The history of mobile phones begins with early efforts to develop mobile telephony concepts

using two-way radios and continues through emergence of modern mobile phones and associated
services.
Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and
shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use
of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices
have been available since 1973. Mobile phone history is often divided into generations (first,
second, third and so on) to mark significant step changes in capabilities as the technology
improved over the years.
Pioneers of radio telephony
The early years of the 20th century saw the first attempts at wireless and mobile telephony. In
1908, US patent 887,357 for a wireless telephone was issued to Nathan B. Stubblefield of
Murray, Kentucky. He applied this patent to "cave radio" telephones and not directly to cellular
telephony as the term is currently understood.[1] Two years later Lars Magnus Ericsson installed a
telephone in his car, although this was not a radio telephone. While travelling across the country,
he would stop at a place where telephone lines were accessible and using a pair of long electric
wires he could connect to the national telephone network.[2]
In Europe, radio telephony was first used on the first-class passenger trains between Berlin and
Hamburg in 1926. At the same time, radio telephony was introduced on passenger airplanes for
air traffic security. Later radio telephony was introduced on a large scale in German tanks during
the Second World War. After the war German police in the British zone of occupation first used
disused tank telephony equipment to run the first radio patrol cars.[citation needed] In all of these cases
the service was confined to specialists that were trained to use the equipment. In the early 1950s
ships on the Rhine were among the first to use radio telephony with an untrained end customer as
a user.
However it was the 1940s onwards that saw the seeds of technological development which
would eventually produce the mobile phone that we know today. Motorola developed a
backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and a large hand-held two-way radio for the US
military. This battery powered "Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm. In
1946 soviet engineers G. Shapiro and I. Zaharchenko successfully tested their version of a radio
mobile phone mounted inside a car. The device could connect to local telephone network with a
range of up to 20 kilometers.[citation needed]
Top of cellular telephone tower
In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed
hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[3] Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that
the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional
antennas that would transmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into three adjacent
hexagon cells.[4] At this stage the technology to implement the ideas did not exist nor had the
frequencies had been allocated and it would be some years until Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S.
Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics to achieve this in the 1960s.
During the 1950s the experiments of the pioneers started to appear as usable services across
society, both commercially and culturally. In the 1954 movie Sabrina, the businessman Linus
Larrabee (played by Humphrey Bogart) makes a call from the phone in the back of his
limousine. In 1957 a young Soviet radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich from Moscow created a
portable mobile phone, and named it the LK-1 after himself.[5] This mobile phone consisted of a
relatively small handset equipped with an antenna and rotary dial, and communicated with a base
station. The LK-1 weighed 3 kilograms and could operate in a range of up to 20 or 30 kilometers.
The battery lasted 20 to 30 hours. The LK-1 was depicted in popular Soviet magazines as Nauka
i zhizn. Kupriyanovich patented his mobile phone in the same year. The base station serving the
LK-1 (called ATR, or Automated Telephone Radiostation) could connect to local telephone
network and serve several customers. During 1958, Kupriyanovich produced a "pocket" version.
The weight of improved lighter handset was about 500 grams.
In 1969, a patent for a wireless phone using an acoustic coupler for incoming calls was issued in
US Patent Number 3,449,750 to George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969, but did not
include dialing a number for outgoing calls.
In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the cell area serviced by one base
station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved
through several cell areas. The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of
other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the
1970s. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs engineer,[6] invented an automatic "call handoff"
system to allow mobile phones to move through several cell areas during a single conversation
without interruption.
In December 1971, AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular service to the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). After years of hearings, the FCC approved the proposal in
1982 for Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the 824–
894 MHz band.[7] Analog AMPS was eventually superseded by Digital AMPS in 1990.
A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,[8] and a
cellular telephone data signaling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al.[9] In 1979 a
US patent 4,152,647 was issued to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, of Las Vegas
for an emergency cellular system for rapid deployment in areas where there was no cellular
service.
[edit] Emergence of commercial mobile phone services
Alongside the early developments outlined above, a different technology was also growing in
popularity. Two-way mobile radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as
taxicabs, police cruisers, and ambulances, but were not mobile phones, because they were not
connected to the telephone network. A large community of mobile radio users, known as
mobileers, popularized this technology that would eventually give way to the mobile phone.
Originally, they were installed permanently in vehicles, but portable versions were later
developed known as transportables or "bag phones".
The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1960.
Named MTA (Mobile Telephone system A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car
using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial,
whereas incoming calls required an operator to determine which base station the phone was
currently at. It was developed Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator.
Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and Marconi
provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and
relays, and weighed 40 kg. In 1962, an upgraded version called Mobile System B (MTB) was
introduced. This was a push-button telephone, and used transistors and DTMF signaling to
improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched, opening for several
different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.[10][11]. The network remained
open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.
In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR.[12] The "Altay"
national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main
developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of
Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the service
started in Moscow, and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the
Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia.
In 1959 a private telephone company located in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone
Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a
private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW
Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was
installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some
as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time
period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the
fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be
seen again.
In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base
station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station,
connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers.
One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in
Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation (0G)
cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks..
[edit] Handheld cell phone
Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola, made the first US analogue mobile phone call on a larger
prototype model in 1973. This is a reenactment in 2007
Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first analogue mobile phone call
on a prototype model in 1973. There was a long race between Motorola and Bell Labs to produce
the first such portable mobile phone. Cooper is the first inventor named on "Radio telephone
system" filed on October 17, 1973 with the US Patent Office and later issued as US Patent
3,906,166.[13] Other named contributors on the patent included Cooper's boss, John F. Mitchell,
Motorola's chief of portable communication products, who successfully pushed Motorola to
develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use outside the home,
office or automobile and he participated in the design of the cellular phone.[14][15] Using a heavy
prototype mobile phone, Cooper made the first handheld cellular phone call on April 3, 1973 to
Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.[16].
[edit] First generation: Cellular networks
Main article: 1G
The technological development that distinguished the First Generation mobile phones from the
previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites, and the ability to transfer calls from one
site to the next as the user travelled between cells during a conversation. The first commercially
automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979. The
initial launch network covered the full metropolitan area of Tokyo's over 20 million inhabitants
with a cellular network of 23 base stations. Within five years, the NTT network had been
expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nation-wide 1G network.
Analog Motorola DynaTAC 8000X Advanced Mobile Phone System mobile phone as of 1983
The next 1G network to launch was the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark,
Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1981.[17]. NMT was the first mobile phone network featuring
international roaming. The Swedish electrical engineer Östen Mäkitalo started work on this
vision in 1966, and is considered to be the father of the NMT system, and by some the father of
the cellular phone itself.[18][19] The NMT installations were based on the Ericsson AXE digital
exchange nodes.
Several other countries also launched 1G networks in the early 1980s including the UK, Mexico
and Canada. A two year trial started in 1981 in Baltimore and Washington DC with 150 users
and 300 Motorola DynaTAC pre-production phones. This took place on a seven tower cellular
network that covered the area. The DC area trial turned into a commercial services in about 1983
with fixed cellular car phones also built by Motorola. They later added the 8000X to their
Cellular offerings. A similar trial and commercial launch also took place in Chicago by
Ameritech in 1983 using the famous first hand-held mobile phone Motorola DynaTAC.
As mentioned above, in 1982 the FCC approved AT&T's 1971 proposal for Advanced Mobile
Phone System (AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the 824–894 MHz band.[20] Analog AMPS
was superseded by Digital AMPS in 1990.
In 1984, Bell Labs developed modern commercial cellular technology (based, to a large extent,
on the Gladden, Parelman Patent), which employed multiple, centrally controlled base stations
(cell sites), each providing service to a small area (a cell). The cell sites would be set up such that
cells partially overlapped. In a cellular system, a signal between a base station (cell site) and a
terminal (phone) only need be strong enough to reach between the two, so different base stations
could operate using the same frequencies with little or no interference.
Vodafone made the UK's first mobile call at a few minutes past midnight on 1 January 1985.[21]
The technology in these early networks was pushed to the limit to accommodate increasing
usage. The base stations and the mobile phones utilised variable transmission power, which
allowed range and cell size to vary. As the system expanded and neared capacity, the ability to
reduce transmission power allowed new cells to be added, resulting in more, smaller cells and
thus more capacity. The evidence of this growth can still be seen in the many older, tall cell site
towers with no antennae on the upper parts of their towers. These sites originally created large
cells, and so had their antennae mounted atop high towers; the towers were designed so that as
the system expanded—and cell sizes shrank—the antennae could be lowered on their original
masts to reduce range.
[edit] Second generation: Digital networks
Main articles: 2G, 2.5G, and 2.75G

Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters

In the 1990s, the 'second generation' (2G) mobile phone systems emerged, primarily using the
GSM standard. These 2G phone systems differed from the previous generation in their use of
digital transmission instead of analog transmission, and also by the introduction of advanced and
fast phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive
and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones
In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used
by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For
example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the
1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54
standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog
channels.
Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones
toward tiny 100–200g hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through
technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient
electronics, but also related to the higher density of cellular sites needed because of increasing
usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to handset shortened.
Both factors led to increased battery life for customers whilst on the move.
Personal Handy-phone System mobiles and modems used in Japan around 1997–2003
The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text
messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital
networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992
followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid
services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice amongst the
young, a trend which spread across all ages.
2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first
downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja
(now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS
news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.
Mobile payments were trialled in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to
pay for a Coca Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in
Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in
the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart.
The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in
1999.
[edit] Third generation: High speed IP data networks
Main article: 3G
As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to utilize mobile phones in
their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data services (such as access to the internet) was
growing. Furthermore, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an
ever increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the
job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main
technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of
packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission[22]. In addition, the
standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data
rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).
Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own
technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The
standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO,
which made several additions to the protocol whilst retaining backwards compatibility:
• the introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst
rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s.
• protocols that would decrease connection establishment time.
• the ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot.
• the introduction of QoS flags.
All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.
[23]

The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the
Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on
October 1, 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and
Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA
network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were
in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8
commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.
During the development of 3G systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were
developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G
without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-
1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the EDGE
system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these
that any practical system would be sure to fall short.
The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the
first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became
possible [2], with companies such as RealNetworks [3] and Disney [4] among the early pioneers
in this type of offering.
In the mid 2000s an evolution of 3G technology begun to be implemented, namely High-Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony
communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G,
3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments
support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available
with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9
of the 3GPP standards.
By the end of 2007 there were 295 Million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which
reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the
WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated
over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new
phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies
phones of the second generation. Earlier in the decade there were doubts about whether 3G might
happen, and also whether 3G might become a commercial success. By the end of 2007 it had
become clear that 3G was a reality and was clearly on the path to become a profitable venture.
[edit] Growth of mobile broadband and the emergence of 4G
Main article: 4G
Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it
was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid 2000s that
specialized devices appeared to access the mobile internet. The first such devices, known as
"dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device
appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router" such as the Novatel MiFi, which
makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi,
rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.
Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added
portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the
mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM
card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-
capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices
followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon
Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded
wireless internet, and Apple Computer had announced plans for embedded wireless internet on
its iPad tablet devices beginning that Fall.
By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the
growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media[24]. Consequently, the industry
began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed
improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available
technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE
standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.
One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of
circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice
calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet,
LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.[25]
usage

Mobile phones have really changed our lives with their amazing features like Bluetooth,
megapixel cameras and MP3 players. They have truly transformed our lives. Now, you can click
snaps, make videos and do a whole lot of other functions on your handset. Mobile phones are
definitely the best thing to have happened to our generation. You are sitting in your house and
your daughter just calls you up from her university. Your son sends you snaps of his vacation in
Australia. Mobile phones have completely infiltrated our lives with their impeccable styles and
swish technology.

Mobile phones are undoubtedly one of the biggest inventions of the 21st century. They are
completely loaded with amazing features and brilliant technologies. mobile phones have been the
most wonderful digital inventions of the past 50 years. They have constantly changed and made
our lives simply superb.

You can now stay connected throughout the world with these gadgets with Email clients, MMS
and Bluetooth. Enjoy worldwide roaming facilities with these gadgets. You now get the latest
coming soon mobile phones with Quadband GSM connection which offer you seamless
connectivity throughout the world. Whichever part of the world, you might be in, cell phones
will help you communicate across to the other part of the world. These swish gadgets have made
us completely dependant on them. These chic gadgets are continuously expanding in terms of
features, styles and looks. You now get swish rotator phones, clamshell phones and slider
phones. Today, the market is flooded with brilliant mobile phones which can easily cater to all
classes of users and their specific needs. Get a mobile phone for your personal needs as well as
business needs. You can cell phones endowed with personal organiser functions, document
viewers as well as Email senders. There are mobile phones which boast of absolutely splendid
multimedia features like multimedia players and hi-fi megapixel cameras. Grab a mobile phone
and just enrich your life.

Its component is cheap though mobile phone has limited capacity and speed. It is
handy in dialing, talking, making video film, e-mailing, sending pictures etc.
Mobile phones are being extensively used by students at all levels, doctors,
engineers, service man, jobbers and common man and woman in their day-to-day
activities. Today business is next to impossible without a mobile phone. Starting
from aviation industry to service sector, the mobile phones are playing an important
and vital role.

The use of a mobile phone is not limited to speaking alone it is being used in
making video, recording information and transmitting it to a phone or a computer as
was being done by a computer. Mobile phone can be connected to a computer to
download information from it or vice versa. Other facilities like on line chatting,
conferencing, sending text, transferring MMS information by a mobile phone are
compatible with a computer.

Mobile phone uses have also taken a lead role in medicine field as well. Now days a
Bluetooth protocol of mobile phone is being used to develop a generic and real time
Internet telemedicine aid system, which uses very high radio frequency to heal a
patient. This type of method of healing a disease has been already tested on
several volunteers with satisfactorily results. These tests have been carried out by
continuously recording of electrocardiograms (ECGs) of several persons. The system
requirement of telemedicine by mobile phone is 96% uptime, a data of 3.3 k bit/s,
an error rate of 8.5 × 10-3 packet/s.

In the process of 12 hour of testing an average downtime recorded was 32 min and
less than 8% of the failure rate. Medicine science has claimed that mobile phone
telemedicine system will give a high reliability and a reasonably good performance,
and in future time the design will prove to be a foundation for healing the patients
on real time basis with the help of mobile phone.

Mobile phone is not only used for the welfare of humankind but also its misuse has
serious effects on our society worldwide. Time and again, there are the reports that
mobile phones are being misused by antisocial and miscreant elements to carry out
their inhumane activities. Good or bad are the two sides of a coin, but it is up to the
users, to make a best use of mobile phone.