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2.065/2.066 Acoustics and Sensing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The document discusses acoustic intensity and sound pressure level. It defines intensity as power per unit area and explains how intensity and sound pressure level are related. It also discusses decibels and reference pressures used to measure sound in water and air. Source level, transmission loss, and the simple sonar equation are introduced to relate the sound intensity from an omnidirectional point source to sound pressure level over distance.

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Kurran Singh
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128 views

2.065/2.066 Acoustics and Sensing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The document discusses acoustic intensity and sound pressure level. It defines intensity as power per unit area and explains how intensity and sound pressure level are related. It also discusses decibels and reference pressures used to measure sound in water and air. Source level, transmission loss, and the simple sonar equation are introduced to relate the sound intensity from an omnidirectional point source to sound pressure level over distance.

Uploaded by

Kurran Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.065/2.

066 Acoustics and Sensing


Lecture 4

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Professor Nicholas Makris

*
Acoustic Intensity
◮ Acoustic Intensity
Power
~ = ℜ{p~u∗ } |Intensity| =
hIi Area
~ ~
Power = Force · Velocity
◮ Power and Intensity
ZZ Note:
W = ~ · dS
hIi ~ Power = rate of change of work over time

◮ Light Bulb - omnidirectional

W = I1 S1 = I2 S2
S1 = 4πr12
S2 = 4πr22
W W
W W = IS ⇒ I= S
= 4πr 2
Source |hI~1 i| =
S1
W
|hI~2 i| =
S2
Omni-directional Point Source
   ∗   ∗ 
~ p j pp j
hIi = ℜ p 1+ îr = ℜ 1− îr
ρ0 c kr ρ0 c kr
 2   
|p| j |p|2 j |p|2
=ℜ 1− îr = ℜ 1− îr = îr
ρ0 c kr ρ0 c kr ρ0 c
ZZ
W = ~ · dS
hIi ~
ZZ
|p|2 ~ A
= îr · dS, p = ej(kr−ωt) (for point source)
ρ0 c r
ZZ 2
A
= r 2 dΩ, dΩ = sin θdθdφ
ρ0 cr 2
4πA2
=
ρ0 c

4πA2
Power from a point source W = ρ0 c
Decibels (dB)

Sound Pressure Level


  log10 10a = a log10 10 = a
|p|2
Lp = 10 log 10 dB re pref log10 y a = a log10 y
|pref |2
|p|2 |p|2
|pref |2
Lp Lp
|pref |2
1 0 20 13
2 3 30 15
3 5 100 20
4 6 800 29
5 7 1000 30
6 8 e ∼ 4.343
8 9 ∼ 1.26 1
9 10 ∼ 1.12 0.5
10 10
Intensity

For point source and plane


wave:
|p|2
I∼
ρ0 c

Weber-Fechner Law
S - human sensitivity to stimulus
I - received intensity

dI
dS = = const.
Z I Z
1
dS = dI
I
S = ln I + constant
(Optics Letters 95)
Reference Pressure
What is pref ?
In Water: pref = 1 µPa = 10−6 Pa
In Air: pref = 20 µPa = 2 × 10−5 Pa

bars = B micro bars = µB


1 µB = 0.1 Pa = 105 µPa
2
p 2 p 1 µB
1 µPa = 1 µB · 1 µPa


p 2
y dB re 1 µPa = 10 log
1 µPa
 
p 2 1 µB 2
= 10 log + 10 log
1 µB 1 µPa
= z dB re 1 µB + 10 log(105 )2
= z dB re 1 µB + 100 dB
Simple Sonar Equation
(free space, omni-directional point source)
 
2
Sound Pressure Level Lp = 10 log ppref dB re pref

Omni-directional point source in free space


A j(kr−ωt) 2
p= re ⇒ |p|2 = Ar2 Typically, rref = 1 m
 2   2   2 
r
Lp = 10 log r2Ap2 = 10 log r2Ap2 + 10 log rref2 dB re pref
ref ref ref

Source Level
 2 
LS = 10 log r2Ap2 dB re rref and pref
ref ref
 
r2
Transmission Loss H = 10 log 2
rref
dB re rref

Simple Sonar Equation Lp = LS − H


Power Level
(free space, omni-directional point source)

Omni-directional point source:


|p|2

A2
I= ρ0 c = r 2 ρ0 c
 Power for omni-directional
 4πA2
⇒ W = point source

 ρ0 c
W W
I= Area = 4πr 2

 
W
Power Level LW = 10 log Wref dB re Wref

Typically, Wref = 1 Watt


Relationship between Power Level and Source Level

 
W
LW = 10 log dB re Wref
Wref
 
4πA2
= 10 log dB re Wref
ρ0 cWref
   2 2 
A2 pref rref 4π
= 10 log 2 p2 + 10 log dB re Wref
rref ref Wref ρ0 c
| {z } | {z }
LS depends on pref , ρ0 and c,
which differ across different
fluid media

LW = LS − 171 dB re 1 Watt
Water:
LS = LW + 171 dB re 1 m and 1 µPa
LW = LS − 108 dB re 1 Watt
Air:
LS = LW + 108 dB re 1 m and 20 µPa

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