝑡1 = 0 + (0.4 2 ) (20 𝑠)
𝑠 acceleration in the regions 𝑂𝐴 and 𝐵𝐶
= 8 𝑚/𝑠 In the region 𝑂𝐴,
II. For the guard: ∆𝑣 20𝑚/𝑠 −0 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎= = = 20𝑚/𝑠 2 (positive)
∆𝑡 1𝑠−0𝑠
1
𝑠2 = 𝑢𝑡2 + 𝑎𝑡22 In the region 𝐵𝐶,
2 ∆𝑣 10𝑚/𝑠 − 20𝑚/𝑠 −10
1 𝑎= = = 𝑚/𝑠 2 =
∴ 180𝑚 = 0 + (0.4 𝑚/𝑠 2 )𝑡22 ∆𝑡 3𝑠−2𝑠 1
2 −10𝑚/𝑠 2 (negative)
360
∴ 𝑡22 = 𝑠 2 = 900 𝑠 2 i.e., there was uniform deceleration
0.4 III. The distance traversed by the particle 4
∴ The time taken by the guard to pass the
seconds = Area under the curve 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 =
signal, 𝑡2 = 30𝑠
Area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐻 + Area of rect. 𝐴𝐵𝐺𝐻 + Area
30 seconds after starting from rest, the
of trapezium 𝐵𝐶𝐹𝐺 + Area of rect. 𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹
speed of the train is 1 1
𝑣2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑎𝑡2 = 0 + (0.4 𝑚/𝑠 2 )(30𝑠) = × 1 × 20 + 1 × 20 + × 1 × (10 +
2 2
= 12 𝑚/𝑠 20) + 1 × 10
= (10 + 20 + 15 + 10) 𝑚 = 55𝑚

Soln.
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