FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

STEN 4003 – Integrated Structural Design

Assignment 2
Transportable Modular House Structure Design
Semester 1, 2020

Group Number: 27
Name Student ID
Loo Jia Jin 19220677
Ong Ee Fang 19220392
Nelson Lee Kuan Ming 19214366

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2
Table of Content
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5
2.0 Feasibility................................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Approximate Estimation ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Preliminary Estimation ....................................................................................................................... 7
3.0 Time (scheduling) ................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Work Method Statement ..................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Work Breakdown Structure .............................................................................................................. 11
3.3 Gantt Chart ........................................................................................................................................ 12
3.3 Critical Path Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Number of Workers Active On Site.................................................................................................. 14
4.0 Cost ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
4.1 Detailed Estimation ........................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Quantity Take-Off ............................................................................................................................. 16
4.3 Unit Cost ........................................................................................................................................... 22
4.4 Bills of Quantity................................................................................................................................ 26
4.4.1 Prefabrication ............................................................................................................................ 26
4.4.2 Onsite Construction................................................................................................................... 27
5.0 Design Options...................................................................................................................................... 30
6.0 Cost and Time Relationship .................................................................................................................. 32
6.1 S-Curve for Site Works ..................................................................................................................... 32
6.2 Life-Cycle-Cost................................................................................................................................. 35
7.0 Risk and Safety (site) ............................................................................................................................ 36
7.1 Risk Management ............................................................................................................................. 36
7.2 Work health and safety consideration ............................................................................................... 41
7.3 Risk Assessment ............................................................................................................................... 42
7.4 Job Safety Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 45
8.0 References ............................................................................................................................................. 51

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List of Tables

Table 1 Preliminary Estimation for a transportable modular house structure............................................... 7

Table 2 Group of Worker ............................................................................................................................ 14
Table 3 Cumulative Cost and Payment Each Wee...................................................................................... 33
Table 4 Likelihood of Risk ......................................................................................................................... 38
Table 5 Severity of Risk ............................................................................................................................. 38
Table 6 Likelihood x Severity..................................................................................................................... 39
Table 7 Level of Risk .................................................................................................................................. 39
Table 8 Risk Response ................................................................................................................................ 40
Table 9 Risk Assessment ............................................................................................................................ 44
Table 10 Job Safety Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 46
Table 11 Safe Work Method Statement ...................................................................................................... 50

List of Figures
Figure 1 Number of Workers Active On Site ............................................................................................. 14
Figure 2 S-Curve ......................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 3 Life cycle Cost of Modular House ............................................................................................... 35
Figure 4 Risk Management Procedure (Safeworkaustralia 2018) .............................................................. 36
Figure 5 Hierarchy of control (Kevin Druley 2018) ................................................................................... 40

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1.0 Introduction
Modular homes have been increasingly popular in recent years. It is also known as prefabricated homes.
They are often created in sections and transported to site for assembling. Modular homes are for cost and
is a fast track project, which means the project can be completed in weeks or months and is ready to move
in.
As civil engineers, we are responsible for the structural design to provide the best and most stable kind of
design to support the architect’s design. Our project is to design a transportable modular house structure.
The overall project will be constructing 8 two-bedroom units and 4 single-bedroom units.
In this report, we will be focusing on the on-site construction project feasibility, scheduling, costing, design
options, cost and time relationship, risk and safety of the overall project.

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2.0 Feasibility
2.1 Approximate Estimation
Approximate estimation for our project is carried out to seek confidence in the feasibility of the proposed
design. It is completed according to the experience of the existing projects and also construction cost offered
by other companies with similar timber modular transportable house. IBUILD Building Solutions indicated
a cost of roughly $69,315 for a 28m2 unit in the modular products indicative pricing. This modular house
also provides basic furniture such as the bedroom, kitchen, and bathroom similar to our project (IBUILD
2020). This modular house is estimated with a unit rate of $2476/m2, which included all the cost of
manufacturing and installing the house at the site.

Ecoliv Sustainable Buildings indicated a cost of roughly $134000 for a 40.5m2 modular house in the
modular homes pricing (Ecoliv 2020). This modular house is estimated with a unit rate of $3309/m2.

Habitech System came up with an estimated cost of roughly $111000 in their recent Arcus Pavilion project,
which consist an area of 41m2 (Habitech System 2020). This cost-effective prefabricated house is estimated
with a unit rate of $2707/m2.

An average cost should be obtained by using the estimated cost formula:

Estimated cost = (A+4B+C)/6

Where A = Minimum estimated cost

B = Intermediate estimated cost

C = Maximum estimated cost

= [2476 + 4(2707) + 3309] / 6 = $2766/m2

All the cost of the prefabricated modular house listed above were obtained from the company website with
their latest product and project quotation. Thus, price index conversion could be ignored in this case. The
2020 Rawlinsons construction cost guide book is also used as a reference when estimating the cost of the
project. In part 13.1.3.13, prefabricated residential houses with roughly 50-75sqm are estimated to be
$2180-$2350 in Melbourne. An accuracy range of 20% applies to the estimation of the project cost. The
final value obtained is reasonable to be used as the approximate estimated cost of the prefabricated timber
module project.

The approximate estimation of the prefabricated transportable modular home is $2766/m2 ±20%.

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 2.2 Preliminary Estimation
According to 2020 Rawlinsons Construction Cost Guide, the overall construction concept should be
breakdown into its constituent elemental divisions, consisting of preliminaries, substructure, superstructure,
internal finishes, fittings and fixtures, services and external works. Each elemental division is further
breakdown into the basic sub-elements respectively. Elemental weighting is then estimated for each element
divisions by referring to the Rawlinsons cost book and Integrated Design and Cost Management for Civil
Engineers textbook. The preliminary estimated price is then calculated by multiplying the element
equivalency with the total area of the proposed house in our project.

Total area of a transportable modular house structure: 12 x (10.95 x 5.4) + 8 x (5.4 x 3.65) = 867.24m2

Table 1 Preliminary Estimation for a transportable modular house structure

Approximate Element
Elemental Element Cost
Estimation Element Sub-Element Equivalency
Weighting Unit Rate (AUS$)
(AUS $ / m2) (AUS $ / m2)
Plant and scaffolding, offices
and shed, hoarding and fences,
1.Preliminaries 8% 221 867.24 191660
temporary services,
insurances, notices and fees

2.Substructure Demolition, site clearance, 10% 277 867.24 240225

earthworks, foundations

2.Superstructure Columns, floor structures, 25% 692 867.24 600130

roof, wall, windows, doors
2766
3.Internal
Wall, floor, ceiling 22% 609 867.24 528149
Finishes
4.Fittings and
Fitments 20% 553 867.24 479584
Fixtures
Water, mechanical and
5. Services electrical, transportation, 10% 277 867.24 240225
plumbing
6. External Site organisation, drainage, 5% 138 867.24 119679
Works minor works

Total: AUS$ 2,399,652

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3.0 Time (scheduling)

3.1 Work Method Statement

This is a prefabrication project whereby the modular of homes are all built by the manufacturer. As for the
construction team, the scope of work will be mainly focusing on the construction done on-site. Below is
the list of construction method for this project. The foundation of the building is done by a subcontractor,
which means we assume that all earthwork, site clearance, on-site services and foundation are mostly done
and prepared by the time the modules arrive on site.

3.1.1 Site Preparation

Before the arrival of modules, the site has to be prepared so that construction works can be done smoothly.
Site preparation includes the setting up of temporary toilets, security, fences, site clearance, storage cabin
for tools and module and site planning. Temporary facilities such as portable office and toilets will be set
up for the conveniences of the workers. As this is a prefabricated construction, most works on site are
stacking and connecting the modules. Thus storage for the connection tools will be set up. The modules are
transported to site, and each is transported according to the capacity of the loader, therefore some modules
may arrive earlier and need to be stored safely on-site for the following day to be stacked up. Temporary
security systems, such as CCTV and security fences will be installed. Some site planning considering the
access road to the site should be cleared and widen to approximately 6m wide to ensure that the truck loader
can access the site. Since the substructure of the building is under another contractor, we are assuming that
they have done most of the site clearance.

3.1.2 Positioning cranes / Machinery Set Up

After having the site planned by the supervisor, the ground where the cranes will be positioned must be
inspected and ensured that it is flat and level ground. The access road for the cranes must be cleared, and
safety signs must be set put to notice the workers on-site that the path should not be blocked when the crane
is accessing. The Cranes are to be positioned at the site before the arrival of modular. Two cranes of 30
tonnes capacity each will be rented, and each crane will be positioned on opposite sides next to the
foundation to ensure minimal movement of crane around the site and maximise the surrounding space for
lifting the modules. The crane operator must be present at the driving station all times when the crane is in
operation or under load. During the operation of the cranes, there must be a team of workers to signal each
other about the surrounding so that the crane operator is aware during the movement of modular.

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3.1.3 Inspection of modules upon arrival on site
When the modular arrives, an arrival inspection will be done by the appointed worker accompanied by the
site supervisor. This is to ensure that there are no defects caused by transportation. If any defects are found,
they must be recorded clearly. The record of modular arrival will be noted. The modular will then be stored
close to the installation location within the reachable distance of the crane.

3.1.4 Rigging System for the module

As soon as the inspection is done, workers could proceed with the lifting of modules for installation. A
rigging system is required to secure the module at a place before lifting. Two synthetic slings are used to
form a basket hitch over the modules at a distance symmetrically from the centre of gravity. Then, two
lifting beams should be used to hold each of the synthetic slings together respectively, forming a 90-degree
basket hitch. Another lifting beam is secured below the two lifting beams, prepare to be hooked up by the
crane at a single point to lift the module.

3.1.5 Lifting of Modules

The crane should be positioned at a safe working distance from the modules. Base plates are placed at the
foundation of each side of the crane before the crane could operate. Check the identification number on the
modules before connecting them to ensure the correct module is to be installed at the site. Set up safety
barriers around the working area of the crane to prevent any people intruding that area while crane
operating. A signalman should always be ready at the site to control the traffic and give the signal to the
crane operator when the crane is moving. After inspecting the site environment, the module should be lifted
up slowly and carefully to prevent tipping of module away from the centre of gravity which may be
dangerous. No workers should get close to or under the module when lifting work is commencing. Only
when the module is one metre away from the floor, workers may get close to it and help to secure the
module in place. After the module successfully placed on the favoured position, it should be kept in position
to allow connection work to be done by workers.

3.1.6 Vertical Connection Between Modules

The connector used in this project to connect two modules vertically at the column is a custom I-beam steel
plate of 150mm width and height with 6mm thickness. Connect the steel plate to the foundation using two
M8 bolts at each footing. When the module is placed on top of the footings, check its position at each
column to ensure the columns are secured at the position of the steel plate. Each connection is designed
specifically by the engineers during the design stage; thus, workers should bolt the timber column and steel
plate together according to the holes provided on the plate. Supervision should be done by the site supervisor
and site engineer to ensure the correct method of statement is used.

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3.1.7 Horizontal Connection Between Modules
The connector used in this project to connect two modules horizontally is M10 bolts. To connect module
one with module two, the vertical connections for each module should first be made. Then, workers may
proceed in connecting the two modules by bolting through each side of the column lapping together. The
detailed drawing for the position of bolts are shown in the structural engineering drawing and should be
followed accordingly. Supervision should be done by the site supervisor and site engineer to ensure the
correct method of statement is used.

3.1.8 Scaffold Installation

When commencing work above two metres of height at the site, scaffolding props should be set up as a
method safer compare to using stairs. The scaffold is a structure constructed temporarily at the site to allow
access for workers to work at the higher ground. Scaffolding work is done according to the general guide
for scaffolds and scaffolding work, provided in Safeworkaustralia. Scaffold Designer will be responsible
for choosing the right type of scaffold to best suited for our project, which raised up to maximum 15.6m.
After the installation of the modular on the ground floor, ground conditions around the module should be
inspected to check for suitability as the foundation to support both permanent and imposed loads of the
scaffolds. If the ground is not stable enough, mud sills or base plates could be added at the bottom of
scaffolds to increase its stability. Next, attach the scaffolding frame to the foundations and connect it
according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Fix cross-bracing between frames to provide structural
stability to the scaffolding. Then, use temporary stairs to access to the higher level and place a walkway
platform of at least 450mm wide on top of the scaffold to allow the continuation of scaffold erecting to a
higher floor. To ensure safety, edge protection must be installed along the scaffold before moving on to the
next level. Workers in charge of erecting the scaffolds must wear a safety harness when commencing their
job. Also, the rigidity of the connections must be checked every day before starting work at the site.

3.1.9 Final Inspection and Site Cleaning

Final inspection of the module must be done before handing over to other departments. Carpenter and
joinery are readily available at the site to do maintenance work for the installed modules. All the debris and
waste left at the site must be clean and dispose properly according to available regulations. When cleaning
dusty areas, workers must wear face masks and safety goggles to avoid inhaling dust and irritation of eyes
and respiratory system. A checklist will be used to ensure that all requirements are properly checked and is
satisfied to be handed over. Scaffolds will be removed by the workers starting from the highest level
systematically to the lower level. All safety barriers and temporary facilities will be removed. The site
supervisor must ensure the housekeeping work is carried out accordingly and equipment should not be
scattered around at the site.

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3.2 Work Breakdown Structure

Construction of Modular Homes

Site Fabrication of Completion of Testing and

Earthworking Substructure Ground Floor First Floor Second Floor Third Floor Handover
Establishment Module Work Commissioning

Rebar Cutting Placement of Placement of Placement of Placement of Scaffolding Monitoring

Site Clearance Excavation
and Bending Module Module Module Module Removal and Control

Connection Connection Connection Connection Temporary

Temporary Foundation
Backfilling form Module from Module from Module from Module Facitily Safety Check
Access Road Formwork
to Foundation to Lower Floor to Lower Floor to Lower Floor Removal

Temporary Connection Connection Connection Connection

Concrete Temporary
Facilities Compaction between between between between
Pouring Utility Removal
(Toilet, Modules Modules Modules Modules
Storage,
Office) Formwork
Scaffolding Scaffolding Scaffolding Scaffolding Site Cleaning
Removal
Temporary
Utility
Concrete
Curing
Security House
Stairs

Machinery Set
Up
Elevator

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3.3 Gantt Chart

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3.3 Critical Path Analysis

*The red lines show the critical path of the project.

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3.4 Number of Workers Active On-Site

The chart below shows the number of active workers on site each day during the construction phase of
week 8 and week 9 where the modules arrive on-site and are installed. The dates are according to the
Gantt Chart schedule shown in 3.3. The alphabets represent the group of workers and their
roles. During the installation of the modules, two cranes are used for lifting the modules into places;
thus, there will be two crane operator and two signal man present on site. Each module will have four
workers to assist in the installation of the module; they are also responsible for connecting the
modules. The site engineer and site supervisor must always be present to overlook the whole project
progress. During the Testing phase, the quality control team will be checking the work quality and
inspect the final product. As this is a fast track project, there is no float time available during the
weekdays. If any problem arises, the project manager may request the workers to work on weekends
to complete their job and must be paid according to the contract agreement.

Figure 1 Number of Workers Active On-Site

A Site Engineer and Site Supervisor

B Crane Operator and Signal Man
C Workers (assisting module installation)
D Workers (site cleaning)
E Quality Control Team
F Workers (assisting testing and commissioning)
Table 2 Group of Worker

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4.0 Cost
4.1 Detailed Estimation
To estimate the cost for the project, the detailed works required, and its respective unit rates should be
determined. The works are divided and classified according to the Civil Engineering Standard Method
of Measurement, fourth edition (CESMM4). For the project’s work-under-contract (WUC), only the
on-site tasks that make up the superstructure work should be considered, excluding the substructure
work. However, to be able to compare the project cost to the approximate estimation, cost of
substructure works on site are estimated according to the engineering approach. Besides that, the
architectural finishes are estimated based on the report designed by our architect; some basic
prefabricated furniture were included in the fittings and fixtures. Mechanical and Electrical works are
also estimated to provide a full bill of quantity which is ready for hand over of the project.

The detailed pricing for the project is determined from Rawlinsons Construction Cost Guide 2020.
There are no calculation steps shown regarding the allowance for Builder’s head office overheads and
profits as they are included in the cost book, consisting of 5% of electrical and mechanical service, and
7.5% for all other services and trades. However, the goods and services tax (GST) was not included in
the cost book. Thus, 10% of GST is included for the final estimated cost in this report. Also, 5% of
contingency is included for the final estimated cost, which covers the cost for any unpredictable events
that might happen throughout the project.

The quantity take-off is calculated in 4.2, showing the detailed quantity required work to be done. The
unit cost for each work is analysed in 4.3, which is obtained by referring to the Rawlinsons Construction
Cost Guide 2020. The Bill of Quantity which summarises the quantity take-off and the unit cost to
achieve the final detailed estimation of cost is tabulated in 4.4. The bill of quantity is distributed into
two parts, the cost for prefabrication of the modular house and the cost for the on-site construction work.

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4.2 Quantity Take-Off
Ref. Description Unit ADD DDT Total
A Class A: General Items
3 Method-Related Charges
A311 Accommodation and buildings; Offices wk 2 2

A314 Accommodation and buildings; Storage wk 2 2

A323 Services; Hoardings m 126.5

Fences = 2 x (32m + 31.25m) = 126.5 126.5

A331 Plant; Cranes h 192

2 cranes x 12 days x 8hours = 192 192

A332 Plant; Transport h 120

2 truck x 4 hours per load x 15 loads = 120 120

A361 Temporary Works; Access scaffolding m2 651.3

4 storey = 2 x 15.6 x (10.95 + 5.4) = 510.12 12
2 storey = 2 x 7.8 x (5.4 + 3.65) = 141.18

A371 Supervision and labour; Supervision h 192

2 x 12days x 8hours 192

A373.1 Supervision and labour; Labour h 192

Carpenter = 2 x 12days x 8 hours = 192 192

A373.2 Supervision and labour; labour h 384

Joinery = 4 x 12 days x 8 hours =384 384

4 Provisional Sums
A411 Daywork; Labour h 960
10 x 12days x 8hours 960

5 Nominated sub-contractors which include work on

site
A510 Prime cost item; rigging system d 12 12

D Class D: Demolition and Site Clearance

1 Site Clearance
D110 General clearance m2 31.25 1000
32
1000

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 E Class E: Earthworks
4 General Excavation
E413 Topsoil; 0.5-1m m3 0.75 336
28
16
336

F In Situ Concrete
1 Provision of Designated Concrete
F183 Strength RC40/50 m3 0.75 55.03
Perimeter: 4x2(10.95+5.4)+2x2(5.4+3.65) = 209.64 0.35
209.64
55.03
6 Placing of concrete mass
F623 Bases, footings, pile caps and ground slabs;
Thickness 300-500mm m3 0.75 55.03
0.35
209.64
55.03

G Concrete Ancillaries
1 Formwork: rough finish
G144 Plane vertical; width 0.4 -1.22m m2 2 314.46
209.64
0.75
314.46
5 Reinforcement
G528 Deformed high yield steel bars; t 0.385 3.02
nominal size: 32mm or greater 7.85
3.02

O Class O: Timber
1 Hardwood components
O113 Cross-sectional area not exceeding 0.01m2; m 584
Length 3-5m
Joists for module 2: 2 x 10 x 3.65m = 73m 8
73
584

O114 Cross-sectional area not exceeding 0.01m2; m 2592

Length 5-8m
Joists for module 1: 2 x 20 x 5.4m = 216m 12
216
2592

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O124 Cross-sectional area 0.01-0.02 m2; Length 5-8m m 961.2
Beam for module 2: 2 x 2 x 5.4m = 21.6m 8
21.6
172.8
Beam for module 1: 2 x 3 x 10.95m = 65.7m 12
65.7
788.4
2 Softwood components
O233 Cross-sectional area 0.02-0.03 m2; Length 3-5m m 686.4
Column for module 1: 12 x 3.9 = 46.8m 12
46.8
561.6

Column for module 2: 4 x 3.9 = 15.6 8

15.6
124.8
3 Hardwood decking
O320 Thickness 25-50mm m2 1726.5
Roof for module 1: 10.95m x 5.4m = 59.13
Floor for module 1: 10.95m x 5.4m = 59.13
Total = 118.26 12
118.26
1419.1
Column cross sectional area: 24 x 0.15 x 0.15 = 0.54 12
0.54
6.48
Roof for module 2: 5.4m x 3.65m = 19.71
Floor for module 2: 5.4m x 3.65m = 19.71
Total = 39.42 8
39.42
315.36

Column cross sectional area: 8 x 0.15 x 0.15 = 0.54 8

0.18
1.44

5 Fittings and fastenings

O520 Spikes nr 23360
Module 1:
Roof to joists @200mm spacing= 20 x 28 = 560
Roof joist to beam = 3 x 20 x 4 = 240
Floor to joists@200mm spacing = 20 x 28 = 560 12
Total = 1360 1360
16320

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 Module 2:
Roof to joists @200mm spacing = 20 x 20 = 400
Roof joist to beam = 2 x 10 x 4 = 80
Floor to joists@200mm spacing = 20 x 20 = 400 8
Total = 880 880
7040
O530 Coach Screw nr 3520
Floor joist to beam for module 1: 3 x 20 x 4 = 240 12
240
2880
Floor joist to beam for module 2: 2 x 10 x 4 = 80 8
80
640

O540.1 Bolts; M6 nr 992

Module 1 roof beam to column = 3 x 12 x 2 = 72 12
72
864
Module 2 roof beam to column = 2 x 4 x 2 = 16 8
16
128
O540.2 Bolts; M8 nr 704
Module 1 column to column = 2 x 12 x 2 = 48 12
48
576
module 2 column to column = 2 x 4 x 2 = 16 8
16
128
O540.3 Bolts; M10 nr 64
Connections between modules = 2 x 4 = 8 8
8
64

O540.4 Bolts; M20 nr 992

Module 1 floor beam to coloum = 3 x 12 x 2 = 72 12
72
864
Module 2 floor beam to coloum = 2 x 4 x 2 = 16 8
16
128

O550 Plates nr 352

Top and bottom columns for module 1 = 2 x 12 = 24 12
24
288

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 Top and bottom columns for module 2 = 2 x 4 = 8 8
8
64

X Miscellaneous Work
3 Drainage to structures above ground
X333 Plastics; downpipes m 12 54
4.5
54

Simple Building Works Incidental to Civil

Z Engineering Work
1 Carpentry and joinery
Z131 Sheet boarding; floors m2 224
2 (2 x 10) + 2 x 8 = 56 4
56
224

Z141 Stairs and Walkways; stairways and landings m 3 11.7

3.9
11.7

Z154 Miscellaneous joinery; shelves m2 736.8

Length = 3.9 + 2.2 + 3.5 + 2.68 = 12.28 12
Area = 2 x 2.5 x 12.28 = 61.4 61.4
736.8

2 Insulation
Z231 Boards; Floors m2 867.24
Module 1 = 10.95 x 5.4 = 59.13 12
59.13
709.56
Module 2 = 5.4 x 3.65 = 19.71 8
19.71
157.68

Z241 Loose fill; Floors m2 867.24

Module 1 = 10.95 x 5.4 = 59.13 12
59.13
709.56
Module 2 = 5.4 x 3.65 = 19.71 8
19.71
157.68

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Z352 Glazing; Glass in large panels m2 1127
Module 1 = 2 x 2.5 x (10.95 + 5.4) = 81.75 12
81.75
981
Module 1 connecting side without glass: 8
5.4 x 2.5 = 13.5 13.5
108
Module 2 = (2.5 x 5.4) + (2 x 2.5 x 3.65) = 31.75 8
31.75
254
5 Piped building services
Z511 Pipeworks; pipes m 12 93.6
2
3.9
93.6

Z530.1 Sanitary appliances and fittings; basin nr 2 24

12
24

Z530.2 Sanitary appliances and fittings; bath nr 12 12

Z530.3 Sanitary appliances and fittings; toilet suite nr 12 12

7 Cabled building services

Z713 Cables, fixed to surface m2 867.24
Module 1 = 10.95 x 5.4 = 59.13 12
59.13
709.56

Module 2 = 5.4 x 3.65 = 19.71 8

19.71
157.68

Z761 Earthing and bonding; tapes m 12 46.8

3.9
46.8

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4.3 Unit Cost
Unit Labour Plant Material Running Total
Ref Description Rate Rate Rate Total
($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit)
A Class A: General Items
3 Method-Related Charges
A311 Accommodation and buildings; Offices wk 60 60

A314 Accommodation and buildings; Storage wk 50 50

A324 Services; Hoardings m 10 10

Fences
A331 Plant; Cranes: 30 tonnes; h 180 180
Prices included operators and fuels

A332 Plant; Transport; 30 tonnes h 190 190

Cartage to and from the site: low loader;
Prices included operators and fuels

A361 Temporary Works; Access scaffolding m2 40 40

Tubular steel scaffolding;
Price included erecting, dismantling,

A371 Supervision and labour; Supervision h 50.6 56.93

Overhead/profit of 12.5% 6.33

A373.1 Supervision and labour; Labour h 60.5

Carpenter 60.5
A373.2 Supervision and labour; labour h 64
Joinery 64
4 Provisional Sums
A411 Daywork; Labour; generally h 60.5 60.5

5 Nominated sub-contractors which

include work on site
A510 Prime cost item; rigging system d
2 sets equipment 200
Special labour cost: $72/h
2 x 72 x 8 = 1152 1152
Overhead/profit of 12.5% 1352
169
1521

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Ref Description Unit Labour Plant Material Running Total
Rate Rate Rate Total
($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit)
D Class D: Demolition and Site
Clearance
1 Site Clearance
D110 General clearance m2 2.04 2.04

E Class E: Earthworks
4 General Excavation
E413 Topsoil; 0.5-1m m3 53.4 53.4

F In Situ Concrete
1 Provision of Designated Concrete
F183 Strength C32/40 m3 200 200

6 Placing of concrete mass

Bases, footings, pile caps and ground
F623 slabs; Thickness 300-500mm m3
Labour output rate: 0.9h/m3
Labour cost: $46/h
0.9 x 46 = $41.4 /m3 41.4
Overhead/profit of 12.5% 5.175
46.58
G Concrete Ancillaries
1 Formwork: rough finish
G144 Plane vertical; width 0.4 -1.22m m2 12.1 100
Labour output rate: 0.2h/m2
Labour cost: $60.5/h
0.2 x 60.5 = $12.1/m2
Overhead/profit of 12.5% 112.1
14.01
126.11
5 Reinforcement
G528 Deformed high yield steel bars; t 665.5 1500
nominal size: 32mm or greater
Labour output rate: 11h/t
Labour cost: 60.5$/h
11 x 60.5 = 665.5 $/t
Overhead/profit of 12.5% 2165.5
270.69
2436.19

23
 Ref Description Unit Labour Plant Material Running Total
Rate Rate Rate Total
($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit)
O Class O: Timber
1 Hardwood components
O113 Cross-sectional area not exceeding m 19.8
0.01m2; Length 3-5m (LVL) 19.8

O114 Cross-sectional area not exceeding m 19.8

0.01m2; Length 5-8m (LVL) 19.8

O124 Cross-sectional area 0.01-0.02 m2; m 48.6

Length 5-8m (Glulam) 48.6

2 Softwood components
O233 Cross-sectional area 0.02-0.03 m2; m 23.5
Length 3-5m (CLT) 23.5

3 Hardwood decking
O320 Thickness 25-50mm (LVL slab) m2 52 52

5 Fittings and fastenings

O520 Spikes nr 0.45 0.45

O530 Coach Screw nr 5.55 5.55

O540.1 Bolts; M6 nr 5.7 5.7

O540.2 Bolts; M8 nr 7 7

O540.3 Bolts; M10 nr 8.25 8.25

O540.4 Bolts; M20 nr 18.7 18.7

O550 Plates nr 33.12 33.12

7850kg /m3; $6150 / t
7.85(0.15)(0.306x0.162-2x0.15x0.15)
=0.00538t x 6150 = $33.12/nr

X Miscellaneous Work
3 Drainage to structures above ground
X33 Plastics; downpipes m 40.5 40.5

24
 Ref Description Unit Labour Plant Material Running Total
Rate Rate Rate Total
($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit) ($/unit)
Z Simple Building Works Incidental to
Civil Engineering Work
1 Carpentry and joinery
Z131 Sheet boarding; floors m2 257 257

Stairs and Walkways; stairways and

Z141 landings m 1996.5 2926.5
Additional width: 1650+3(7%)=1996.5
Similar balustrade 930
2926.5

Z154 Miscellaneous joinery; shelves m 1050 1050

2 Insulation
Z231 Boards; Floors; 16mm timber framing m2 37.5 37.5

Z241 Loose fill; Floors; 50mm Glass wool m2 14.2 14.2

3 Windows, door and glazing

Z352 Glazing; Glass in large panels m2 304 304
Heat absorbing 6mm tinted

5 Piped building services

Z511 Pipeworks; pipes m 86 86

Z530.1 Sanitary appliances and fittings; basin nr 1850 1850

Z530.2 Sanitary appliances and fittings; bath nr 2400 2400

Z530.3 Sanitary appliances and fittings; nr 2050 2050

toilet suite

7 Cabled building services

Z713 Cables, fixed to surface m2 96 96

Z761 Earthing and bonding; tapes m 36 36

25
4.4 Bills of Quantity
4.4.1 Prefabrication
Ref Description Unit Quantity Rate Total
(unit) ($/unit) ($)
O Class O: Timber
1 Hardwood components m 584 19.80 11563.20
O113 Cross-sectional area not exceeding
0.01m2; Length 3-5m

O114 Cross-sectional area not exceeding m 2592 19.80 51321.60

0.01m2; Length 5-8m (LVL)

O124 Cross-sectional area 0.01-0.02 m2; m 961.2 48.60 46714.32

Length 5-8m (Glulam)

2 Softwood components
O233 Cross-sectional area 0.02-0.03 m2; m 686.4 23.50 16130.40
Length 3-5m (CLT)

3 Hardwood decking
O320 Thickness 25-50mm (LVL slab) m2 1726.54 52.00 89780.08

5 Fittings and fastenings

O520 Spikes nr 23360 0.45 10512.00

O530 Coach Screw nr 3520 5.55 19536.00

O540.1 Bolts; M6 nr 992 5.70 5654.40

O540.4 Bolts; M20 nr 992 18.70 18550.40

Simple Building Works

Incidental to Civil Engineering
Z Work
Z154 Miscellaneous joinery; shelves m 736.8 1050.00 773640.00

2 Insulation
Z231 Boards; Floors m2 867.24 37.50 32521.50

Z241 Loose fill; Floors m2 867.24 14.2 12314.81

3 Windows, door and glazing

Z352 Glazing; Glass in large panels m2 1127 304.00 342608.00

26
 Ref Description Unit Quantity Rate Total
(unit) ($/unit) ($)
Z530 Sanitary appliances and fittings nr 24 1850 44400.00

Sanitary appliances and fittings;

Z530.2 bath nr 12 2400 28800.00

Z530.3 Sanitary appliances and fittings; nr 12 2050 24600.00

toilet suite

7 Cabled building services

Z713 Cables, fixed to surface m2 867.24 96.00 83255.04

Total Cost 1611901.75

GST 10% 161190.17
Contingency plan 5% 80595.09
Final Cost 1853687.01

4.4.2 Onsite Construction

Ref Description Unit Quantity Rate Total
(unit) ($/unit) ($)
A Class A: General Items
3 Method-Related Charges
Accommodation and buildings;
A311 Offices wk 10 60.00 600.00

Accommodation and buildings;

A314 Storage wk 10 50.00 500.00

A324 Services; Hoardings m 126.5 10.00 1265.00

Fences

A331 Plant; Cranes h 192 180.00 34560.00

A332 Plant; Transport h 120 190.00 22800.00

A361 Temporary Works; Access scaffolding m2 651.3 40.00 26052.00

A371 Supervision and labour; Supervision h 192 56.93 10930.56

A373.1 Supervision and labour; Labour

Carpenter h 192 60.50 11616.00

27
 Ref Description Unit Quantity Rate Total
(unit) ($/unit) ($)
A373.2 Supervision and labour; labour
Joinery h 384 64.00 24576.00

4 Provisional Sums
A411 Daywork; Labour; h 960 60.50 58080.00

5 Nominated sub-contractors which

include work on site
A510 Prime cost item; rigging system d 12 1521.00 18252.00

D Class D: Demolition and Site

Clearance
1 Site Clearance
D110 General clearance m2 1000 176.00 176000.00

E Class E: Earthworks
4 General Excavation
E413 Topsoil; 0.5-1m m3 336 53.40 17942.40

F In Situ Concrete
1 Provision of Designated Concrete
F183 Strength RC40/50 m3 55.03 200.00 11006.00

6 Placing of concrete mass

Bases, footings, pile caps and ground
F623 slabs;
Thickness 300-500mm m3 55.03 46.58 2563.30

G Concrete Ancillaries
1 Formwork: rough finish
G144 Plane vertical; width 0.4 -1.22m m2 314.46 126.11 39656.55

5 Reinforcement
G528 Deformed high yield steel bars; t 3.02 2436.19 7357.29
nominal size: 32mm or greater

O Class O: Timber
5 Fittings and fastenings
O540.2 Bolts; M8 nr 704 7.00 4928.00

28
O540.3 Bolts; M10 nr 64 8.25 528.00
Ref Description Unit Quantity Rate Total
(unit) ($/unit) ($)
O550 Plates nr 352 33.12 11658.24

X Miscellaneous Work
3 Drainage to structures above ground
X333 Plastics; downpipes m 54 40.50 2187.00

Simple Building Works Incidental to

Z Civil Engineering Work
1 Carpentry and joinery
Z131 Sheet boarding; floors m2 224 257.00 57568.00

Stairs and Walkways; stairways and

Z141 landing m 11.7 2926.5 34240.05

5 Piped building services

Z511 Pipeworks; pipes m 93.6 86.00 8049.60

7 Cabled building services

Z761 Earthing and bonding; tapes m 46.8 36.00 1684.80

Total Cost 582915.99

GST 10% 58291.60
Contingency plan 5% 29145.80
Final Cost 670353.39

29
5.0 Design Options

In the design phase, there must be few design options available which can provide different results.
Those options can be compared based on the effect of cost, time and quality on the modular house
project. As for the design of a modular house, the choosing of the material for the main structure
is essential.

The design options include timber, concrete or steel as the material for the main structure of the
modular house. We decided to use timber for most of the main structural part while steel is used
for the connections between the timber. There are many reasons for choosing timber as the main
structure instead of concrete and steel. The timber saves more time and cost as we can see an
example flowchart below.

Construction of Reinforced Construction of Timber

Concrete Structure (Column) Structure (Column)

Reinforcement Installation Timber always ready to

(Skilled workers required) install as it already
fabricated in size required

Formwork Installation
(Skilled workers required) Connection between timber
(exp: connect beam to
column)

Concrete Pouring *Take less than 1 week to

(Machinery required) complete the process.

Formwork Removal
(After concrete cured)
*Take more than 1 month to
complete the process.

The cost for the construction of the reinforced concrete column must be higher than the
construction of timber column. This is because the resources such as workers, machinery and

30
materials for the reinforced concrete structure are much more than the timber structure. Besides,
the fabrication for the steel structure is very complex compare to timber structure; thus, the steel
structure takes a lot of time to fabricate. As the construction for the timber structure is more
straightforward, the project can be complete in a shorter time. Although the quality of the timber
structure is not the best, it’s still satisfying in the project. In conclusion, the timber is a better design
option from cost and time aspect in the modular house project.

As for the overall quality of the project, it depends very much on the prefabrication of the module. The
quality of work on-site can be monitored by the project manager with a good cost and time management.
The project manager may emphasise on the efficiency of the construction, whereby ensuring that hired
workers are skilled and experienced workers. The foundation of the structure must comply with AS4000
using the slump test to test for the quality of concrete. During the installation of modules, workers shall
follow the specific procedure methods on connecting the modules to avoid unnecessary mistakes done,
causing a delay in work progress. All machinery must be checked ahead to ensure that all are functioning
well. It is essential that the inspection of the module upon arrival must be done honestly and thoroughly to
ensure that no damage occurs to the module.

31
6.0 Cost and Time Relationship
6.1 S-Curve for Site Works

The following table shows the cost of the scope of work of this project on-site and payment by the client
for each week of the project. The overall construction work on site is 10 weeks. The manufacturing period
for modules is not included in this s-curve as it is not considered as construction work on site. The cost of
the project is according to the bills of quantity from construction on site which has already included a profit
of 5%. The amount of cost each week is distributed according to the percentage of work to be done each
week. As for the payment by the client, we assume that the client would pay a lump sum every fortnight to
the contractor. The client will provide the contractor with a 10% payment for the first week and will have
10% of retention that will be paid on the following week of the project completion. The contractor will
receive a 5% profit margin for this project.

32
Table 3 Cumulative Cost and Payment Each Week

33
 Figure 2 S-Curve

Some observations based on the S-Curve above:

• The red line indicated the client payment based on the s curve of the project.
• The first three weeks of the project, the contractor will have enough cash flow provided by the
client to commence the construction. No advance payment is needed for this project since the
project does not require costly startup.
• The s-curve may be seen as a double curved as the work progress slows down during week 5 to
week 7. During week 5 to week 7, it is the substructure concrete curing period; therefore, less work
is done during that phase and the project spending cost during that week is lower.
• During week 8 to week 9, the curve is the steepest as the modules being stacked on site. It is
considered as the peak of the project because most of the main work is done during those two
weeks. Crane rentals and more workers are needed during those two weeks.
• The project will be completed on week 10, but a 10% of retention amount will only be paid to the
contractor on the following week of the completion of the project. This is to allow the client to have
an assurance of project quality from the contractor and that the project will be completed with no
problem emerging after the completion date stated in the contract.
• The payment strategy is used to provide stable cash flow for the project. This helps the contractor
to avoid interest charges and also allows the client to have an assurance of quality by having a
retention amount.

34
6.2 Life-Cycle-Cost

Life cycle costing (LCC) should be considered for a much complete economic analysis for the project. For
this reason, the manufacturing cost of the modules was also considered in the bill of quantity earlier for
reference. From production of the modules, to construction of the module on site, maintenance and
operation cost of the modules to the end of life disposal cost. According to Paula Pant 2020 on the budget
for home maintenance, 1% of the purchase price of the modules should be assumed for the operation and
maintenance cost of a typical house built. For our project, we designed the house for over a 50 years period.
Timber is recommended as the main structure for the project as could optimise the life cycle of the building.
This is because timber is considered as the structural component which is effective in its performance,
besides providing a considerably market acceptance resale value. A chart was shown below to visualise the
brief life cycle cost of the modular house designed in this project.

Figure 3 Life ycle Cost of Modular House

Life Cycle Cost of Modular House

Initial construction off site

Construction work on site

Operation and Maintenance

Others

A basic formula for the calculation of building’s life cycle cost is shown below:
LCC = I + Repl - Res + L (OM&R)
Where I = Initial costs
Repl = Replacement costs
Res = Resale value at the end of study period
L = Time period of the analysis
OM&R = Yearly operating, maintenance and repair cost.
Concluding the life cycle cost of the project, the prefabrication of modular house save a lot of
construction work on-site cost. This design of the project has a reduced LCC relatively comparing to
other construction of house units with a similar outcome.

35
7.0 Risk and Safety (site)
7.1 Risk Management

When managing the construction project, many aspects had been considered, such as the time, cost and
quality to ensure the success of the project. However, risk management is an important part of the project
that should not be neglect to ensure the efficiency of the project, minimising potential circumstance that
will cause the failure of project and operational, which can sometimes be very costly. To provide a
sustainable practice of work at site, risk management is outlined by complying to the standards from ISO
31000:2009, Risk Management- Principles and Guidelines. This standard provides sufficient information
in forming a generic framework practically applicable for on-site work. The procedure to follow when
managing risk is first to identify the potential hazard that might arise when working, then to assess the risk
by determining its likelihood and severity of consequences. Then, to come out with risk control
measurements according to the potential risk, before reviewing the measurement of the control and
monitoring the progress on site. The risk management procedures mentioned is a cycled process, where it
should be carried out repeatedly throughout the project life cycle. The figure below shows the cycle of risk
management used in the project.

Figure 4 Risk Management Procedure (Safeworkaustralia 2018)

36
Risk Management Plan
There is a wide range of risks that could be considered in a project such as a workplace health and safety
risk, environmental risk, financial risk, community risk, regulatory risk, production risk, and reputational
risk. In this report, we mainly plan for the risk regarding workplace health and safety. To form an effective
risk management plan, it is crucial to understand and define the scope of work for the project. It helps
establish a platform for stakeholders to discuss the possible risk of the project. The person conducting a
business or undertaking should always seek for proper communication and consultation with the appropriate
stakeholders at each stage under the risk management procedures. The standard of ISO 31000:2009
highlighted the importance of communication between stakeholders when establishing the context of risk
management. Only when a mutual understanding about the risk is met between the managers and
practitioners, effective risk management could be formed.

Hazards Identification
The very first step mentioned under the risk management procedure is to identify the potential hazards
related to the construction works. A good practice is to draft out a hazard inventory, brainstorming a much
broadly covered potential risk events. This could be done based on past experience, case study, and
standards referencing. Hazards regarding workplace health and safety could be any sources that could
potentially bring harm to the people working at the site. Few common hazards on site are collapsing of
structures, workers working at height, moving equipment and plants, handling of material and manual,
noise, electricity, asbestos-containing materials, and the scattering of debris on site. By identifying these
possible hazards, we can decide risk response and form practical solutions.

Risk Assessment
Risk is the possibility of the hazardous events discussed earlier to occur during construction work. The
purpose of risk assessment covers two aspects: first is to define the likelihood or probability of the
hazardous event to happen regardless of minor or significant harm towards the exposed individual. Next, is
to define the severity of the impact of hazard towards the exposed individual. Quantitative methods are
used in this project to analyse the risk, by assigning a relative scale of magnitude for the likelihood level
and severity of a potentially hazardous event. This helps to evaluate the level of the risk and allows us to
decide what kind of risk response is needed to treat the risk. It is important to have the overall analysed risk

37
of the project to know whether the project is reasonable to be constructed. The likelihood and severity of
matrices are shown below as an approach to generate numerical risk values:

Likelihood Level Likelihood Probability

1 Rare (exceptional event) Never happen before but might happen <10%

2 Unlikely to happen Happen before but unlikely, maybe once 10% - < 35%

3 Likely to happen Could happen 3 or less times 35% - < 65%

4 Very likely to happen Could happen more than 3 times 65% - < 90%

5 Almost Certain Likely to happen more than 5 times >90%

Table 4 Likelihood of Risk

Severity
1 Insignificant - First aid injury
- Minor damages to machinery/structures (quick repair)
- Limited impact to minimal area
- Minor impact to the overall project
2 Minor - Require medical treatment injury
- Damages to machinery/structures impacting on budget and time
- Minor short-term impact on the environment
- Short-term impact on the overall project
3 Moderate - Lost time Injury
- Significant damages to machinery/structure impacting on budget and time
- Noticeable but reversible impact on the environment
- Moderate impact on the overall project
4 Major - An injury that causes disability
- Extensive damages to machinery/structure that is costly and causes project
delay
- Long term impact on the environment that will affect local
- Long term impact on the overall project
5 Catastrophic - Fatality
- Complete loss of machinery/structure
- Significant and permanent impact on the environment
- Long term, significant and costly impact to the overall project
Table 5 Severity of Risk

38
 Severity/ 1 2 3 4 5
Likelihood
insignificant minor moderate major catastrophic

1
Rare
2 Risk Level
unlikely Low (1-4)
3 Medium (5-9)
likely High (10-15)
4 Extreme (16-25)
very likely
Table 7 Level of Risk
5
almost
certain

Table 6 Likelihood x Severity

Risk response
Risk response is a tool that helps to treat the risks. It includes avoiding, mitigating, transferring or accepting
the risk. This helps to improve opportunities and reduce or eliminate the possibilities of risk to the project.
The table below explains each type of risk response.

Type of Risk Description

Response

Avoidance Avoiding the risk by providing an alternative method in the project to bypass
the risk.

Transferring Transferring the risk to a third party such as getting an insurance and
subcontracting

Mitigation Establishing steps of procedures to treat the risks such as identifying new
risks, tracking the source of risks and risk assessment

39
 Acceptance The decision to accept the risk and its consequences. This response normally
applies to the risks that are low, which will not bring effect to the project’s
cost.
Table 8 Risk Response

Risk Control Measure

Risk control measure is also known as the method of solution to the risk with the monitoring process. Risk
control measure helps to reduce the level of risk by introducing methods on how to overcome the problem.
It is a written procedure that will allow the person in charge to have a guide on how to reduce the risks.

Figure 5 Hierarchy of control (Kevin Druley 2018)

Person Responsible
It is important to identify whose responsibility it is when it comes to risk. Therefore, for every risk
identified, the stakeholder of the risk must also be included and informed. This is to prevent blaming one
another when a problem occurs. The person responsible will be briefed about their roles and responsibility
before the project starts. They hold the responsibility to prevent the risk from happening, and in the event
of happening, they will be accountable to the consequences.

40
7.2 Work health and safety consideration

Regardless of the size of the project, when it comes to construction, the main concern will always be safety
first. Having that said, the occupational health and safety play a very big role in ensuring the safety of the
workers on site. The safety assessment acts as evidence of health and safety consideration and that all
stakeholders agree to ensure the safety on site is organised in an appropriate manner and communicate
efficiently. Some documentations on safe work method, registration for hazardous products and substances,
on-site training and competency, emergency response plan, inspection checklist, site safety briefing and
forms for site injuries must be provided as part of the safety assessment.

Occupational Health and Safety provides protection over the worker’s health, safety and welfare at work
by awareness of risks on site. The aim is to reduce cases of work-related fatalities and injuries. In Australia,
all site construction workers are required to have a white card issued to prove that they are qualified and
aware of the construction site workplace health and safety. In the case of high-risk constructions, a high-
risk work licence is needed.

Job safety analysis is used to summarise the overall identified hazards in specific site tasks by analysing
and evaluating each accordingly. Risk response and control measure helps to ensure that there is a guideline
provided.

41
 7.3 Risk Assessment

Risk Analysis
Risk Risk Person
Description Impact Control Measure
Identified likelihood severity score level Response Responsible

Machinery Machinery unable - Loss of time. 3 3 9 Medium Avoidance - Regular maintenance Project
Failure to function/ - Delaying on machinery manager,
requires fixing/ project. - Report immediately Supervisor,
machinery - Replacement of when machinery not Operator
damage during machinery may functioning as normal
work cause extra cost, - Correct manual
- Injury to handling technique
workers - Back up supplier

Insufficient Underperformance - Lack of man 2 3 4 Medium Avoidance - Ensure workers notify Project
Workers of workers power. the supervisor one day manager,
Workers on leave - Delaying before taking leave Supervisor,
project. - Supervision on site Worker
- Back up labour team

Damaging Module minor - Delay of project 2 4 8 Medium Avoidance - Ensure modules are Project
Module damages because on maintenance safely wrapped in manager,
of carelessness - Extra cost on plastics Supervisor,
Machinery error materials - Proper traffic and road Worker
- Extra cost and access plan on site
on workers - Check those modules are
secured in place before
any movement
- Carpenter on site for
maintenance
- Correct manual
handling technique
- Induction, training,
supervision

42
Collapsing Modules not - Damaged 2 5 10 High Avoidance - Check those modules are Project
of modules stable when modules require secured in place before manager,
stacking repair at any movement Supervisor,
connection not manufacturer - Sufficient workers to Operator,
properly done - Delay of project aid in joinery Worker
- Extra cost on - Testing is done before
materials removing the rigging
system during lifting
- Correct manual
handling technique
- Induction, training,
supervision

Incorrect Modules stacked - Restacking of 2 4 8 Medium Avoidance - Checking done on the Project
stacking of wrongly modules items before manager,
modules - Delay of project commencing any work Supervisor,
- Damage on - Effective communication Worker
modules between workers
- Extra cost on - Carpenter ready at the
workers site
for maintenance work
- Induction, training,
supervision
Unsuitable Ground condition - Unable to 1 5 5 Medium Avoidance - Proper project Project
ground changes due to a proceed with management plan manager,
condition recent unexpected construction - Surveying team to Supervisor,
natural disaster - Delay of project investigate site condition Surveyor
(e.g. flooding/ - Temporary weather
fire/ earthquakes) proofing for construction
Delay in Late arrival of - Delay of project 1 5 5 Medium Mitigation - A contract that mitigates Project
Modular modular at the site the lost of cost due to manager,
delivery due to delay of supply failure Supervisor,
logistics to the manufacturer Supplier
- Allow float time for
modules prefabrication

43
 Crime at The intrusion of - Financial loss 3 3 9 Medium Avoidance - Set up fences at the site Project
site an outsider to the - Delay of project - Hire security to look manager,
site without a - Damage to site over the site Supervisor,
permit - Set up CCTV at site Security,
Lost of items at office Workers
the site - Permit required for
anyone entering site
- Equipment and tools to
be kept properly at the
site
- Report any suspicious
people found at the site
Unexpected strong winds/ - Safety risk to 2 4 8 Medium Mitigation - Stop work at the site if Project
weather heavy rain work on-site necessary manager,
- Delay of project - Proper project Contractor,
management plan Supervisor
- Allow float time for
construction work on site
- Requesting extension of
time with client
- Prepare a water pump at
the site to remove excess
rainwater

Natural Earthquake/ bush - Safety risk to 1 5 5 Medium Mitigation - Stop work at the site if Project
disaster fire/ cyclone work on-site necessary manager,
- Delay of project - Proper project Contractor,
management plan Supervisor
- Allow float time for
construction work on site
- Requesting extension of
time with client
Table 9 Risk Assessment

44
7.4 Job Safety Analysis

No. Tasks Potential Hazards risk assessment Risk

likelihood severity score level Response
1.0 Site Toolbox Talk Meeting
1.1 During orientation of site 1.1.1 Unfamiliar with emergency procedures 2 3 6 Medium Avoidance

1.1.2 Unaware of restricted areas on site 2 3 6 Medium Avoidance

1.1.3 Unaware of operation activities 2 3 6 Medium Avoidance
2.0 Site Claiming
2.1 Entering site 2.1.1 Not wearing proper PPE 2 4 8 Medium Avoidance
2.1.2 Breaking site rules and regulations 3 4 12 High Avoidance
2.2 Plant in operation 2.2.1 Driver falling down from the crane 1 4 4 Low Transferring
2.2.2 crane hits people passing by 2 5 10 High Avoidance
2.2.3 Unsecured lifting of module 2 5 10 High Avoidance
2.2.4 Running over workers and equipment due
to lack of visibility 2 5 10 High Avoidance
2.2.5 crane tipping over or sinking into the 2 4 8 Medium Avoidance
ground
2.2.6 Strong wind may cause swinging of load 3 4 12 High Mitigation
3.0 Arrival of modular
3.1 Truck entering to the site 3.1.1 Difficulty accessing to the site 2 3 6 Medium Avoidance
3.2 Arrival Inspection 3.2.1 Modular found faulty or damaged due to
transportation 1 3 3 Low Avoidance
3.3 Unwrapping of modular 3.3.1 Tangled by the wrapping sheets
Tripping over unwanted materials 1 3 3 Low Avoidance
3.4 Lifting modular from the 3.4.1 Snapping of lifting sling or chains may
truck damaged people around 2 5 10 High Avoidance
Falling modular may fall and hit workers
4.0 Installation of Module

45
4.1 Placing the modular 4.1.1 Injury due to movement of modular
2 4 8 Medium Avoidance
4.2 Connections work for the 4.2.1 Injury using hand tools
module 2 4 8 Medium Avoidance
4.2.2 Injury when using drills 2 4 8 Medium Avoidance
4.2.3 Electrocution 1 5 5 Medium Avoidance
4.2.4 Workplace's dust injured the worker's eyes
3 3 9 Medium Avoidance
4.2.5 Loud drilling cause hearing damage 2 4 8 Medium Avoidance
4.3 Working at height 4.3.1 Workers fall from high ground 2 5 10 High Avoidance
4.3.2 Scaffolding collapse 1 5 5 Medium Avoidance
4.3.3 Object falling from high ground hits worker
below 3 4 12 High Avoidance
5.0 Site Cleaning
5.1 Dismantling of Scaffolds 5.1.1 Scaffolding collapse 1 5 5 Medium Avoidance
5.2 Cleaning up the site, 5.2.1 Dust causing irritation of eyes and nose and
removing waste skin 2 2 4 Low Avoidance
Table 10 Job Safety Analysis

No. Safe Work Method Statement

Person Responsible
Control measure likelihood severity score level
1.1.1 - Pay full attention during the briefing concerning information 1 3 3 Low Everyone
on emergency procedures
- Safety toolbox meeting to be done once per week
1.1.2 - Pay full attention during the briefing concerning information 1 3 3 Low Everyone
on restricted areas on site
- Safety toolbox meeting to be done once per week

46
1.1.3 - Pay full attention during the briefing concerning information 1 4 4 Low Everyone
on operation activities
- Safety toolbox meeting to be done once per week

2.1.1 - Anyone at the site must wear a high visible vest, steel toe cap 1 3 3 Low Everyone
safety boots and safety glasses at all times.
2.1.2 - Ensure workers went through site induction and proper training 1 3 3 Low Everyone
- Supervision over worker
2.2.1 - Ensure plant operator posses a validated certified license to 1 4 4 Low Project manager,
operate the plant Site supervisor,
- Ensure plant operator are covered with insurance Operator

2.2.2 - Signalman to control traffic on-site when the crane is operating 1 4 4 Low Site supervisor,
- Safety signs must be put up to notify people around about the Signalman,
operation in progress Operator
- Safety barriers placed along the walking path

2.2.3 - Ensure correct manual handling technique 1 4 4 Low Site supervisor,

- Workers to test the stability of the rigging system before lifting Signalman,
- Signalman to make sure no people get near to the area when Operator, Worker
the module is lifted up
2.2.4 - Provide storage area for the workers to avoid scattering of 1 4 4 Low Site supervisor,
equipment on-site Signalman,
- Workers must maintain 5m safety distance from any operating Operator, Worker
plant
- Proper PPE must be wear on site

2.2.5 - The ground condition must be checked and verified before 1 4 4 low Project manager,
entering of plant Site engineer,
- Steel plate should be placed under crane before operating Site supervisor,
- Induction, training and supervision Operator
2.2.6 - Check the weather forecast for any strong wind warning daily 1 4 4 low Project manager,
before Site supervisor
construction proceeds
- Stop work where necessary

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3.1.1 - Ensure the accessing site road is cleared to the appropriate width 1 3 3 low Site supervisor,
for the truck to access Signalman,
- Signalman to control traffic on site Operator

3.2.1 - Ensure the module is wrapped properly with plastics 1 3 3 low Site supervisor,
- No objects of timber or steel are pointing out Supplier, Worker

3.3.1 - Dispose area must be prepared 2 2 4 low Project manager,

- Correct manual handling technique Site supervisor
- Housekeeping and cleaning after work Worker

3.4.1 - Strength test to be done for the slings before using 1 4 4 Low Project manager,
- Checking any cracks on the slings before using Site engineer,
- Handling of equipment according to the instructions Site supervisor,
- Correct manual handling techniques Signalman,
- Induction, training and supervision Operator,
- Ensure the quality and grade of chain used before proceeding Worker
- Safety barriers placed within 5m of the operating plant
- Ensure no people walk under the lifted modular
- Proper PPE must be wear on site

4.1.1 - Handling of equipment according to the instructions 1 2 2 low Site engineer,

- Correct manual handling techniques Site supervisor,
- Induction, training and supervision Signalman,
- Safety barriers placed within 5m of the operating plant Operator,
- Ensure no people walk under the lifted modular Worker
- Proper PPE must be wear on site

4.2.1 - Handling of equipment according to instructions 1 2 2 low Site engineer,

- Correct manual handling technique Site supervisor,
- Induction, training and supervision Worker
- Proper PPE must be wear on site

48
4.2.2 - Handling of equipment according to instructions 1 2 2 low Site engineer,
- Correct manual handling technique Site supervisor,
- Induction, training and supervision Worker
- Proper PPE must be wear on site
4.2.3 - Check for any damaged wire before switching on any equipment 1 4 4 low Site engineer,
- Safety switches available on site Site supervisor,
- Handling of equipment according to instructions Worker
- Correct manual handling technique
- Induction, training and supervision
- Proper PPE must be wear on site

4.2.4 - Correct manual handling technique 2 2 4 low Site engineer,

- Induction, training and supervision Site supervisor,
- Eye protection such as safety goggle must we wear Worker
- Proper PPE must be wear

4.2.5 - Correct manual handling technique 2 2 4 low Site engineer,

- Induction, training and supervision Site supervisor,
- Hearing protection such as earplugs must be wear Worker
- Safe working period must be obeyed
- Proper PPE must be wear

4.3.1 - Safety barricades set up at high working space 1 4 4 Low Site supervisor,
- Safety harness must be wear and check by the second individual Worker
before carrying out work
- Ensure workers are covered with insurance
- Induction, training and supervision
- Proper PPE must be wear

4.3.2 - Each scaffolding props must be safely secured 1 4 4 Low Site engineer,
- Correct manual handling technique Site supervisor,
- Testing on stability done before using Worker

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4.3.3 - Provide a storage area 1 4 4 low Project manager,
- No scattering of tools are allowed at the site Site engineer,
- Screening net installed to scaffolding on-site Site supervisor,
- Disposing of materials from the high ground using crane or Worker
disposing tunnels
- Proper PPE must be wear

5.1.1 - Safety harness must be wear and check by the second individual 1 4 4 low Site supervisor,
before carrying out work Worker
- Ensure workers are covered with insurance
- Induction, training and supervision
- Proper PPE must be wear
5.2.1 - Proper PPE must be wear 1 2 2 low Site supervisor,
Worker
Table 11 Safe Work Method Statement

50
8.0 References

Ecoliv. 2020. “Sustainable Modular Homes”. The Eco Design Range.

Habitech. 2020. “Arcus Pavilion”. Habitech Systems Pty Ltd.

https://www.habitechsystems.com.au/arcus-pavilion

IBuild. 2020. “IBUILD Modular Products Indicative Price”. IBuild Buildin Solutions
https://i-build.com.au/wp-content/uploads/pdf/modularhomes/iBUILD%20Modular%20Products%
20Price%20List%20with%20Assembly%20Cost%20Estimate%202018-11-21%20for%20web.pdf

Institution of Civil Engineering. 2012. CESMM 4: Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement

Kevin Druley. 2018. “The Hierarchy of Controls”. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Paula Pant. 2020. “How Much you Should Budget for Home Maintenance”. The Balance.

Safeworkasutralia. 2014. “General Guide for Scaffolds and Scaffolding Work”.

https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1703/scaffolds-scaffolding-work-
general-guide.pdf

Safeworkaustralia 2012. “ Guide for Major Hazard Facilities.” Safety Assessment

https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/safety_assessment.pdf

Safeworkaustralia. 2018. “How to manage work health and safety risks”.

https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1901/code_of_practice_how_to_
manage_work_health_and_safety_risks_1.pdf

Whyte A. 2014. “Integrated Design and Cost Management for Civil Engineers”. CRC Press

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