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Accumulator

An accumulator is a type of register in a CPU that temporarily stores intermediate values during calculations. For example, in calculating 3 + 4 + 5, the accumulator would hold the values 3, then 7, then 12. Modern CPUs have replaced accumulators with general purpose registers for more flexibility, but accumulators may still be used in some specialized processors.

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407 views3 pages

Accumulator

An accumulator is a type of register in a CPU that temporarily stores intermediate values during calculations. For example, in calculating 3 + 4 + 5, the accumulator would hold the values 3, then 7, then 12. Modern CPUs have replaced accumulators with general purpose registers for more flexibility, but accumulators may still be used in some specialized processors.

Uploaded by

aadi1988
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Accumulator

An accumulator is a type of register included in a CPU. It acts as


a temporary storage location which holds an intermediate value in
mathematical and logical calculations. Intermediate results of an
operation are progressively written to the accumulator, overwriting
the previous value. For example, in the operation "3 + 4 + 5," the
accumulator would hold the value 3, then the value 7, then the
value 12. The benefit of an accumulator is that it does not need to
be explicitly referenced, which conserves data in the operation
statement.
In modern CPUs, accumulators are replaced by general-purpose
registers because they offer more flexibility. However,
accumulators may still be in some special-purpose processors.

Computer perform task on the basis of instruction provided. An


instruction in computer comprises of groups called fields. These
field contains different information as for computers every thing is
in 0 and 1 so each field has different significance on the basis of
which a CPU decide what to perform. The most common fields
are:
 Operation field which specifies the operation to be performed
like addition.
 Address field which contain the location of operand, i.e.,
register or memory location.
 Mode field which specifies how operand is to be founded.
An instruction is of various length depending upon the number of
addresses it contain. Generally CPU organization are of three
types on the basis of number of address fields:
1. Single Accumulator organization
2. General register organization
3. Stack organization
In first organization operation is done involving a special register
called accumulator. In second on multiple registers are used for
the computation purpose. In third organization the work on stack
basis operation due to which it does not contain any address field.
It is not necessary that only a single organization is applied a
blend of various organization is mostly what we see generally.

Instruction Cycle
An instruction cycle, also known as fetch-decode-execute
cycle is the basic operational process of a computer. This
process is repeated continuously by CPU from boot up to shut
down of computer.
Following are the steps that occur during an instruction cycle:

1. Fetch the Instruction


The instruction is fetched from memory address that is stored in
PC(Program Counter) and stored in the instruction register IR. At
the end of the fetch operation, PC is incremented by 1 and it then
points to the next instruction to be executed.

2. Decode the Instruction


The instruction in the IR is executed by the decoder.

3. Read the Effective Address


If the instruction has an indirect address, the effective address is
read from the memory. Otherwise operands are directly read in
case of immediate operand instruction.
4. Execute the Instruction
The Control Unit passes the information in the form of control
signals to the functional unit of CPU. The result generated is
stored in main memory or sent to an output device.
The cycle is then repeated by fetching the next instruction. Thus
in this way the instruction cycle is repeated continuously.

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