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2.065/2.066 Acoustics and Sensing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

This document discusses the inhomogeneous wave equation and Helmholtz equation for modeling acoustic wave propagation with sources. It presents the equations for continuity, momentum, and state relating pressure, density, velocity, and sources. Time-harmonic solutions are derived for the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation. Free space Green's functions are introduced to solve for pressure fields from distributed sources. Impedance relations are defined for an omnidirectional point source. Acoustic intensity is also defined.

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Kurran Singh
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49 views8 pages

2.065/2.066 Acoustics and Sensing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

This document discusses the inhomogeneous wave equation and Helmholtz equation for modeling acoustic wave propagation with sources. It presents the equations for continuity, momentum, and state relating pressure, density, velocity, and sources. Time-harmonic solutions are derived for the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation. Free space Green's functions are introduced to solve for pressure fields from distributed sources. Impedance relations are defined for an omnidirectional point source. Acoustic intensity is also defined.

Uploaded by

Kurran Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.065/2.

066 Acoustics and Sensing


Lecture 4

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Professor Nicholas Makris

*
Inhomogeneous Wave Equation
with mass flow and body force

Continuity equation
∂ρ1 Mass flow
∂t + ρ0 ∇ · ~u = q(~r, t) Volume

Momentum equation

ρ0 ∂~
u
∂t
+ ∇p = F~ Force
Volume

State equation
1
ρ1 = c2 p

The wave equation now becomes

∇2 p(~r, t) − 1 ∂2
c2 ∂t2
p(~r, t) = − ∂q(~
r ,t)
∂t
+ ∇ · F~
Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation
Time harmonic inhomogeneous wave equation

Inhomogeneous wave equation with monopole source


distribution
1 ∂2
∇2 p(~r, t) − c2 ∂t2
p(~r, t) = − ∂q(~
r ,t)
∂t
≡ −s(~r, t)

Assume Time harmonic source and acoustic pressure

p (~r, t) ≡ Pf (~r) e−j2πf t and s (~r, t) ≡ Sf (~r) e−j2πf t

Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation

2πf
∇2Pf (~r) + k 2 Pf (~r) = −Sf (~r), where k ≡ c
Free Space Green function

Assume a point source in free space

Sf (~r) ≡ δ(~r − ~r0 ), where ~r0 is the point source position

The Helmholtz equation with a point source at ~r0 is


2πf
∇2 Pf (~r) + k2 Pf (~r) = −δ(~r − ~r0 ), where k≡
c

The solution is the Free Space Green Function which is the


spatial impulse response.
1
Pf (~r) = G(~r | ~r0 ) = 4πR
ejkR , where R ≡ |~r − ~r0 |

Reciprocity: G(~r | ~r0 ) = G(~r0 | ~r)


Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation Solution
Solution of Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation in Free Space with general source
distribution

~r: receiver position


~r0 : source position
V0 : Volume where source
function is nonzero(Sf (~r0 ) 6= 0)

Inhomogeneous Helmholtz Equation

∇2 Pf (~r) + k2 Pf (~r) = −Sf (~r)

Solution:
ZZZ
Pf (~r) = Sf (~r0 )G(~r |~r0 )dV0
Convolution with spatial impulse
response V0
Impedance Relations for an Omnidirectional
Point Source in Free Space
Assume a source radiating from the origin at single
angular frequency ω ≡ 2πf with amplitude A only radial component

ej(kr−ωt)
p(~r, t) = A
r
1st order momentum equation Source

∂~u ∂ur ∂p
ρ0 = −∇p ⇒ ρ0 =− where ~u = ur îr
∂t ∂t ∂r
» – » – » –
∂p jk jkr 1 A 1 −jωt 1
=A e − 2 ejkr e−jωt = ejkr jk − e = p jk −
∂r r r r r r

Since p is at frequency f , then ur ∼ e−jωt by linearity (time harmonic)


∂ur (~r, t)
= −jωur (~r, t)
∂t

p(~r,t)  j
 Impedance relation for
ur (~r, t) = ρ0 c 1+ kr omni-directional point source
Impedance Relations for an Omnidirectional
Point Source in Free Space

Source
Plane Wave

Limiting cases:
1. r ≪ λ or kr ≪ 1 2. r ≫ λ or kr ≫ 1
p(~r, t) j p(~r, t)
ur (~r, t) ≈ ur (~r, t) ≈
ρ0 c kr ρ0 c
Acoustic Intensity
◮ Acoustic Intensity
Power
~ = ℜ{p~u∗ } |Intensity| =
hIi Area
~ ~
Power = Force · Velocity
◮ Power and Intensity
ZZ Note:
W = ~ · dS
hIi ~ Power = rate of change of work over time

◮ Light Bulb - omnidirectional

W = I1 S1 = I2 S2
S1 = 4πr12
S2 = 4πr22
W W
W W = IS ⇒ I= S
= 4πr 2
Source |hI~1 i| =
S1
W
|hI~2 i| =
S2

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