ASSIGNMENT –QUIZ NO.

1) ENUMERATE WHAT MATERIALS ARE USED IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT,

DEFINE EACH AND WHAT PROPERTIES NEEDED IN DESIGN…(20%)

Prepared Roadbed – a layer of natural compacted soil or borrowed material that is

compacted to a density that satisfied the design need.

Subbase Course – it is use usually when the road be soils are very poor. It must be a
better quality than the road bed soil since the road bed is very poor the subbase must be
the one to carry the capacity of it in the design. It can prevent the intrusion or mixing of
road bed soil to the base course. Most importantly it can provide the working platform for
construction which the roadbed cannot provide.

Base Course – It is constructed directly on roadbed soil if there is no subbase used. It is

consisting of different kinds of aggregates like crushed stone, crushed gravel and sand.
ASTM Specifications D 2940 are often use it is the bases for graded aggregate materials
for highways and airports.

Drainage Layer – It is part of the design nowadays so the designer or engineer must
specify it in the plans so that they can make adjustment especially on the excavating part
of the construction.

Filter Material – When drainage layer is considered filter material will be part of it since
the drainage must prevented from clogging if it is designed for a long period of time. The
requirements of filter material are, it can prevent finer material, it is penetrable enough to
carry water without any problem, and lastly it can carry loads applied on it.

Surface Course – It is composed with the mixture bituminous materials, which is a by-
product of diesel, and mineral aggregates. The surface course must be designed to resist
the harsh forces of traffic, minimizing the volume of water entering in the pavement, and
to have a smooth and uniform riding surface. So, it is important that the surface courses
are properly compacted to make the surface long lasting and have good performance.

2) WHAT IS THE DESIGN CONCEPT IN PAVEMENT DESIGN? HOW DO YOU

RELATE OF WHAT YOU UNDERSTAND? WHAT IS THE DESIGN
PHILOSPHIES OF PAVEMENT DESIGN COMPARING TO OTHER DESIGN
FIELD? (20%)

The concept in pavement is that the approach in designing horizontal structure should
be the same way as designing vertical structures. However, in traditional approach
pavements is design through experience and the tests conducted by CBR (California
Bearing Ratio) on subgrade.

For me, in designing horizontal structures it must not be designed similar to vertical
since there are many factors affecting differently on both structures. Like the traffic and
wheel loads, that factors are much more considerable in designing highway compare to
high rise building. So, we must not have this mindset that in designing highway it is in
the same way in designing building structures.

In designing pavement, must consider the following: roadbed soil, materials of

construction, environment, drainage system, design speed, design traffic volume,
number of lanes, level of service it can carry, sight distance, alignment, cross section,
lame width, and horizontal and vertical clearance.

Compare to vertical structures, the factors usually considered are the live loads and
dead loads that the structure can carry. For dead loads, self-weight and scaffoldings for
live loads, earthquake loads, impact loads wind loads and etc.

3) WHAT IS THE FIRST TECHNICAL WORKS YOU HAVE TO DO TO START A

HIGHWAY PROJECT? EXPLAIN AND DISCUSS IT FROM FIRST TO THE
LAST PROCEDURE..(20%)

Location design – Before the start of planning and designing location design takes place
first. Since there are a lot to consider in this part. Like considering the existing and
projected population of the area, the location of existing structures, geological, biological,
and environmental information of the area, and other factors that may hinder the design
of highway. This part is a long process because it undergoes consultative steps to
modify the most feasible layout of the plan.

Highway Alignment – It involves three-dimensional design or considerations, the

longitude, latitude and elevation. Horizontal alignment where the length of the highway is
measured and it is represented as plain view. Vertical alignment is where gradients and
vertical curves are represented and it is known as profile view. In profile view the
elevations of the points of intervals were also indicated in this view.

Horizontal curve – It provides the transition between two straight sections of

highway on the horizontal plane.

Vertical curve – It provides a transition between two tangents on the grades.

(Sag and crest curve)

Road types – We must identify the road type of the highway we are designing
since there are many factors affecting it. Example for local streets emphasizes
access with a little consideration for mobility. Likewise, for freeways it
emphasizes mobility with limited access.

Design vehicles – Passenger cars, buses, trucks and recreational vehicles.

Consider the specific design vehicle where the structure is preferably use so that
the performance of the structure will long last. Like if we choose the transit bus
for design vehicle it must be used for the design of a street in a city along the bus
route.

Driver Characteristics – Driver perception are built up over time with the
consistency of the road design. Unexpected change in geometric design always
lead to late reaction and late response time that may lead to accidents on
highways.
 Design Volume – Involves the number or volume of traffic in the said location and
it is usually given from the transportation planning tool and it bases from the
average daily traffic or peak hour traffic.

Design Speed – consider the most practical speed on the road designing. Like
for freeways, expressways and rural 110 km/h is the speed. For Urban it is 30 to
70 km/h and for residential streets it must not have lower design speed.

Sight distance – It is the road visible to the vision of the driver

Stopping or braking distance without vehicle sliding

V = design speed

a = constant deceleration (3.4 m/s² AASHTO recommendation)

G = grade

g = gravity (9.81 m/s²)

t = 2.4 sec (AASHTO recommendation)

Decision sight distance (perceive an obstacle and select proper

maneuver)

For t range AASHTO (2001) recommended 10.2 ≤ t ≤14.5 sec.

Cross Section – the important elements in this part are slope of travel lane, lane width,
lane and with of shoulder and curb. AASHTO classifies pavement into high and low
type. High type obviously for high volume road and low type is for low volume road.

Cross slope – must be steep enough to direct the rainfall towards the drainage or
the end of the roadway and make vehicles avoid to go to the lower part of the
section.

Lane with - The design of lane width should not only consider widths of the
vehicles, but also the driving mindset. For residential, lane with must not be less
than 2.7 m. Larger lanes are only use when commercial vehicles are present like
on expressways. So, the ideal lane that will consider both is 3.6 m.

Shoulder - ideal with is 3.0 m so that if the vehicle is stopping it will not interfere
with others but if it is wider than that other vehicle will use it as another lane.
Ideal is 3.0 m but frequently used is in the range of 1.8 to 2.4 m. It must be also
constructed steeper than the regular lane so than the rainfall will easily drive into
the drainage system.
 Curb – For me the purpose of it is the separation of roadway for vehicles and that
path walk for the pedestrians.

Level of Service – it must be estimated based on the type of road, designed volume
provided, the design vehicle used, the number of lanes chosen, and the length of width
of the road. Level of service must provide the client of the road a high level of
satisfactory in using it.

4) SINCE WE WILL BE USING AASHTO AS CODE & SPECIFICATION IN

PAVEMENT DESIGN, WHAT IS ITS DESIGN CRITERIA? WHAT ITS
IMPORTANT ROLE IN PAVEMENT DESIGN? (20%)

Design criteria are the following:

Pavement performance
Traffic
Roadbed soil
Materials for construction
Environment
Drainage
Reliability
Life-cycle cost
Shoulder design

The important role of it is the fact that these factors is considered, it is a way of
providing a good quality pavement to the road users. Moreover, having these
factors may lead us to an economic design that will benefit both the tax payers
and the contractor of the project.

5) WHAT IS ASTM? HOW IT IS RELATED TO PAVEMENT DESIGN? WHAT

ASTM CODE NO. USED IN THE PAVEMENT DESIGN? PRODUCE E-COPY
OF ASTM CODE AND SUBMIT (20%)

ASTM stands for American Society for Testing Materials. ASTM provides the
specifications and test for materials, physical, mechanical, performance, and
application requirements of road surfaces and pavements.

ASTM D5360 - 15 “Standard Practice for Design and Construction Bituminous

Surface Treatments”

REFERENCES:

A) AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structure 1993

B) The Handbook of Highway Engineering –Part B