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2.065/2.066 Acoustics and Sensing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The document discusses sound waves in fluids and how to characterize them. It introduces key concepts like: 1) Bulk modulus, which relates the change in pressure of a fluid to the relative change in volume. 2) Volumetric strain, which is the relative change in volume of a fluid particle. 3) The relationship between bulk modulus, density, and sound speed in a fluid. 4) How sound speed varies with temperature, salinity, and pressure in water. 5) The concept of acoustic impedance, which is the ratio of pressure to velocity in a plane sound wave.

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Kurran Singh
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151 views

2.065/2.066 Acoustics and Sensing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The document discusses sound waves in fluids and how to characterize them. It introduces key concepts like: 1) Bulk modulus, which relates the change in pressure of a fluid to the relative change in volume. 2) Volumetric strain, which is the relative change in volume of a fluid particle. 3) The relationship between bulk modulus, density, and sound speed in a fluid. 4) How sound speed varies with temperature, salinity, and pressure in water. 5) The concept of acoustic impedance, which is the ratio of pressure to velocity in a plane sound wave.

Uploaded by

Kurran Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.065/2.

066 Acoustics and Sensing


Lecture 3

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Professor Nicholas Makris

*
The Springiness of a Fluid
Free-Body Diagram

Newton’s Law

ma = F = −ky
Note: L is the unstretched length
mÿ = −ky

)
ky
Change in pressure: ∆p = maA =−A kL ∆V
y ⇒ ∆p = − = −Bǫ
Change in volume: ∆VV = L
A V

kL ∆V
where B = A is the bulk modulus, ǫ ≡ V is the volumetic strain
The Springiness of a Fluid

◮ Bulk Modulus
∆V
∆p = −B = −Bǫ
V
◮ Compressibility
κ∆p = −ǫ
◮ Volumetric Strain
∆V ~
ǫ≡ =∇·L
V
◮ Displacement Vector of Fluid Particle

~ r, t) = Lx îx + Ly îy + Lz îz


L(~

~= ∂ ∂ ∂
∇·L Lx + Ly + Lz ≡ Volumetric Strain
∂x ∂y ∂z
Sound Speed in Terms of Springiness of the Medium
◮ First order equation of state:
)
∆p = p1 = c2 ρ1 ~
⇒ c2 ρ1 = −B∇ · L
∆p = −B ∆V ~
V = −Bǫ = −B∇ · L

◮ Time derivative:

∂ρ1 ~
∂L
c2 = −B∇ · = −B∇ · ~u1 (1)
∂t ∂t
◮ First order continuity:
∂ρ1
= −ρ0 ∇ · ~u1 (2)
∂t

Multiply (2) by c2 and equate it with (1) ⇒ B = ρ0c2


Sound Speed in Isentropic Gases (Air)
cp
pV γ =constant γ= cv

dpV γ + pγV γ−1 dV = 0


dV dV dV
⇒ dp = −pγ = −B from last slide: dp = −B
V V V
⇒ B ≈ p0 γ
s r
B p0 γ
c= =
ρ0 ρ0

For air, γ ≈ 1.4, p0 = 105 Pa, ρ0 = 1.2kg/m3

cair ≈ 340 m/s


Sound Speed in Water

For water, B ≈ 2.25 × 109 Pa, ρ0 = 1000 kg/m3 , at 4◦ C

B = ρ0 c2 ⇒ c ≈ 1500 m/s

Note: c is a complicated function of temperature, salinity and


pressure.
We will only consider linear acoustic waves from
now on and so for convenience will use p = p1 and
u = u1 .
What is the sound of one hand clapping?
Consider 1-D plane waves in a tube

Suppose the velocity of the piston oscillating about x = 0 is u(t).


◮ What is p(x, t)?
Plane Wave Impedance: Ratio of Pressure to Velocity
Plane wave:
~ ω
p(~r, t) = Aej(k·~r−ωt) = Aej(kîk ·~r−ωt) = Aej( c îk ·~r−ωt)
ω ω
= Aej( c R−ωt) = Aej c (R−ct) = Aejk(R−ct)
Plane wave in the direction of wave propagation:
Assuming positive x direction,
p(~r, t) = p(x − ct) s ≡ x − ct
st
1 order Momentum equation (Newton’s law) :

ρ0 ∂~
u
∂t = −∇p
∂p
⇒ ρ0 ∂u
∂t = − ∂x where ~u = uîx
∂p(s) ∂s ∂p(s)
∂p
∂x = ∂s ∂x = ∂s = − 1c ∂p(s) ∂s 1 ∂p
∂s ∂t = − c ∂t

1 ∂p
⇒ ρ0 ∂u
∂t = c ∂t ⇒ p(R − ct) = ρ0 cu(R − ct)
p
ρ0 c = ≡ Acoustic impedance for positive traveling plane wave
u
Plane Waves in a 1-D Pipe

Suppose the velocity of the piston oscillating about x = 0 is u(t).


◮ What is p(x, t)?

x
p(x, t) = ρ0 cu(t − t0 ), t0 =
c
◮ How much pressure do you get for your velocity?

Impedance for air: ρa ca = 1 kg/m3 × 300 m/s


Impedance for water: ρw cw = 1000 kg/m3 × 1500 m/s

Impedance ratio: water ≈ 5000


air
1-D Tube Sinusoidal Plane Wave

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