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Operating System Chapter 3

The document discusses process control blocks (PCBs) and scheduling in operating systems. 1) A PCB contains process state information, program counter, registers, priority, memory values, accounting information, and I/O resources allocated. 2) Schedulers select processes for the CPU from ready queues - the short-term scheduler selects from ready processes, the medium-term scheduler sometimes removes processes from memory, and the long-term scheduler loads new processes into memory from disk.

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Ankon Gopal Banik
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

Operating System Chapter 3

The document discusses process control blocks (PCBs) and scheduling in operating systems. 1) A PCB contains process state information, program counter, registers, priority, memory values, accounting information, and I/O resources allocated. 2) Schedulers select processes for the CPU from ready queues - the short-term scheduler selects from ready processes, the medium-term scheduler sometimes removes processes from memory, and the long-term scheduler loads new processes into memory from disk.

Uploaded by

Ankon Gopal Banik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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01

02
03

04
05
Schedule/Dispatch

Completion
New Ready Run Terminated
Priority/Time quantum

Resume
I/O completion
Suspend

Wait/Block
Suspend Ready
Resume Suspend

I/O completed but still in suspend Suspend Wait


01 The state may be new, ready, running, waiting, halted, and so on.

The counter indicates the address of the next instruction to


02 be executed for this process.

The registers vary in number and type, depending on


the computer architecture. They include accumulators,
03 index registers, stack pointers, and general-purpose
registers, plus any condition-code information. .

PCB
This information includes a process priority,
PCB 04 pointers to scheduling queues, and any other
scheduling parameters.
This information may include such information as the
value of the base and limit registers, the page tables,
Highlights 05 or the segment tables, depending on the memory
system used by the operating system.

This information includes the amount of CPU and


06 real time used, time limits, account members, job
or process numbers, and so on.

This information includes the list of I/O devices allocated to the process,
07 a list of open files, and so on. In brief, the PCB simply serves as the
repository for any information that may vary from process to process.
Swap in Partially executed Swap out

swapped-out processes

Ready queue CPU end

I/O I/O queue I/O queue

Time slice expired

Child
Fork a child
executes

Interrupt Wait for an


occurs interrupt
The short-term scheduler, or CPU scheduler,
selects from among the processes that are
ready to execute and allocates the CPU to
one of them.

1
2 The key idea behind a medium-term scheduler is that
sometimes it can be advantageous to remove
processes from memory (and from active contention

3
for the CPU) and thus reduce the degree of
multiprogramming.

The long-term scheduler, or job scheduler, selects


processes from this pool and loads them into
memory for execution.
1

Your Text Here

2
process Po operating system process P1
Interrupt or system call
executing

Save into PCBo


.
. idle
.
Save into PCB1
Interrupt or system call executing
idle

Save into PCB1


.
.
. idle

Save into PCBo


executing

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