1.

The Living Word – Adaptation and Classification

Om mane-VII

Question:1
Find my match!

'A' Group 'B' Group

(1) Lotus (a) Flower and leaves attract insects
(2) Aloe (b) Haustorial roots for absorption of food
(3) Cuscuta (c) Adapted to live in deserts
(4) Venus flytrap (d) Adapted to live in water
Solution:
'A' Group 'B' Group
(1) Lotus (d) Adapted to live in water
(2) Aloe (c) Adapted to live in deserts
(3) Cuscuta (b) Haustorial roots for absorption of food
(4) Venus flytrap (a) Flower and leaves attract insects

Question:2
Read the paragraph and answer the following questions.
I am a penguin. I live in polar region covered by snow. My abdomen is white. My skin is thick with a layer of fat
underneath. My body is spindle-shaped. My wings are small. My toes are webbed. We live in flocks.
(a) Why is my skin white and thick and why is there a thick layer of fat underneath?
(b) Why do we live in flocks sticking close to each other?
(c) Which geographical region do I inhabit? Why?
(d) Which adaptations should you have to enable you to live permanently in the polar region? Why?
Solution:
a. Having black and white skin is a type of adaptation known as camouflaging. It is called counter-shading and
makes it harder for both the predators and the prey to see penguins from all sorts of angles. The white chest of
penguin protects them in the water by camouflaging them from being seen from below against the lighter sky
coming through the waters surface. Their black backs help them blend in with the darker, deeper ocean waters
below them, thus protecting them from their predators. They have thick layer of fat because it keeps them warm
under such extreme cold conditions.

b. We know that penguins live in the coldest regions of earth and in order to find warmth and solace they remain in
flocks with each other. In order to escape the extreme cold conditions, they nestle together to keep each other
warm.

c. Penguins are found in regions of Antarctica, South America, Africa and Australia. Many species can also be
found in New Zealand and the sub-Antarctic islands.

d. The following adaptations are required to survive in polar regions:

black and white skin with a thick layer of fat beneath it

skin should be covered with feathers
small body with small wings
presence of strong muscles in chest and wings

Question:3
Who is lying?
(a) Cockroach – I have five legs.
(b) Hen – My toes are webbed.
(c) Cactus – My fleshy, green part is a leaf.
Solution:
The cockroach is lying beacuse it has six legs and not five.
The cactus is also lying because its fleshy, green part is a stem and not a leaf.

Question:4
Read each of the following statements. Write a paragraph about adaptation with reference to each statement.
(a) There is extreme heat in deserts.
(b) Grasslands are lush green.
(c) Insects are found in large numbers.
(d) We hide.
(e) We have long ears.
Solution:
a. There is extreme heat in deserts and dry conditions prevail in this region. The animals and plants which are
found in this region have special modifications which help them to survive in such environment. For example,
cactus and acacia plants withstand hot and dry environment of the desert with the help of various modifications.
They have thick cuticle on their leaf surface and their stomata are arranged in deep pits to minimise water loss by
transpiration. They have special photosynthetic pathway, CAM in which stomata remains closed during day time.
Their leaves are reduced to spines to minimise water loss, and photosynthetic functions are performed by flattened
stems.
Similarly desert animals have adaptive features like- thick skin to prevent the loss of water, long legs with flat and
cushioned soles, long and thick eyelashes and nostrils which are protected by folds of skin.

b. Grasslands are lush green due to the presence of diverse types of bushes and grasses. Grasses are tall so that
animals like tiger, lion, elephant can remain hidden in them. Animals which are found in grasslands have
adaptations like strong legs to run fast and capture their prey, claws, sharp and pointed canine. The herbivores
which are found in this region have eyes below the forehead which gives them wide angle vision which protects
them from predators.

c. Insects are found in large numbers because they have developed mechanisms which help them to survive even
in harshest of environment. They are found in extreme conditions of deserts and Antartic region due to these
modifications. For example grasshopper have long, strong hind legs that help them jump, house flies have
sponging mouthparts to slurp up food, stinky bugs and walking sticks have the ability to camouflage.

​d. There are certain species which are able to hide themselves by blending their colour with that of the surrounding.
This adaptive mechanism is termed as camouflage and is a method to protect oneself from the predators and prey.
For example, grasshopper, lizards, butterflies, chameleon, frogs etc.

e. Animals with long ears are found in grasslands. It is an adaptive mechanism which enables them to receive
sounds from long distances and from different directions. Another important function of long ears is that they act as
a cooling system.
The large ears have thin skin and contain an extensive network of blood vessels that provide a large surface area
for heat exchange. These vessels swell when the animal is hot to allow the blood to cool and contract when
temperatures drop to conserve heat.

Question:5
Answer the following.
(a) Why is the camel called the 'Ship of the desert'?
(b) How can the plants like cactus and acacia live in deserts with scarce water?
(c) What is the inter-relationship between adaptations of organisms and their surroundings?
(d) How are organisms classified?
Solution:
a. Camel is called the "Ship of Desert" because it is the only means of transport found in deserts. The body of a
camel has undergone various modifications that help it to survive in the hot and dry conditions of the deserts.

Camels have very long legs that help them to walk in the sand and prevent the heat of the sand from reaching
their bodies.
They have a prominent back or hump. It stores food which helps it to survive without food in the deserts for
several days.
 Another important adaptation that helps the camel to survive in the desert is its ability to conserve water. They
do not sweat and excrete only small amounts of water through urine. The camel dung is dry and devoid of
water.
All this helps the camel to conserve water and enables them to live without water for several days.

b. Cactus and acacia plants withstand hot and dry environment of the desert with the help of various modifications.
They have thick cuticle on their leaf surface and their stomata are arranged in deep pits to minimise water loss by
transpiration. They have special photosynthetic pathway, CAM in which stomata remains closed during day time.
Their leaves are reduced to spines to minimise water loss and photosynthetic functions are performed by flattened
stems.

c. Adaptation is defined as the modification or change in the organism's body or behaviour that helps it to survive
in a particular environment. The environment in which an animal survives consists of many different things and
it must learn to adapt to each of these factors in order to survive. These factors can be in the form of climate, the
kinds of food plants that grow in it, other animals that may be predators or competitors etc. This fact is evident from
the following examples:

Cactus has thick cuticle on their leaf surface and their stomata are arranged in deep pits to minimise water
loss by transpiration. They have special photosynthetic pathway, CAM in which stomata remains closed
during day time. Their leaves are reduced to spines to minimise water loss, and photosynthetic functions are
performed by flattened stems.
Camels have very long legs that help it to walk in the sand and prevent the heat of the sand from reaching
their bodies. The camel has a prominent back or hump. It stores food which helps it to survive without food in
the deserts for several days.

d. The hierarchy of classification was developed by Carolus Linnaeus. It refers to the organisation or classification
of organisms in the order of rank or importance. According to this system, kingdom is the highest rank. It is divided
into phyla or divisions, which are further subdivided into classes. Further divisions
include order, family, genus and species, in that order. Thus, species is the basic unit of classification.
 2. Plants – Structure and Function

Question:1
Give examples of 3 plants that have :
(a) spiny fruits
(b) spiny stem
(c) red flowers
(d) yellow flowers
(e) leaves which close at night
(f) single-seeded fruits
(g) many-seeded fruits
Solution:
(a) spiny fruits- jackfruit, breadfruit and custard apple
(b) spiny stem- cactus, acacia and aloe vera
(c) red flowers- rose, hibiscus and carnations
(d) yellow flowers- marigold, sunflower and daffodil
(e) leaves which close at night- acacia, mimosa and albizia
(f) single-seeded fruits- mango, plum, cherries
(g) many-seeded fruits- watermelon, apple and kiwi

Question:2
Observe any one flower and its various parts and describe it in your own words.
Solution:

They different parts of a flower are:

1. Androecium (male reproductive organ) - The androecium consists of whorls of stamen. The stamen consists of
the filament (long and slender stalk) and anther (bilobed structure). A typical anther is bilobed, which contains the
pollen grains.

2. Gynoecium (female reproductive organ) − Gynoecium represents the female reproductive part made up of
carpels. Carpel is made up of:

Style − It connects stigma to the ovary.

Stigma − It acts as a receptacle for the pollen grains.
Ovary − It is the enlarged basal part on which style lies. Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to
cushion-like placenta. After fertilisation, ovules develop into seeds and ovary into fruit.

3. Calyx (accessory organ bearing sepals) − Calyx refers to the sepals.They are green in colour. They protect the
plant in bud stage and also attract the insects for pollination.

4.Corolla (accessory organ bearing petals) − Corolla refers to the brightly coloured whorl of a flower. Individual unit
of corolla is petals.Petals protect the inner essential organs (i.e., stamens and carpels) and attract pollinators since
they are brightly coloured.​

Question:3
What are the similarities and differences between ?
(a) jowar and moong
(b) onion and coriander
(c) leaves of banana and mango
(d) coconut tree and jowar stalk plant
Solution:
a.
Jowar Moong

1. It is a type of monocot
It is a type of dicot plant.
plant.

2. It has fibrous root system. It has tap root system.

3. The leaves of jowar plant The leaves of moong plant

show parallel venation. show reticulate venation.

Similarity: Both jowar and moong are annual plants.

b.
Onion Coriander

1. It is a type of monocot
It is a type of dicot plant.
plant.
2. It is a type of vegetable. It is a type of herb.

The edible part is leaf and

3. The edible part is a bulb.
stems.

Similarity: Both onion and coriander are annual plants.

​c .
Leaves of Banana Leaves of Mango

1. The leaves of banana are

Leaves of mango are short in
very long and have
size.
bifurcations on their edges.

2. It has parallel venation. It has reticulate venation.

Similarity: Both banana and coconut are perrenial plants.

d.
Coconut tree Jowar stalk plant

1. It can grow upto 15 - 23

It can grow upto 2 - 3 metres.
metres.

2. Leaves of coconut
Leaves of jowar stalk plants are
trees are arranged
arranged in opposite manner.
spirally.

Similarity: Both have fibrous roots.

Question:4
Explain the following images in your own words.
Solution:
Image A represents a seed and its cross section. The seed consists of seed coat, cotyledon and an embryo. A
seed coat is the outer covering of a seed. It is hard in nature and thus provide protection to the inner delicate parts
of a seed. This embryo is thick and swollen due to the presence of food reserves.

Image B represents a monocot and a dicot seed. A monocot seed is made up of a single cotyledon called
scutellum. It has a relatively small embryo which contains endosperm.

Question:5
Describe the functions of various parts of a plant.
Solution:

They different parts of a flower are:

Androecium

Gynoecium

Calyx (accessory organ bearing sepals)

Corolla (accessory organ bearing petals)

Calyx − Calyx refers to the sepals.They are green in colour. They protect the plant in bud stage and also attract the
insects for pollination.

Corolla − Corolla refers to the brightly coloured whorl of a flower. Individual unit of corolla is petals.Petals protect
the inner essential organs (i.e., stamens and carpels)andattract pollinators since they are brightly coloured.

Androecium (male reproductive organ) − The androecium consists of whorls of stamen. The stamen consists of
the filament (long and slender stalk) and anther (bilobed structure). A typical anther is bilobed, which contains the
pollen grains.

Gynoecium (female reproductive organ) − Gynoecium represents the female reproductive part made up of carpels.
Carpel is made up of:

Style − It connects stigma to the ovary.

Stigma − It acts as a receptacle for the pollen grains.

Ovary − It is the enlarged basal part on which style lies. Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to
cushion-like placenta. After fertilisation, ovules develop into seeds and ovary into fruit.

Question:6
Certain properties are mentioned be-low. Find a leaf corresponding to each property and describe those plants.
leaves with smooth surface, leaves with rough surface, fleshy leaf, spines on leaf.
Solution:
Fleshy leaves: Plants with fleshy leaves are called succulents and are usually found in areas like deserts. Their
leaves are green and fleshy becuase they store water in them which can be used under adverse conditions. For
example, opuntia.

Spines on leaf: Many plants have spines on their leaves. It is a way of protecting themselves from being eaten and
destroyed by animals. For example, Acacia and aloe vera.

Leaf with rough surface: Asperifolia is a type of plant which has rough leaves. It belongs to the category of shrubs.
Leaf with smooth surface: Salix caroliniana or commonly known as Southern Willow is a plant which has smooth
leaves. The simple smooth-edged narrow leaves are 2-4 m long, green above and whitish underneath.

Question:7
Find the plant parts.

r b u d x s r f
o w p y e t a 1
o l 1 d n e d o
t a o i 1 m i w
c n e t a 1 c e
a v o v u m l r
p e t a 1 s e o
r o o t h a i r
Solution:
 3. Properties of Natural Resources

Question:1
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term.
(Temperature, volume, mass, density, humidity, acidic, weight, neutral, shape.)
(a) The capacity of air to hold moisture depends upon the ........... of the air.
(b) Water does not have a ........... but has definite ........... and ........... .
(c) While freezing, the ........... of water is lowered.
(d) ........... soil has pH 7.
Solution:
(a) The capacity of air to hold moisture depends upon the temperature of the air.
(b) Water does not have a shape but has definite mass and volume.
(c) While freezing, the density of water is lowered.
(d) Neutral soil has pH 7.

Question:2
Why is it said that –
(a) Air is a homogeneous mixture of various gases.
(b) Water is a universal solvent.
(c) There is no alternative to water for cleaning purposes.
Solution:
a. Air is a homogeneous mixture of gases as it is primarily made up of nitrogen and oxygen. Its elements are not
readily separated or distinguished from one another.

b. Water is a very good solvent as it can dissolve almost every substance in it, therefore water is known as the
“universal solvent”.

c. There is no alternative to water for cleaning purposes beacuse it dissolves everything that is added to it. The
reason why it is called the universal solvent. The water dissolves all the dirt present in our clothes, the reason why
we soak our clothes in detergent and water prior to washing. Also, water has a neutral pH which means it does not
harm the object which has to be cleaned and also does not affect the skin.

Question:3
What will happen if....
(a) The amount of water vapour in the air increases.
(b) Only one crop is grown repeatedly
Solution:
a. The amount of water vapor in atmosphere determines the level of humidity. As the amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere increases so does the level of humidity. Higher humidity levels result in excessive sweating and this
sweat does not dry quickly leaving us feeling hot and sticky.

b. If only one crop is grown repeatedly in the soil, it loses its fertility and gets devoid of nutrients. For this reason
crop rotation is an important procedure, so that the fertility of the soil is retained and there is no loss of nutrients.
For example, after cultivation of wheat, the fertility of soil decreases and thus leguminuos crops like peanut, moong
etc. are cultivated after its harvest. These leguminous crops restore the fertility of soil.

Question:4
With whom should I pair up?

Group 'A' Group 'B'

(1) Air (a) Excretion
Scattering of
(2) Water (b)
light
(3) Soil (c) Plasticity

Solution:
Group 'A' Group 'B'
Scattering of
(1) Air (b)
light
(2) Water (a) Excretion
(3) Soil (c) Plasticity

Question:5
State whether the following statements are true or false.
(a) Sandy soil has low capacity for holding water.
(b) Sea water is a bad conductor of electricity.
(c) The substance in which a solute dissolves is called a solvent.
(d) The pressure exerted by air is called atmospheric pressure.
Solution:
(a) Sandy soil has low capacity for holding water.- False
(b) Sea water is a bad conductor of electricity.- False
(c) The substance in which a solute dissolves is called a solvent.- True
(d) The pressure exerted by air is called atmospheric pressure.- True

Question:6
Explain the picture in your own words.

Solution:
Image 'a' represents a crevice or crack which is filled with water wheras image 'b' represents a crevice which has
ice. It is evident from both the images that in image 'b', the width of the crevice increases as the water in the
crevice freezes. This is one of the properties of water due to which it expands upon freezing. This expansion in
water after freezing results in the widening of the crack in image 'b'.

Question:7
Write answers to the following questions in your own words.
(a) How is light scattered by the air?
(b) Explain the various properties of water.
(c) Why is the density of seawater more than that of rain water?
(d) What is the importance of good soil structure?
(e) What are the various uses of soil?
(f) What is the need and importance of soil testing from the point of view of farmers?
(g) What is the importance of air in transmission of sound?
(h) Why should a glass bottle completely filled with water never be kept in a freezer?
Solution:
a. Scattering is the phenomenon of change in direction of light rays when they travel through Earth's atmosphere.
Air is a mixture of gases, somke, dust and very fine particles. As the rays of light fall on these particles, these rays
are spread/scattered in all directions. It is a natural phenomenon which is observed on our daily basis.
b. Properties of water:

Water is a colourless, tasteless, and transparent liquid. It also has no smell.

Boiling point of pure water is 100°C at 760 mm of Hg pressure. However, boiling point of water increases due
to increase in pressure and presence of dissolved impurities.
Pure water freezes at 0°C at 760 mm of Hg pressure. However, freezing point of water decreases due to
increase in pressure and presence of dissolved impurities.
The state of water changes on heating or cooling. On heating, the state of water changes from liquid state to
gaseous state (vapour). Similarly, on cooling, the state of water changes from liquid state to solid state (ice).
Water is neither acidic nor basic. It is neutral.
Water is a bad conductor of heat and electricity.
Water is an universal solvent as it can dissolve many substances in it.

c. Sea water has more density than rain water because it contains salt ions. These salt ions make the seawater
heavier, which means the mass of the water increases due to the presence of salt ions. From the relation, density=
mass/volume, we can say that as the mass of an object increases, its density also increases simultaneously.

d. Soil stucture basically refers to the type of constituents and the ratio in which they are present in soil. The soil
structure is important with respect to the growth of plants and the type of plantation which can occur in a particular
area. Good soil structure has advantages like:

roots get sufficient supple of oxygen

it has good water drainage nad thus roots grow well

e. The following table represents the various types of soil:

Soil type Particle type Properties

Loosely packed, with large air spaces. Water

Sandy Large
soaks into it easily. Thus it is dry, light and airy

Tightly packed with no air spaces. This type of

Clayey Fine, small
soil is heavy and holds more water.

A mixture of large and small

Loamy/silt Holds water, contains humus.
particles

f. Soil testing is a method of determining the constituents of soil. A sample of soil is taken and is tested for its
various characteristics for example, ph and electrical conductivity. It is important with respect to agricultural
practices as it helps us in determining which crops can be grown in which region. It also gives us a knowledge
about the deficient nutrients and this deficiency can then accordingly be dealt with. It is also useful in determining,
if additional amounts of fertilizers are required.

g. Air acts as a medium for transmission of sound. When a sound wave passes through air, the particles of air
vibrate back and forth, parallel to the direction of the sound wave. Thus, when a sound wave travels in the
horizontal direction, then the particles of the medium also vibrate back and forth in the horizontal direction. Sound
cannot travel without a medium and thus we cannot listen to sounds in the space because of absence of air.

h. A glass bottle completely filled with water should not be kept in a freezer because the bottle can break and result
in damage. We know that water expands after freezing and if a completely water filled glass bottle is placed in
freezer, the water would freeze and would expand resulting in the bottle to break.
 4. Nutrition in Living Organism

Question:1
Classify according to food-type.
tiger, cow, vulture, bacteria, deer, goat, human, fungus, lion, sparrow, buffalo, frog, cockroach, tick.
Solution:
tiger- carnivore
cow- herbivore
vulture- scavenger
bacteria- decomposers
deer- herbivore
goat- herbivore
human- omnivore
fungus- decopmosers
lion- carnivores
sparrow- herbivore
buffalo- herbivore
frog- carnivore
cockroach- carnivore
tick- parasite

Question:2
Match the pairs.

Group 'A' Group 'B'

(1) Parasitic plant (a) Mushroom
Insectivorous
(2) (b) Lichen
plant
Saprophytic
(3) (c) Drosera
plant
Symbiotic
(4) (d) Cuscuta
plant
Solution:
Group 'A' Group 'B'
(1) Parasitic plant (d) Cuscuta
Insectivorous
(2) (c) Drosera
plant
Saprophytic
(3) (a) Mushroom
plant
Symbiotic
(4) (b) Lichen
plant

Question:3
Answer the following questions in your own words.
(a) Why do living organisms need nutrition ?
(b) Explain the process of production of food in plants.
(c) What is meant by parasitic plants ? Name their different types with examples of each.
(d) Explain the various steps of nutrition in animals.
(e) Name some unicellular organisms in which all life-processes take place within their unicellular body.
Solution:
a. Nutrition is the process of uptake of nutrients from food and utilizing them for various functions of the cells.
Nutrition is required for purposes like:
 supplying the energy required for doing work
for growth and development of the body
to fight diseases
to replace the damaged cells and repair tissues

b. Leaves are the food factories of plants. They are the sites where the synthesis of food occurs in plants. The
leaves of plants contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. This pigment captures the sun’s energy, which is used
to prepare food from carbon dioxide and water. The process of synthesis of food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and
water is known as photosynthesis. During the process of photosynthesis, the leaves containing chlorophyll convert
carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight. Carbohydrates, which are produced during
photosynthesis, are ultimately converted into starch to be stored in plants.This process can be represented in the
form of the following equation:

c. Cuscuta survives by growing on the body of another plant and deriving nutrients from this plant in the process.
This mode of nutrition is known as parasitic mode of nutrition. Cuscuta is known as a parasite as it depends on
another plant for its survival. The plant on which it grows is known as the host. Cuscuta can be seen around in the
form of yellow tubular structures growing on the stems of other plants. It is devoid of leaves. Another such example
of parasitic plants is Loranthus.

d. The various steps of nutrition in animals are:

Ingestion − The process of taking in of food into the body is called ingestion. Ingestion of food in humans is
done with the help of the buccal cavity.
Digestion − The process where conversion of food into soluble form occurs.
Absorption − The nutrients from the digested food are absorbed in the small intestine with the help of finger-
like projections called villi.
Assimilation − The absorbed nutrients are transported via the blood vessels to the different organs, to be
utilised for different life processes.
Egestion − The process of removal of faecal matter through the anus is called egestion.

e. The unicellular organisms in which all life processes take place within their body are- Amoeba, Paramoecium
and Euglena.

Question:4
Give reasons.
(a) Insectivorous plants are attractively coloured.
(b) Butterflies have a long tube-like proboscis.
Solution:
a. Insectivorous plants are attractively coloured so that they can attract insects and feed upon them. Insectivorous
plants grow in soil or water which are deficient in nitrogen compounds and in order to meet this deficiency, they
feed on insects.

b. Butterflies have a long tube like proboscis which is a straw-like structure which enables them to drink juices
and nectar. It is coiled-up like a garden hose when it is not in use.

Question:5
Prepare and complete the flowchart according to type of nutrition.
Solution:

Question:6
Think and answer.
(a) We prepare a variety of foodstuffs and dishes at home. Are we then autotrophic organisms ?
(b) Which organisms are greater in number - autotrophs or heterotrophs ? Why?
(c) The number of heterotrophs found in desert regions is smaller. However, they are found in greater numbers in the
sea. Why is this so ?
(d) What damage or harm do ectoparasitic and endoparasitic animals cause ?
(e) Why is plant food not produced in any other parts of the plant except the green ones ?
Solution:
a. By preparing variety of foodstuffs and dishes at home, we do not become autotrophic. Autotrophic is a term
which is used for organisms which can produce their own food. We humans depend on plants for our food and the
products which we get from them are used by us to make a variety of foodstuffs. Also, autotrophic organisms
contain chloroplast which is an absolute necessity to be classified as an autotroph and we do not possess any
such structures. So, we cannot be considered autotrophs.

b. Autotrophs are the organisms which are greater in number. It is because heterotrophs are dependant on
autotrophs to meet their food requirements. If heterotrophs exceed the number of autotrophs, then all the autotrophs
will vanish and so will be the heterotrophs. However, this is not the case because autotrophs are always more than
heterotrophs so that they can help in sustaining the heterotrophs.

c. The conditions in deserts are extremely difficult for survival of organisms. Not all kinds of organisms can survive
in such harsh climatic conditions, which means there are only few types of organisms which would be found in this
region. Since, there are not many kinds of plants and animals which are found in this region, heterotrophs would not
be able to survive and would die of starvation. That is why less heterotrophs are found in desert areas. However, in
case of a habitat like sea, there are plenty of organisms which are found in region ranging from aquatic plants, to
small fishes to big fishes. It is an environment which supports the survival of heterotrophs and thus more
heterotrophs are found in this region.
d. Parasitism is a type interaction in which one of the partners is benefited because it resides outside or inside the
body of the host and gets free accommodation and food while the host is affected due to loss of nutrients.
Ectoparasites and endoparasites devoid the host of its nutrition. Some of the parasites are known to cause
diseases like Ascaris/roundworm which is an endoparasite of intestine causes ascariasis. Another example is
of Wuchereria which causes elephantiasis or filariasis. It is an endoparasite which lives in lymphatic vessels of
lower limbs.
Lice or ticks which are found in humans and dogs respectively are examples of ectoparasites. They absorb the
nutrients from their host.

e. Plant food is produced by a special process known as photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis requires
specialised structures called chloroplasts and these structures are found only in green regions of plants. The green
colour of specific parts of plants is due to the presence of chlorophyll pigment present in these chloroplasts.
Structures in plants which do not contain chloroplast, do not appear green in colour and are not capable of
producing food.
 5. Food Safety

Question:1
Complete the following statements by using the correct option from those given below.
(Irradiation, dehydration, pasteurization, natural, chemical)
(a) Drying the food grains from farms under the hot sun is called .......... .
(b) Materials like milk are instantly cooled after heating up to a certain high temperature. This method of food
preservation is called .......... .
(c) Salt is a .......... type of food preservative.
(d) Vinegar is a .......... type of food preservative.
Solution:
(a) Drying the food grains from farms under the hot sun is called dehydration.
(b) Materials like milk are instantly cooled after heating up to a certain high temperature. This method of food
preservation is called pasteurization.
(c) Salt is a natural type of food preservative.
(d) Vinegar is a chemical type of food preservative.

Question:2
Answer the following questions in your own words.
(a) How is milk pasteurized?
(b) Why should we not consume adulterated food materials?
(c) What precautions do your parents take to keep foodstuffs safe?
(d) How does food spoilage occur? Which are the various factors spoiling the food?
(e) Which methods of food preservation would you use?
Solution:
a. Milk is pasteurised in order to kill any kind of harmful microorganism present in it and to increase its shelf life.
Pasteurisation is a process in which the milk is heated to a certain temperature for a fixed period of time and then
is quickly cooled. For example, it may be heated at 80oC for 15 minutes and then immediately cooled. This helps
to kill any kind of microorganism which is present in milk.

b. The process of substituting or concealing the quality of food, adding harmful or poisonous substances to food,
and misbranding or giving false labels to food is known as food adulteration. the adulterants which are added to
food products have harmful effects on our bodies. For example:

vegetable oil is adulterated with cheaper and non-edible oils such as argemone oil which causes dropsy,
which in turn leads to renal and cardiac failure.
pulses are mixed with kesari dal or with metanil yellow to improve the colour which can cause carcinogenic
disorder and it can also affect the nervous system.

We should be very careful in buying our food products and should be aware of our rights and actions which can be
taken against people who are involved in this crime.

c. Precautions which are taken to preserve foods:

1. Storing fruits and vegetables in proper storage, for example, fruits like bananana are not stored in refrigerator
while fruits like mangoes require refrigerator.
2. Storing grains, dals etc. in dry conditions and in air proof containers.
3. Making pickles and jams to increase their shelf life.

d. The undesirable or disagreeable change in the state of food which makes it unsuitable for human and animal
consumption is termed as food spoilage. Spoilage of food can be caused by various factors like:

Microorganisms: Growth of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi etc. can lead to spoilage of food.
Action of enzymes: Enzymes which are an inherent part of plant and animal tissue begin the decomposition
process after the death of plant or animal. For example, a bananana starts to ripen and then spoil if it is not
consumed on time.
Infestation by insects: Insects like cockroaches may infest the food stuff and make them unsuitable for
 consumption. There is possiblity of transmission of pathogens from these insects.
Wrong handling of products may also result in the spoilage of foodstuffs.
Overcooking is another such reason for spoilage of foods.

e. The following methods of food preservation can be used:

Preservation by common salt: Common salt is usually used to preserve meat and fish as it checks the growth
of bacteria in these foods. It is also used to preserve amla, raw mangoes, and tamarind.

Preservation by sugar: Sugar is usually used to preserve jam, jellies, and squashes. Sugar prevents spoiling
of food by reducing the moisture content of food, which inhibits the growth of bacteria in it.

Preservation by oil and vinegar: Oil and vinegar are used to preserve vegetables, fruits, fish, and meat. They
prevent food from getting spoilt as micro-organisms cannot grow in such an environment.

Question:3
What shall we do?
(a) There are vendors selling uncovered sweetmeats in open places in the market.
(b) A 'pani-puriwalla' is serving the pani puri with dirty hands.
(c) We have purchased a large quantity of fruits and vegetables.
(d) We need to protect foodstuffs from pests like rats, cockroaches, wall-lizards, etc.
Solution:
a. We should not eat food from vendors who sell uncovered foods. We should try to talk to him and convince him to
keep his food covered while selling it. Also, we should tell him the importance of clean and healthy food and how
these habits can help him to gain profit for his business.

b. If a pani puriwalla is serving the pani puri with dirty hands, then we should not consume it. We sholud insist him
to wash his hands and wear gloves while serving the pani puris.

c. If we have purchased large amounts of fruits and vegetables, then we need to store them properly. Some of the
fruits can be used to make juices, jams and jellies which would increase their shelf life and also make it easy to
store food. Vegetables can be cut and stored in deep freezers and then used as and when required. Some
vegetables can also be used in making pickles.

d. Foodstuffs can be protected from rats, cockroaches etc. by storing them in proper conditions and proper areas.
They should be stored in air tight containers and away from damp places which are the breeding places for these
organisms.

Question:4
Find the odd-man-out.
(a) salt, vinegar, citric acid, sodium benzoate
(b) lakhi dal, brick dust, metanyl yellow, turmeric powder
(c) banana, apple, guava, almond
(d) storing, freezing, settling, drying
Solution:
(a) salt, vinegar, citric acid, sodium benzoate- salt is the odd one out beacuse it is natural preservative while rest of
them are chemical preservatives.

(b) lakhi dal, brick dust, metanyl yellow, turmeric powder - turmeric powder is the odd one out because it is a type of
spice while the rest of the three are adulterants.

(c) banana, apple, guava, almond- almond is the odd one our because it is a dry fruit whereas the rest of the three
are fresh fruits..

(d) storing, freezing, settling, drying- settling is the odd one out because rest of the three are preservation methods.
Question:5
Complete the chart below.

S.No. Foodstuff Adulterant

1. ---------- Metanyl yellow

2. Black pepper ----------
3. ---------- Iron filings
4. Honey ----------
Solution:
S.No. Foodstuff Adulterant

1. Turmeric powder Metanyl yellow

2. Black pepper Papaya seeds
3. Rava Iron filings
4. Honey Sugar

Question:6
Explain why this happens and suggest possible remedies.
(a) Qualitative wastage of food.
(b) The cooked rice is underdone.
(c) The wheat that was bought is a bit moist.
(d) The taste of yoghurt is too sour/slightly bitter.
(e) Cut fruits have turned black.
Solution:
a. Wastage of food can either be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative wastage of food is caused by:

excessive use of preservatives

over cooking of food
washing vegetables after cutting them
using wrong methods of protecting food
mishandling of food products like fruits etc.

Qualitative wastage of food can be prevented by adopting steps like controlling the use of peservatives, taking
care while cooking food to prevent it from being overcooked or undercooked, using proper methods of storage etc.

b. If the cooked rice is underdone, it can be used to make some foodstuff in which it can be reused. For example,
underdone rice can be used to prepare kheer in which it can be cooked further with milk, or it can further be cooked
to make papads or something else which would avoid its wastage.

c. If the wheat which was brought was little moist, it could be dried under the sun to remove this moisture. It is
important to remove this moisture before grinding the wheat or storing it because it can act as a factor for the growth
of microorganisms leading to its spoilage.

d. The taste of yoghurt could turn a little sour because it has undergone too much fermentation. The first thing would
be to store this yoghurt in cold environment to stop further souring of the yoghurt. This yoghurt can then be used to
make sweet lassi or some other delicacy like sindhi curry.

e. Cut fruits turn black due to oxidation. Small amount of lemon juice should be applied to the surface of cut fruits
as it prevents the oxidation of the fruits.

Question:7
Give reasons.
1. Food remains safe at 5° Celsius.
2. Nowadays, food is served buffet style during large gatherings.
Solution:
a. Food remains safe at 5oC because this temperature prevents the growth of microorganisms. Microorganisms
usually require hot and humid places to grow whereas at this temperature they cannot grow and survive. Their
metabolic activities are inhibited at this temperature.

b. Nowadays, foods are served in buffet style during large gatherings to prevent the wastage of food. Every
indivisual can choose what to eat and how much to eat according to their wish and thus prevents the wastage of
food.
 6. Measurements of Physical Quantities

Question:1
Write answers to the following questions in your own words.
a
Why is the weight of the same object different on different planets?
b
What precautions will you take to make accurate measurements in day-to-day affairs?
c
What is the difference between mass and weight?
Solution:
a
Weight of an object, W is given as
W = mg

where, m = mass of the object and g = acceleration due to gravity of a place

We know that acceleration due to gravity is different at different planets. Hence, the weight of same object differs
on different planets.

b
Precautions to be take to make accurate measurements in day-to-day affairs are

The device used for measurement should be appropriate and properly working.
The device should be used properly.
It should be checked that the device in use should have stamp of standardization by the department of
weights and measure.
3-4 readings should be taken for achieving accuracy in measurement

S. Mass Weight
No.

Weight is the force exerted on a body

Mass is the amount of
due to the gravitational pull of another
1. matter contained in a
body such as Earth, the sun and the
body.
moon.

Mass is an intrinsic Weight is an extrinsic property of a

2.
property of a body. body.

The mass of a body

The weight of a body depends on the
remains the same
3. local acceleration due to gravity where it
everywhere in the
is placed.
universe.

The mass of a body

4. The weight of a body can be zero.
cannot be zero.

The SI unit of mass is Since weight is a force, its SI unit is

5. kilogram kg newton N
. .

The mass of a body The weight of a body can be measured

can be measured using a spring balance and a weighing
6.
using a beam balance machine.
and a pan balance.
Question:2
Who is my companion ?
Group 'A' Group 'B'
1 a
Velocity litre
2 b
Area kilogram
3 c
Volume metre/second
4 d
Mass kilogram/cubic metre
5 e
density square metre
Solution:
Group 'A' Group 'B'
1 c
Velocity metre/second
2 e
Area square metre
3 a
Volume litre
4 b
Mass kilogram
5 d
Density kilogram/cubic metre

Question:3
Explain giving examples.
a
Scalar quantity
b
Vector quantity
Solution:
a
A quantity which has only magnitude and no direction is known as scalar quantity. Distance, work, speed, time,
energy, etc. are all scalar quantities. These quantities can be expressed completely by their magnitude alone.

b
A quantity which has magnitude as well as direction is known as vector quantity. Force, velocity, displacement,
etc. are all vector quantities. These quantities are expressed completely only when their directions are defined
along with their magnitude.

Question:4
Explain, giving examples, the errors that occur while making measurements.
Solution:
Various types of errors can occur while taking measurement. These are as follows:

Instrumental errors: These errors arise when the instrument used for measurement has become faulty. For
eg, ruler with rough and broken edge can cause instrumental error.
Observational errors: These errors arise when the reading in the instrument is noted incorrectly. These can
also arise if the instrument is used in incorrect method. For example, if the tip of pencil does not coincide with
zero of the scale, then we will get error in measurement of length of pencil.
Theoretical errors: These are caused by simplification of the model system. For example, a theory states that
the temperature of the system surrounding will not change the readings taken when it actually does, then this
factor will begin a source of error in measurement.
 Environmental errors: These errors arises due to the instruments working getting affected due to some
environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, etc.

Question:5
Give reasons.
a
It is not proper to measure quantities by using body parts as units.
b
It is necessary to get the weights and measures standardized at regular intervals.
Solution:
a
It is not proper to measure quantities by using body parts as units because these are not reliable and unique.
These units of measurement vary from person to person.

b
Because of difference in physical conditions from place to place, the reference chosen as units for weights and
measures varies. So, it becomes necessary to get the weights and measures standardized at regular intervals.

Question:6
Explain the need for accurate measurement and the devices to be used for that.
Solution:
We need not be very accurate every time we take a measurement. The degree of accuracy in measurements vary
according to the situations. For example,

when someone asks about the time of the day, we do not have to be specific up to the seconds of time,
because there is no need to be that accurate in the given situation. On the other hand, for laboratory purposes
or for scientific experiments, we have to measure the time even up to milliseconds accurately.
while measuring mass of precious substances, such as gold, silver, etc., we need to be accurate in our
measurement.
in competitions and events, a difference of second can make you lose or win the game. Thus, accurate time
measurement in such cases is very important.
shopping in our day to day life, like for groceries, milk, flour etc. requires lot of alertness at our part so that we
do not get cheated. We should always check whether the measurement is done properly or not by the vendors
selling these products.

The devices used for accurate measurement are:

For time measurement, stop watch can be an accurate device

For mass measurement, electronic balance can be an accurate device.
For length measurement, ruler or measuring tape can be the accurate devices.
For temperature measurement, thermometers can be an accurate device.
 7. Motion Force and Work

Question:1
Fill in the blanks with the proper words from the brackets.
stationary, zero, changing, constant, displacement, velocity, speed, acceleration, stationarybutnotzero, increases

a
If a body traverses a distance in direct proportion to the time, the speed of the body is ............... .
b
If a body is moving with a constant velocity its acceleration is .......... .
c
.............. is a scalar quantity.
d
............. is the distance traversed by a body in a particular direction in unit time.
Solution:
a
If a body traverses a distance in direct proportion to the time, the speed of the body is constant.
b
If a body is moving with a constant velocity its acceleration is zero.
c
Speed is a scalar quantity.
d
Velocity is the distance traversed by a body in a particular direction in unit time.

Question:2
Observe the figure and answer the questions.

Sachin and Sameer started on a motorbike from place A, took the turn at B, did a task at C, travelled by the route
CD to D and then went on to E. Altogether, they took one hour for this journey. Find out the actual distance
traversed by them and the displacement from A to E. From this, deduce their speed. What was their velocity from A
to E in the direction AE? Can this velocity be called average velocity?
Solution:
Actual distance travelled by Sachin and Sameer from A to E = AB + BC + CD + DE = 3 + 4 + 5 + 3 = 15 km
Displacement from A to E = AB + BD + DE = 3 + 3 + 3 = 9 km
Total dis tanc e trav elled from A to E 15
Speed of the motorbike from A to E = Total time tak en from A to E = 1 = 15 km/h

Total dis plac ement from A to E 9

Velocity of the motorbike from A to E = Total time tak en from A to E 1
= = 9 km/h

Yes, this can be called the average velocity of the motorbike from A to E.

Question:3
From the groups B and C, choose the proper words, for each of the words in group A.

A B C
Work Newton erg
Force Metre cm
Displacement Joule dyne
Solution:
A B C
Work Joule erg
Force Newton dyne
Displacement Metre cm

Question:4
A bird sitting on a wire, flies, circles around and comes back to its perch. Explain the total distance it traversed
during its flight and its eventual displacement.
Solution:
The total distance travelled by the bird during its flight = 2 ×
Distancebetweenthepointwherethebirdwassittingandthepointfromwhereittakesaturn

The eventual displacement of the bird is zero as it returns to its initial point i.e. where it was sitting.

Question:5
Explain the following concepts in your own words with everyday examples : force, work, displacement, velocity,
acceleration, distance.
Solution:

Force: It is any kind of push or pull on a body due to another body when the bodies interact with each other. It is a
vector quantity. For example, a person applies a force in the form of push or pull to open a door.

Work: It is defined as the work done by a force that causes a displacement in an object. It is a scalar quantity. For
example, a child does work when he drags a toy car on the ground.

Displacement: It is the shortest distance between the initial and final position of an object. It is a vector quantity.
For example, when we go to a mall for shopping from our house and then return to the house, the displacement
would be 0 as our initial position house
and final position house
is same.

Velocity: Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement. It is a vector quantity. For example, a car
running on a straight road has some velocity.

Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity is known as acceleration. It is a vector quantity. For example, if a car
is moving on a straight with variable speed, it will posses some acceleration. In case the speed of the car remains
same but the direction of car changes, then also the car would be accelerating.

Distance: It is the actual path length covered by an object during its motion. It is a scalar quantity. For example,
when we go to a mall for shopping from our house and then return to the house, the distance travelled by us would
be twice the distance between our house and the mall.

Question:6
A ball is rolling from A to D on a flat and smooth surface. Its speed is 2 cm/s. On reaching B, it was pushed
continuously up to C. On reaching D from C, its speed had become 4 cm/s. It took 2 seconds for it to go from B to
C. What is the acceleration of the ball as it goes from B to C?

Solution:
The acceleration of the ball between A to B is zero as the speed and direction of the ball is constant. After point B,
a force is applied. Thus, the ball will get accelerated.
 Change in v eloc ity from B to C 4-2
Acceleration of the ball from B to C = Time tak en for this c hange Acceleration of the ball from B to C = 2 = 1 m/s 2

Question:7
Solve the following problems.
a
A force of 1000 N was applied to stop a car that was moving with a constant velocity. The car stopped after moving
through 10 m. How much is the work done?
b
A cart with mass 20 kg went 50 m in a straight line on a plain and smooth road when a force of 2 N was applied to
it. How much work was done by the force?
Solution:
a
Work done by the force to stop the car = F × S = 1000 × 10 = 10000 J

b
Work done by the force = F × S = 2 × 50 = 100 J
 8. Static Electricity

Question:1
Choose the correct option and fill in the blanks.
(always repulsion, always attraction, displacement of negative charge, displacement of positive charge, atom,
molecule, steel, copper, plastic, inflated balloon, charged object, gold)

(a) There is ................ between like charges.

(b) ...................... is responsible for generation of electric charge in an object.
(c) A lightning conductor is made of a .................. strip.
(d) .................. does not get electrically charged easily by rubbing.
(e) There is ...................... when opposite electric charge come near each other.
(f) A ..................... can be detected with an electroscope.
Solution:
(a) There is always repulsion between like charges.
(b) Displacement of negative charge is responsible for generation of electric charge in an object.
(c) A lightning conductor is made of a copper strip.
(d) Copper/gold does not get electrically charged easily by rubbing.
(e) There is always attraction when opposite electric charge come near each other.
(f) A charged object can be detected with an electroscope.

Question:2
Explain why it is not safe to go out with an umbrella when there is heavy rain, lightning or thunder.
Solution:
Heavy rain and thundering is accompanied by lightning. Lightning is basically the discharge of huge amount of
electric charges from clouds towards the ground. These charges may pass through the metallic rod of the umbrella
to the person carrying it. Hence, the person might get severe electric shock and die. Thus, it is not advisable and
safe to go out with an umbrella when there is heavy rain, lightning or thunder.

Question:3
Answer in your own words.

(a) How will you protect yourself from lightning?

(b) How are charges generated?
(c) In the lightning conductor, what provision is made for spreading the electricity into the ground?
(d) Why do farmers stick an iron staff into the ground while working in the field in rainy conditions?
(e) Why is lightning not seen everyday during the rainy season?
Solution:
(a) ​Following are some safety measures to be followed to protect oneself from lightning:
If outdoor:
1. Avoid taking shelter under trees.
2. Avoid being near to any kind of metal objects which may include metal wires, fences, machinery and power
appliances.
3. Take shelter inside a fully enclosed car with all the windows shut.
If indoor:
1. Turn off all the electrical appliances such as television and refrigerator.

(b) Charges are generated in an object when the object loses or gains some electrons or when there is
displacement between the positive and negative charges of an object. Methods of generating charges are:

Rubbing: When two insulators are rubbed with each other, one of them loses electrons and the other gains
electrons. The one which gains electrons gets negatively charged and the other one gets positively charged.
Conduction: When a charged body is brought in contact with an uncharged conductor, the conductor gets
charged.
Induction: When a charged body is brought near to a neutral body say a conductor or an insulator, the
electrons and protons in the neutral body gets separated. Thus, the body acquires temporary charge as long
 as the charged body is kept near it.

(c) A pit is dug in the ground and is filled with coal and salt. A cast iron plate is placed upright in the pit and one
end of the lightning conductor is connected to this plate. Also, a provision of pouring water into the pit is made.
Thus, when the electric charges through the conductor is discharged into the pit, the water quickly spreads these
charges into the ground and prevents damages.

(d) In rainy conditions, there is very high chance of lightning striking the Earth. So, the farmer by putting an iron
staff into the ground while working in the field in rainy condition, makes sure that he and his crops remains safe in
case lightning occurs. This is because the iron staff will be more prone to lightning than the crops and his body
because of the iron staff being tall and metallic in nature. Thus, the electric charges from the clouds will flow to the
ground through the staff without affecting the plants in case of lightning during rainy weather.

(e) For lightning to happen, there must be some minimum amount of accumulation to happen in the clouds. So, it
might be possible that this limit is not achieved everyday during rainy season because of which lightning does not
occur everyday. Hence, we do not see lightning everyday during the rainy season.

Question:4
What are the characteristics of a static electric charge?
Solution:
The characteristics of a static electric charge are as follows:

Charges exist in two types i.e. positive and negative. Positive charge is generally carried by a proton and
negative charge by an electron.
Like charges always attract each other and unlike charges always repel each other.

Question:5
What is the damage caused by lightning? How will you create awareness to prevent it?
Solution:
Damage caused by lightning are:

A fire can start if the lightning strike makes contact with flammable material. These can include gas pipes,
wood, paper, etc.
If lightning follows electrical wiring, then the wires gets overheated which can cause a fire hazard.
Lightning can cause damage to walls, concrete, plaster and glass of a building. It can damage the electrical
appliances connected to damaged sockets.
Lightning can damage tall trees and crops. It can even lead to forest fire.
Lightning, if strikes on living beings, can take their lives.

These damages can be prevented if preventive guidelines against lightning is taught to each and every individual.
The preventive measures can be propagated to people using different mediums such as books, T.V., radio, etc.
Awareness programmes should be conducted in schools and societies to educate people and students about the
wrath of lightning and measures to fight it. Following are some safety measures which should be told and followed
by individuals when lightning strikes:
If outdoor:
1. Avoid taking shelter under trees.
2. Avoid being near to any kind of metal objects which may include metal wires, fences, machinery and power
appliances.
3. Take shelter inside a fully enclosed car with all the windows shut.
If indoor:
1. Turn off all the electrical appliances such as television and refrigerator.
 9. Heat

Question:1
Fill in the blanks with the proper word from the brackets.
(radiation, white, conduction, blue, convection, bad conductor, good conductor, black, reflection)

(a) Maximum heat is absorbed by a ................ coloured object.

(b) ...................... of heat does not require a medium.

(c) Conduction of heat takes place through a .......................... substance.

(d) The shining surface in a thermos flask decreases the outgoing heat by ......................... .

(e) Cooking utensils are made from metals due to their property of ................. .

(f) The earth receives heat from the sun by .................... .

Solution:
(a) Maximum heat is absorbed by a black coloured object.

(b) Radiation of heat does not require a medium.

(c) Conduction of heat takes place through a good conductor substance.

(d) The shining surface in a thermos flask decreases the outgoing heat by reflection.

(e) Cooking utensils are made from metals due to their property of conduction.

(f) The earth receives heat from the sun by radiation.

Question:2
What will absorb heat?

Steel spoon, wooden board, glass vessel, iron griddle (tava) , glass, wooden spoon , plastic plate, soil, water, wax
Solution:
Steel spoon, iron griddle, water, soil and wax will absorb heat.

Question:3
Write answers to the following question.

(a) How does a fever get lowered by putting a cold compress on the forehead of a patient ?
(b) Why are the houses in Rajasthan painted white ?
(c) What are the modes of heat transfer ?
(d) Explain which mode of heat transfer causes sea breezes and land breezes.
(e) Why is the outer coat of the penguins of Antarctica black ?
(f) Why are heaters fitted near the floor and air conditioners, near the ceiling of a room ?
Solution:
(a) Cold compress is made up of material that absorbs heats. Thus, by putting it on the forehead of a patient
suffering from high fever, the heat flow takes place from the head of the patient to the cold compress. Therefore, the
cold compress absorbs heat from the patient's body and lowers the body temperature.

(b) White colours are reflectors of heat. Thus, Rajasthan, a very hot city, has houses with their walls painted white
so that most of heat from the Sun is reflected back to the atmosphere. This keeps the houses cool from inside.

(c) There are three modes of heat transfer:

 Conduction: Conduction is a process in which heat is transferred from the hotter end of an object to its cooler
end.
Convection: The process of transference of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) is called convection.
Radiation: Radiation is a method of heat transfer which does not require a medium.

(d) Convection causes sea breeze and land breeze. Heat transfer through fluids takes place by the process of
convection.
Sea breeze: It is the wind that blows from the sea or the oceans towards the land. It develops during day time when
the land heats up quickly. Also, the water heats up slowly as compared to land due to which water in the sea and
oceans is relatively cooler than land. Therefore, the air near the land becomes hot and rises up and the cold air
from sea takes the place of hot air. The hot air than moves toward the sea to complete the cycle.

Land breeze: It is the wind that blows from the land towards the sea or the oceans. It develops during night time.
Land cools down faster than water. Therefore, during night time, land is cooler than sea. Hence, cool air from the
land blows towards the sea. This is called the land breeze.

(e) Black colour is good absorbers or trappers of heat. So, in cold regions like Antarctica, the black outer coating of
Penguins helps them to absorb as much heat from the surrounding and keep their bodies warm.

(f) Room heaters are fitted near the floor because this allows the hot air near the heater to rise up and warm the
entire room.
The air conditioners are fitted near the ceiling, so that the cold air from the AC takes the place of hot air rising up
from the bottom. In this way, the entire room gets cooled.

Question:4
Give scientific reasons.

(a) An ordinary glass bottle cracks when boiling water is poured into it, but a borosil glass bottle does not.
(b) The telephone wires which sag in summer become straight in winter.
(c) Dew drops form on the grass in winter.
(d) In winter, why does an iron pillar feel colder than a wooden pole ?
Solution:
(a) Normal glass is an insulator which means it is a poor conductor of heat. When boiling water is poured into a
glass tumbler, the surface of the glass which is in contact with the hot water heats up and expands as per its
coefficient of thermal expansion. But the outer layer of the glass remains cold and does not expand (since glass is
a poor conductor and does not transfer heat quickly). This difference in thermal expansion causes thermal stress
which eventually leads to cracking.
Borosil glasses have very low coefficients of thermal expansion which makes them resistant to thermal shock,
more than any other common glass. So, Borosil glass does not crack when hot liquid is poured in it, but normal
glass cracks.

(b) In summers, the surrounding temperature is very high. Due to this high temperature, the metallic telephone wires
are heated up and thus expands in length. Due to this, they sag down.
In winters, the surrounding temperature is very low. Due to this low temperature, the metallic telephone wires are
cooled down and thus contracts in length. Due to this, they become straight.

(c) In winters, the temperature of the air near the grass decreases to dew point. Thus, the air becomes saturated with
water vapour. As a result, water vapour condenses into tiny water droplets which appears on the surface of the
grass.

(d) An iron pillar feels colder than a wooden pole in winter because the thermal conductivity of iron is very high as
compared to wood. So, when you touch wooden pole, heat from your finger warms the wooden pole just at that
place but isn't conducted away. But for iron pillar, the heat conducts away rapidly from your finger to the whole pillar
and your finger then keeps trying to supply more heat until it is as cold as the iron. So, the iron pillar feels colder
because it doesn't warm under your finger like the wooden pole.
 10. Disaster Management

Question:1
Find the odd one out.

(a) Famine, earthquake, cloudburst, railway accident.

(b) Drought, heavy rains, storm, tsunami.
(c) Lava, hot mud, ash, locusts.
(d) Washing away of crops, attack of pests on crops, volcano, singeing of crops
Solution:
(a) Railway accident is the odd one. Famine, earthquake and cloudburst are natural disaster whereas railway
accident is not.

(b) Drought is the odd one. Drought is the main cause of famine whereas heavy rains, storm and tsunami are the
secondary factors.

(c) Locusts is the odd one. It is an insect which destroys crops. Lava, hot mud and ash are the substances
released during volcanic eruption.

(d) Volcano is the odd one. Washing away of crops, attack of pests on crops and singeing of crops are causes of
famine.

Question:2
What are the remedial measures for the following calamities?

(a) Famine
(b) Lightning strike
(c) Storm
(d) Cloudburst
Solution:
(a) Remedial measures for famine are:

Planned usage of water and its reuse.

We should avoid wastage of food and water.
Plant more and more trees to prevent soil erosion.
Adopting water harvesting methods to conserve rain water.

(b) Remedial measures for lightning strike are:

If outdoor:
1. Avoid taking shelter under trees.
2. Avoid being near to any kind of metal objects which may include metal wires, fences, machinery and power
appliances.
3. Take shelter inside a fully enclosed car with all the windows shut.

If indoor:
1. Turn off all the electrical appliances such as television and refrigerator.

(c) Remedial measures for storm are:

Do not stand on open ground, below a tree, near electric poles or on high locations.
Gathering together at one place should be avoided.
Get down from vehicles like bicycle, tractor, boat, etc. and go to a safer place.
Swimmers and fishermen should immediately come out of the water.

(d) Remedial measures for cloudburst are:

Pay heed to warning issued by the Meteorological depatment carefully.

Do not take shelter at the foot of a hill.
 Be ready with your first-aid kit and other necessary equipments.
Use battery operated radios and mobiles.

Question:3
True or false ? Give reasons for your answer.

(a) Information about a forthcoming storm is to be kept secret.

(b) You should not swim when there is lightning in the sky .
(c) It is possible to prevent the eruption of a volcano.
(d) Heavy rains result in famine.
Solution:
(a) The statement given is a false statement. Infact, information regarding a forthcoming storm should be
propagated to everyone. This will enable everyone to get prepared for this natural disaster. Everyone will be
equipped with all the precautionary measures needed to be taken during the storm.

(b) The statement given is a true statement. This is because the water in the water bodies in which we swim are
good conductors of electricity. Also, a wet person is more conductive than a dry person. Due to this, our body
inside the water will become very prone to lightning strike. It could cause severe burns or might kill us if lightning
falls on our wet body.

(c) No, it is not possible to prevent or control the eruption of a volcano. However, by means of science and
technology, it is possible to predict an eruption and take immediate steps for disaster management.

(d) Heavy rains may cause flood in a region. Due to this, food crops, plants etc. of that region are going to get
washed away. Also, the land of that region will lose it fertility and would require sometime to regain it. Because of
these reasons, the region will be affected by famine. Thus, we can say, heavy rains result in famine.

Question:4
Write answers to the following question i your own words.

(a) What is a tsunami? What gives rise to a tsunami?

(b) What is a cloudburst?
(c) Explain the effects of a volcano.
(d) What are the measures to prevent loss of life due to lightning?
Solution:
(a) A tsunami is a series of waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean.
These waves are generated by an earthquake or volcano erupting on the ocean floor.

(b) A sudden rainstorm falling for a short period of time and to a small geographical area at the rate of 100 mm per
hour or more is known as cloudburst.

(c) Various effects of volcano are:

Volcanoes add up to the greenhouse gases by ejecting ash and various gases.
Temperature increases due to hot gases.
Forests and settlements get buried under the hot mud.
Mountains and hills are created after volcanic eruption.

(d) To prevent loss of life due to lightning, following measures can be taken
If outdoor:
1. Avoid taking shelter under trees.
2. Avoid being near to any kind of metal objects which may include metal wires, fences, machinery and power
appliances.
3. Take shelter inside a fully enclosed car with all the windows shut.

If indoor:
1. Turn off all the electrical appliances such as television and refrigerator.
2. Avoid bathing or showering.
Question:5
What measures have been taken to deal with calamities such as floods and landslides under the disaster
management programme in Maharashtra?
Solution:
Following are the measures taken by Maharashtra government to deal with calamities such as floods and
landslides under the disaster management programme:

It ensured that all 36 districts in the state will have their own disaster management plans. The district-level
disaster management plan has detailed information about geographical details, population, flood-prone areas,
villages and other macro details. The plan also deals extensively with the emergency and evacuation
measures to be taken up in cases of heavy downpour, flash floods, landslides, lightning strikes and other
natural calamities.
A disaster management orientation training programme will be launched soon in 100 schools in every
district. The government also decided to impart master trainers training for 50 school teachers from all these
schools.
Maharashtra School Security Programme will be set up under which steps will be taken to ensure protection of
schools and other educational institutions during and after natural disasters.
The Maharashtra State Disaster Management Plan also consists of special provisions for dealing with women,
children, the aged, handicapped and animals.

Question:6
With reference to disaster management what are the things in your house that you will check?
Solution:
With reference to disaster management, the following things in the house needs to be checked:

Check whether there are cracks developed on walls or not. If yes, get the repairing done as soon as possible.
Check whether glass panes and windows are tightly secured or not. If not, get it done urgently.
Check whether bulky things hanging from ceiling or walls, like chandelier etc., are tightly secured or not. If not,
get it done urgently.
Check whether there are any broken electric live wires or not . If yes, call the electrician and get it repaired
urgently.
 11. Cell Structure and Micro Organisms

Question:1
Answer the following questions.
(a) What is a 'cell' ?
(b) Name the different organelles in a cell ?
(c) What are micro-organisms ?
(d) which are the different types of micro-organisms ?
Solution:
a. Cell is the smallest unit of life. They are the structural, functional and biological uits of life. The discovery of
cells was first made by Robert Hooke. While examining a section of a cork under the microscope, he observed
small compartment-like structures and named them cells. However, Hooke observed dead cells under the
microscope as cork is made up of dead cells. Cells exhibit different types of properties like:

It is the smallest living unit of life.

It is so small that it is not visible to the naked eye.

The shape of the cell varies in different organisms and within an organism.

Size of cells also differs.

All living cells exhibit certain basic characteristics like respiration, growth, metabolism, etc.

Cells originate from a pre-existing cell. A mother cell divides to produce daughter cells. Hence, cells exhibit
cell division.

b. The cells may conatin the following cell organelles depending upon wether it is a plant or animal cell:

Cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, golgi apparatus, ribosomes,
mitochondria, nucleus, lysosomes, centrosome and inclusion bodies.

c. Living organisms which are not visible to the naked eye are known as micro-organisms. They are living
organisms that can be seen only with a microscope or a magnifying glass. Microorganisms were observed for the
first time by Anton von Leeuwenhoek in 1674, using a microscope of his own.

d. Microorganisms can be divided into 5 major groups like:

Bacteria- Bacteria are the most primitive and diverse unicellular organisms found in living world. They are
prokaryotic in nature as their genetic material, i.e. DNA, is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane. Because of
their unique biochemical pathways and properties, they are of high economic importance to the human beings.

Fungi- Fungi is a group of eukaryotic, unicellular as well as multicellular, non-photosynthetic organisms that
includes mushrooms, moulds and yeasts. These organisms have a rigid cell wall made up of chitin and are found
in diverse shapes and sizes.

Algae- Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis.

Protozoa- Protozoa are a group of unicellular micoorganism which are non photosynthetic in nature. Many protozoa
cause disease in animals and humans.

​V iruses- Viruses are ultra microscopic and non cellular organisms. They have simple structure having genetic
material coated by protein coat. They are obligate parasites and highly pathogenic.

Question:2
Fill in the blanks with the proper word.
(a) The organelle called the ........... is present in plant cells only.
(b) Garbage is converted into .......... by micro-organisms.
(c) In the cell, photosynthesis is carried out with the help of ............ .
(d) An electron microscope is necessary for the study of ............ .
Solution:
(a) The organelle called the chloroplast is present in plant cells only.
(b) Garbage is converted into compost by micro-organisms.
(c) In the cell, photosynthesis is carried out with the help of chloroplast.
(d) An electron microscope is necessary for the study of cells .

Question:3
What is difference between us ?
(a) Plant cell and animal cell.
(b) Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell.
Solution:

a.

Animal cell Plant cell

i. Animal cells are smaller in size. i. Plant cells are comparatively larger.

ii. They lack a cell wall. ii. Cell wall is the outermost structure in a
plant cell.

iii. They lack plastids except Euglena. iii. Plastids are present in all plant cells.

iv. Many vacuoles are present and they iv. They have a single large central
are smaller in size. vacuole.

v. They have centrioles. v. They lack centrioles.

b.

Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Cells vary in size and are

Size of the cell Cells are small in size. generally larger than those in
prokaryotes.

No nucleus with a nuclear There is a well-defined nucleus

Nucleus
membrane is present. with a nuclear membrane.

Organelles having a
Membrane-enclosed membrane around them (e.g., Membrane-enclosed organelles
organelles mitochondria, plastids) are are present.
absent.
 Cell wall is usually present. It Cell wall is usually present in
Cell wall is composed of plant cells. It is composed of
peptidoglycan. cellulose.

The genetic material is

The genetic material is present
present as nucleoid, i.e., a
Genetic material inside the well-defined nucleus.
properly defined nucleus is
absent.

Question:4
Sketch and describe in your own words, the plant cell and animal cell.
Solution:
Plant cell

Cell membrane: A cell is composed of cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. The cytoplasm and nucleus
enclosed in the cell membrane together constitute the plasma membrane. It checks the transport of
substances in the cell.

Cell wall: In plants, an extra protective covering known as cellulose is present. It is called cell wall and
protects the plant cell from environment variations.

Cytoplasm: It is a jelly-like substance present between the cell membrane and nucleus. It contains various
cell organelles such as mitochondria and Golgi body.

Nucleus: It is a dense spherical body located at the centre of the cell. It is surrounded by a porous nuclear
membrane. It contains a spherical body called nucleolus and thread-like structures called chromosomes.
Chromosomes are the structures that carry genes and play an important role in inheritance. The entire living
substance in a cell is known as protoplast.

Vacuoles: Vacuoles are fluid-filled membrane-bound structures in the cell. In plant cells, a single large
vacuole is present. In animal cells, numerous small vacuoles are present.

Plastids: They are present only in plant cells. Chloroplast is a plastid containing the green pigment called
chlorophyll, which is required for photosynthesis.

Mitochondria: They are involved in cellular respiration, and hence, are called ‘power houses of the cell’.

Animal cell

All the cell organelles in plant and animal cells are same except that animal cells have plasma membrane in place
of cell wall and it does not contain chloroplasts.
Question:5
Explain the uses and the harmful effects of micro-organisms.
Solution:

Microorganisms have found widescale application in various industries. Some of their applications are:

Use of Microorganisms in Food Industry

(i) Lactobacillus bacterium promotes the conversion of milk into curd.

(ii) Yeast is used in preparation of breads, pastries, and cakes.

Use of Microorganisms in Vaccine Production

(i) Protection of the body from the attack of various disease-causing microorganisms through vaccines is known as
vaccination.

(ii) Vaccine includes dead or weakened microbes that trigger the production of antibodies in the body.

Use of Microorganisms in Increasing Soil Fertility

(i) Blue green algae and Rhizobium are called biological nitrogen fixers.

(ii) They fix atmospheric free nitrogen to enhance soil fertility.

These are just few examples which highlight the commercial importance of these microorganisms. However, they
are not always beneficial can lead to various kinds of damage. This damage can be in terms of health of humans
and animals, crop production etc. There are various kinds of microorganisms which are known to cause disease in
humans and animals.

Human disease Pathogen

Tuberculosis Bacteria

Measles Virus

Chicken pox Virus

Polio Virus

Cholera Bacteria

Typhoid Bacteria

Similarly there are certain species of microorganisms which cause disease in plants and affect the crop
productivity.

Plant disease Pathogen

Citrus canker Bacteria

Rust of wheat Fungi

 Virus
Yellow vein mosaic of bhindi (okra)

Question:6
Give reasons.
(a) Diseases spread on a large scale during periods of heavy rainfall and floods.
(b) There is a possibility of food poisoning if we eat stale food.
(c) Soil is turned over during tilling.
(d) Fungus grows quickly in moist or humid conditions.
(e) A refrigerator is used in almost every home.
(f) Bread 'rises' during baking.
(g) Fodder is soaked in water before offering to cattle.
Solution:
a. Diseases spread on a large scale during periods of heavy rainfall and floods because it provides the optimum
conditions for the growth of vectors which transmit diseases. After heavy rainfall and floods, water gets
accumulated at places and acts as breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other vectors. These vectors lead to
transmission of the microorganisms to their host and result in the development of disease.
For example, malaria is caused by a virus which is transmitted by a mosquito.

b. There is a possibility of food poisoning if we eat stale food because there are chances that it can be infested by
microorganisms. Bacteria and fungi can infect the foods which are stored for longer durations of time. For example,
the greenish powdery substance which is seen on stale breads is an example of fungus infection.

c. Tilling is a mechanical procedure of agitating soil where the top layer is mixed with the lower layers of soil. This
promotes the mixing of organic matter throughout the soil and also promotes the growth of microorganism. These
microorganisms help in the conversion of organic matter.

d. Fungus grows quickly in moist or humid conditions because these are the favourable conditions for its growth.
Fungus is not seen growing in areas which are well exposed to sunlight.

e. Refrigerator is used in almost every home because it prevents the spoilage of food. Refrigerator provides an
optimum environment for storage of vegetable, fruits, cooked and uncooked food. If an optimum temperature is not
provided, it can lead to the growth of bacteria and fungi thus leading to spoilage of food.

f. Bread rises during baking because of addition of yeast to its dough. Yeast cells respire anaerobically and
liberates CO2 in the process. When yeast cells are added to the bread dough, they utilise the nutrients
(carbohydrates) found in the dough and respire anaerobically. Also, they multiply at a very fast rate under such
favourable conditions. As a result of the growing bacterial population, large amount of CO2 is released that makes
the dough very soft and fluffy, and thus improves the quality of the bread.

g. Fodder is soaked in water before offering it to cattles because it may contain seeds which have been left behind
after harvesting. Soaking this fodder helps in the sprouting of these seeds/grains and thus increases the nutritional
value of the fodder.

Question:7
When will you use a simple microscope and when, a compound microscope? Explain in detail how you will use
them.
Solution:
The simple microscope is generally considered to be the first microscope which was created by Antony van
Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century. It was essentially a type of which was used by Leeuwenhoek to gain information
about biological specimens, including the difference in shapes between red blood cells. Today, simple
microscopes are not used often because the introduction of compound microscopes which have better resolution
and magnifying power.
Compound microscope offers better magnification than a simple microscope. These devices provide a
magnification of 1,000 times. It can be used to observe micoorganisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoa etc. It can be
used in their detailed study, for example studying their structures.
 12. The Muscular System and Digestive System in Human Beings

Question:1
Fill in the blanks with the right word from the brackets.
(a) The process of digestion starts from the ............. . (stomach / mouth)
(b) Eyelids have ............. muscles (voluntary / involuntary)
(c) ............ is not a function of the muscular system. (production of blood cells / Performing movements)
(d) Muscles of the heart are .............. (ordinary muscles / cardiac muscles)
(e) Pushing forward the food that has been chewed is the function of the ............. . (stomach / oesophagus).
Solution:
(a) The process of digestion starts from the mouth.
(b) Eyelids have voluntary muscles.
(c) Production of blood cells is not a function of the muscular system.
(d) Muscles of the heart are cardiac muscles.
(e) Pushing forward the food that has been chewed is the function of the oesophagus.​

Question:2
Find a match for me.
Group 'A' Group 'B'
(1) Cardiac muscles (a) always function
(2) Are brought
about (b) we never feel tired.
by muscles
(c) uncontrolled and painful
(3) Pepsin
contraction of muscles.
(d) chewing movements of
(4) Cramps
jaws.
(5) Skeletal
(e) enzyme of the gastric juice.
muscles
Solution:

Group 'A' Group 'B'

(1) Cardiac muscles (b) we never feel tired.
(2) Are brought about (d) chewing movements of
by muscles jaws.
(e) enzyme of the gastric
(3) Pepsin
juice.
(c) uncontrolled and painful
(4) Cramps
contraction of muscles.
(5) Skeletal muscles (a) always function

Question:3
Who is telling a lie ?
Organ Statement
My taste-buds can tell only a sweet
1. Tongue
taste.
2. Liver I am the largest gland in the body.
3. Large
I am 7.5 meter long.
intestine
Digestion is impossible without
4. Appendix
me.
I play an important role in
5. Lung
excretion.
Solution:
The tongue, large intestine, appendix and lungs are lying.

1. Tongue can taste salt, sweet and bitter tastes.

2. Large intestine is 1.5 meter long.
3. Appendix is not required for digestion.
4. Kidneys play an important role in excretion.

Question:4
Give reasons.
(1) Food becomes acidic in the stomach.
(2) Cardiac muscles are said to be involuntary muscles.
(3) Intoxicating substances should not be consumed.
(4) Your muscles should be strong and efficient.
Solution:
a. Food becomes acidic in stomach because of the presence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. As the food
reaches the stomach, it gets mixed with the hydrochloric acid present there. The hydrochloric acid plays the
following roles in digestion:

1. It initiates protein digestion by activating the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin.

2. It provides acidic medium for the activity of pepsin and other enzymes present in gastric juice.

b. Cardiac muscles are said to be involuntary because they are not controlled by our will. These muscles are found
in heart and are the only muscles which work throughout the life without getting tired or fatigue.

c. Intoxicating substances should not be consumed because they harm the body directly or indirectly. Substances
such as alcohol cause damage to the nervous system and the digestive system as well. Liver is the main organ
which is affected by alcohol. Tobacco is one of the leading causes of oral cancer. Smoking has a direct effect on
the respiratory system of an individual and can lead to lung cancer as well.

d. Our muscles should be strong and efficient because they carry out various vital functions in our body. From
helping us to breath, digest food to helping us in walking and lifting weights, muscles play an important role. If our
muscles are not strong enough we would get tired easily and feel fatigue. It is required to keep them in a healthy
state by regular exercising and taking proper diet.

Question:5
Answer the following.
(a) How many types of muscles are there? Which are those types?
(b) What causes the problem of acidity? What is its effect on the body?
(c) Name the different types of teeth. What is the function of each type?
Solution:
a. There are 3 types of muscles:

Skeletal muscle fibre: They are found attached to the skeletal bones and are voluntary. Skeletal muscle fibres
are striated and are bundled together in a parallel manner by a sheath of tough connective tissues.

Smooth muscle fibres: They are present in the walls of internal organs such as blood vessels, stomach, etc.,
and are involuntary. Smooth muscle fibres are fusiform (taper at both ends) and non- striated. They are held
together by cell junctions and are bundled together in a sheath of connective tissues.

Cardiac muscle fibres: This is the only type of muscle present in the heart. They are contractile in nature and
are involuntary. Plasma membranes of cardiac cells are fused together by cell junctions, and hence, the cells
stick together. Communication junctions present as intercalated discs facilitate the contraction of cardiac
cells as a unit.

b. Stomach contains special cells called oxyntic or parietal cells which secrete hydrochloric acid in stomach. It
plays two important roles like:

1. It initiates protein digestion by activating the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin.

2. It provides acidic medium for the activity of pepsin and other enzymes present in gastric juice.

However, if the level of this HCl exceeds its normal levels, it results in acidity/acid reflux. Higher levels of HCl can
result in the following effects on the body:

1. burning sensation in the stomach

2. burning sensation in the throat and heart
3. difficulty in swallowing
4. regurgitation
5. restlessness
6. belching
7. nausea
8. prolonged sour taste in the mouth
9. indigestion

Exposure to higher levels of HCl for longer durations can also result in the development of peptic ulcers/ulcers in
the stomach.

c. There are 4 types of teeth which are found in humans:

1. Incisors are the teeth present at the front portion of the mouth. There are four incisors in each jaw. They are used
for biting and cutting food.
2. Canines are located next to the incisors. There are two canines in each jaw. They are used for tearing and
piercing food.
3. Premolars lie next to the canines. There are four premolars in each jaw. They are used for chewing and grinding
food.
4. Molars lie next to the premolars at the end of the jaw. There are six molars in each jaw. They are also used for
chewing and grinding food.

Question:6
Sketch and label a diagram of the digestive system and describe it in your own words.
Solution:

Major constituent organs of the human digestive system are: buccal cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum and anus.

Buccal cavity − It includes the teeth, saliva and tongue. The teeth break down the food. Digestion of food begins in
the mouth. The tongue helps in the chewing and swallowing of food.

Oesophagus − The food passes from the mouth, down the oesophagus, into the stomach, as a result of the
movement of the walls of the oesophagus.

Stomach − It mixes the food received from the oesophagus with digestive juices.

Small intestine − The food from the stomach moves into the small intestine, which receives intestinal juices from
two glands − liver and pancreas. These juices help in the further digestion of food.
Large intestine − Water is absorbed in the large intestine.

Rectum and anus − Undigested food particles are thrown out with the help of the rectum and anus.
 13. Changes - Physical and Chemical

Question:1
Distinguish between the following.
(a) Physical change and chemical change
(b) Periodic change and non-periodic change
(c) Natural change and man-made change
Solution:
a.

Physical Change Chemical Change

The chemical composition of a The chemical composition of a

substance does not change substance does not remain same

Easily reversible Not easily reversible

No new substance is formed New substances are always formed

Melting of ice is an example of Burning of paper is an example of

physical change chemical change

b.

Periodic changes Non periodic changes

1. Events that repeat themselves

The events that do not repeat
after a fixed period of time and
themselves after regular interval of time
whose ocurence can be predicted
are called non periodic changes.
are called periodic changes.

2. Example- rotation of earth,

Example- natural disasters like
revolution of earth, day and night,
earthquake, cyclones etc.
seasons etc.

c.

Natural changes Man made changes

1. The changes which are brought about

The changes which are brought
by nature itselfand are not under the
about by humans are called man
control of humans are called natural
made changes.
changes.
 Examples- burning of fuels,
2. Examples- change of season, tides in cutting hair, switching on lights
sea, ageing of plants etc. etc.

Question:2
Under which different types can the following changes be classified?
(a) Conversion of milk into yoghurt.
(b) Bursting of a cracker.
(c) Occurence of an earthquake.
(d) Revolution of the earth around the sun.
(e) Stretching of a spring.
Solution:
(a) Conversion of milk into yoghurt- Chemical change
(b) Bursting of a cracker- Chemical change
(c) Occurence of an earthquake- Natural change
(d) Revolution of the earth around the sun- Periodic change
(e) Stretching of a spring- Physical change

Question:3
Give reasons.
(a) While purchasing canned food, its expiry date should be checked.
(b) An iron article should be given a coat of paint
(c) A wooden article should be polished.
(d) Copper and brass utensils should be tinned.
(e) A dry handkerchief gets wet at once on dipping in water, but it takes long for a wet handkerchief to dry.
Solution:
a. While purchasing canned food their expiry date should be checked because an expiry date indicates that for
how long a canned food is safe for consumption. Canned foods with expired dates are not considered worth
consumption as they could affect your health. They might get contaminated with microorganisms like bacteria or
may have no nutritional value left after its expiration.

b. Iron articles often undergo rusting resulting in the formation of a reddish brown layer on its surface. Rusting is
caused by the exposure of iron to the air and water in the surroundings. An iron article which is coated with a paint
prevents the interaction of iron with the surrounding air and water and thus protects it from rusting.

c. A wooden article should be polished because it protects the wooden article from sunlight and all other external
conditions and also it reduces the probability of wooden mites damaging the furniture.

d. Copper and brass materials also undergo corrosion resulting in the formation of a greenish layer on this surface.
When the surface of copper/ brass comes in contact with air or water, it results in corrosion and to prevent this, the
process of tining is used. In this process copper and brass articles are coated with tin.

e. A dry handkercheif gets wet at once because it quickly absorbs the water in which it is dipped. However, it takes
longer for a wet handkerchief to dry because the water needs to evapourate from the handkerchief. Evaporation is a
slow process which is dependant on other factors as well like relative humidity.

Question:4
What will you take into account while identifying the following?
(a) A physical change in a substance.
(b) A chemical change in a substance.
Solution:

a. Physical changes are those changes in which only the forms of substances get modified; the chemical natures
and compositions of the substances involved are not altered.
Characteristics:

No new substance is formed during a physical change.

Most physical changes can be reversed easily.
The chemical composition of a substance undergoing physical change remains the same.

b. Chemical changes are changes that involve reaction of substances with one another. Such reactions result in
alterations in the chemical compositions of the substances involved. These changes lead to the formation of new
substances.

Characteristics:

One or more new substances are formed during a chemical change.

Most chemical changes cannot be reversed easily.
The chemical composition of a substance undergoing chemical change does not remain the same.
A chemical change is always accompanied by a change in energy.

Question:5
Read the paragraph and note down the various types of changes it mentions.
It was nearing six o'clock in the evening. The sun was setting. A breeze was blowing. Leaves on the tree were
shaking. Sahil was sitting in the courtyard, rolling balls of wet soil and shaping them into various toys. Then he felt
hungry and went into the house. Mother made a dough from wheat flour and fried purees. While eating hot purees,
his attention was drawn outside the window. It had started raining. There was lightning, too. Sahil was enjoying his
dinner in the dim light.
Solution:
It was nearing six o'clock in the evening (Periodic change). The sun was setting (Periodic change). A breeze was
blowing (Natural change). Leaves on the tree were shaking (Physical change). Sahil was sitting in the courtyard,
rolling balls of wet soil and shaping them into various toys (Physical change). Then he felt hungry (Chemical
change) and went into the house. Mother made a dough from wheat flour and fried purees (Irreversible change).
While eating hot purees, his attention was drawn outside the window. It had started raining (Natural change). There
was lightning (Natural change), too. Sahil was enjoying his dinner in the dim light.
 14. Elements Compounds and Mixtures

Question:1
Who are my companions ?

Group 'A' Group 'B'

1. Stainless steel (a) Non-metal

2. Silver (b) compound
3. Bhajini​ mixture (c) Mixture
for milling
4. Salt (d) Element
5. Coal (e) Alloy
6. Hydrogen (f) Metal
Solution:
Group 'A' Group 'B'

1. Stainless steel (e) Alloy

2. Silver (f) Metal
3. Bhajini​ mixture (c) Mixture
for milling
4. Salt (b) compound
5. Coal (a) Non-metal
6. Hydrogen (d) Element

Question:2
Write the names of elements from the following symbols :
Zn , Cd, Xe, Br, Ti, Cu, Fe, Si, Ir, Pt.
Solution:
Zn- Zinc
Cd- Cadmium
Xe- Xenon
Br- Barium
Ti- Titanium
Cu- Copper
Fe- Iron
Si- Silicon
Ir- Iridium
Pt- Platinum

Question:3
What are the molecular formulae of the following compounds ?
Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium chloride , glucose, methane.
Solution:
Hydrochloric acid- HCl
Sulphuric acid- H2SO4
Sodium chloride- NaCl
Glucose- C6H12O6
Methane- CH4

Question:4
Give scientific reasons.

(a) Buttermilk is churned to get butter .

(b) In chromatography, the ingredients of a mixture rise up to a limited height water rises up to upper end of the paper .
(c) A wet cloth is wrapped around a water storage container in summer .

Solution:
a. Butter milk has two components- water and fat/cream. Churning helps in the separation of these two components. The
fat/cream collects on the top as a result of churning while the remaining part is left behind as liquid.

b. Chromatography is a separation technique used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture. Separation of
substances by chromatography is based on two properties of the substance:

solubility of the substance in the solvent that moves up

ability of the substance to stick to the stationary filter paper

These properties are different for different substances and are mutuall opposite to each other. It is the reason why all the
components of the mixture rise upto a limited height when water rises up to the upper end of the paper.

c. A wet cloth is wrapped around water containers in summers to keep the container and the water inside it cools. The
water present in the cloth evapourates and along with that water the heat also evapourates thus keeping the container and
water cool.

Question:5
Explain the difference .

(a) Metals and non-metals

(b) Mixture and compounds
(c) Atoms and molecules
(d) Separation by distillation and by separating funnel
Solution:

a.

Physical properties Metals Non-metals

Malleability and
They can be beaten into sheets and wires They cannot form sheets or wires
ductility

Metals are sonorous, they produce a ringing sound

Sonority They are non−sonorous
on beating

Non-metals do not allow heat and

Conduction They conduct heat and electricity
electricity to pass through them

Chemical Properties

Nature of oxides Metallic oxides are basic in nature Oxides of non−metals are acidic

Reaction with water Metals react with water Non−metals do not react with water

Reaction with acids Metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas They generally do not react with acids

b.

Mixture Compound

It is formed when two or more

1. 1It is obtained by the physical combination of any two substances. 1. substances chemically combine
in a fixed ratio.

The composition of elements

2. The composition of the constituents present in a mixture is not fixed. 2.
present in a compound is fixed.

It may or may not show the

3. It displays the properties of all its constituents. 3. properties of its constituent
elements.
 The constituent elements of a
compound can be separated
4. The constituents of a mixture can be separated using physical methods. 4.
only by using chemical
methods.

Change of energy is involved

5. No change of energy is involved during the formation of a mixture. 5. during the formation of a
compound.

c.

Atoms Molecules

Molecules are the smallest parts of an

Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that can
(i) (i) element or compound, which exist
take part in a chemical reaction.
independently.

(ii) They do not break up during chemical reactions. (ii) They break up during chemical reactions.

(iii) They may or may not exist in free state. (iii) They exist in free forms.

d.

Separation by distillation Separation by separating funnel

This method is employed for separation of

1. This method is employed for separation of
two immiscible liquids.
two miscible liquids.

2. It is based on the difference in the boiling points of It is based on the difference in the densities of the two liquids.
two liquids.

Question:6
Write answer to the following question in your own words.

(a) How are the components of mixtures separated by simple methods ?

(b) Which elements ( metals and non-metals), compounds and mixtures do we use in our day-to-day life?
(c) In everyday life, where and for what purpose do we use centrifugation?
(d) Where are the methods of separation by distillation and by separating funnel used ? Why ?
(e) Which precaution will you take while using the methods of distillation and separation by separating funnel ?
Solution:
a. The components of mixtures are separated by simple methods like:

Distillation: Distillataion and separating funnels are used in separation of liquid mixtures. Distillation is a method which is
used for separating two miscible liquids. It is based on the difference in the boiling points of two liquids. Distillation can
either be simple or fractional. Simple distillation can be used for liquids which have huge difference in their boiling points
whereas fractional distillation is used in case of liquids which have close boiling points. Distillation can be used
in the production of gasoline, distilled water, xylene, alcohol, paraffin, kerosene apart from separating mixtures.​

Separating funnels: Separation using separating funnels is used in case of immiscible liquids. It is based on the
difference in the density of the two liquids. It can be used in separation of oil from water etc, two different types of
immiscible oils etc.

Chromatography: It can be used to separate the coloured components of a mixture on the basis of the difference in the
speeds of the components on chromatograph paper, when dissolved in the same solvent. The adsorbent paper acts as
the stationary phase; it carries the components of the mixture on the paper. The mixture acts as the mobile phase and the
components get separated. The component which moves slowly (i.e., the less-soluble component) appears as a spot on
the lower side of the paper. The component which moves faster (i.e., the more-soluble component) appears as a dot on the
higher side of the paper.
Centrifugation: Centrifugation is the process where a mixture is separated through spinning. It is used to separate skim
milk from whole milk, water from your clothes, and blood cells from the blood plasma.

b. Examples of mixtures we use in our daily life are- lemon and water, sugar and milk, salt and water, cereal and milk,
cement, air, etc.
Examples of compounds we use in our daily life are- salt (NaCl), sugar (C12H22O11), baking powder (NaHCO3), vinegar
(CH3COOH), ethanol etc.
Examples of elements we use in our daily life are- aluminium, copper, iron, silver, gold etc.

c. We use centrifugation for the following purposes in our daily lives:

Drying of wet clothes in the spin tub of a washing machine

Extraction of DNA for forensic and experimental purposes
Separation of blood components in medical science
Working of roller coasters in amusement park
Removing water from wet lettuce in salad spinner

d. Distillataion and separating funnels are used in separation of liquid mixtures. Distillation is a method which is used for
separating two miscible liquids. It is based on the difference in the boiling points of two liquids. Distillation can either be
simple or fractional. Simple distillation can be used for liquids which have huge difference in their boiling points whereas
fractional distillation is used in case of liquids which have close boiling points. Distillation can be used in the production
of gasoline, distilled water, xylene, alcohol, paraffin, kerosene apart from separating mixtures.

Separation using separating funnels is used in case of immiscible liquids. It is based on the difference in the density of
the two liquids. It can be used in separation of oil from water etc, two different types of immiscible oils etc.

e. Precautions to be used during disitillation:

The apparatus should be set in a proper manner with all the components fitted well.
Never heat the system that is totally closed from the outside atmosphere to prevent explosion.
Add boiling chips to reduce bumping (rapid boiling causing the liquid to expel out of the container).
Control the rate of heating so not to overheat to avoid bumping.

Precautions to be used while using separating funnel for separation:

The funnel should be tightly fixed to the stand in an errect position.

The liquid in the funnel should be left undisturbed to allow it to separate.
The stopper should be removed carefully without disturbing the setup.
 15. Material we use

Question:1
Fill appropriate terms in the blanks .
( white cement , soap, detergent , wearing of bones, tooth decay, hard, soft, Portland, fatty acid )

(a) The substance that helps water to remove dirt from the surface of materials is called ............... .

(b) Fluoride is used in toothpaste to prevent ................ .

(c) Soap is a salt of ............... and sodium hydroxide.

(d) Synthetic detergents can be used in .............. water as well .

(e) For construction purposes ............... cement is the most commonly used cement.

Solution:
(a) The substance that helps water to remove dirt from the surface of materials is called detergent.

(b) Fluoride is used in toothpaste to prevent tooth decay.

(c) Soap is a salt of fatty acid and sodium hydroxide.

(d) Synthetic detergents can be used in hard water as well.

(e) For construction purposes Portland cement is the most commonly used cement.

Question:2

Write answer to the following questions.

(a) How does the use of a detergent help to clean soiled clothes ?

(b) How will you check with the help of soap powder whether water is hard ?

(c) What are the important ingredients of a toothpaste , and what is the function of each ?

(d) What are the ingredients of cements ?

(e) What will happen if cement is not used in making concrete ?

(f) Make a list of detergents that you use.

(g) What should be expected from a detergent for delicate garments ?

(h) What is meant by ' surface activity'? Name three chemicals responsible for the surface activity of various
detergents.

Solution:
a. Detergent is a cleansing agent that combines with the impurities to make them more soluble and therefore wipe
them away. A molecule of detergent consists of two ends. One of its ends is attracted towards the water while the
other holds on to the dirt. This results in the mixing of dirt and water. Due to the ability to get attached to both oil
and water, detergent molecule spreads easily. This property of a substance expanding on a surface is known
as surface activity and the substance is known as surfactant. One of the effects of surface activity is lather
formation.
This action of detergent molecule results in the remoal of dirt and stains from the clothes.

b. Soap can be used to check wether sample of water is hard or soft. Soaps do not give lather with hard water
instead form scum whereas they give lather with soft water. If we do not get lather in water while using soap, we can
say it is hard water.

c. The important ingredients of a toothpaste are abrasives, water and fluoride. Abrasives such as calcium
carbonate and calcium hydrogen phosphates help to remove the dirt on teeth and also helps to polish them.
Fluoride is the most common active ingredients used to prevent decay of our teeth. It helps in strenghtening of
bones and the enamel which covers the teeth.

d. The ingredients of cement are lime (CaO), clay, silica along with some other oxides of aluminium, iron and
magnesium. Gypsum (CaSO4, 2H2O) is usually added to regulate the setting rate of cement.

e. Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, sand and gravel. Cement helps in making the structures strong and leak
proof. If cement is not mixed in concrete, the structures made using concrete will not be strong and leakproof and
thus will have the chances of falling down.

f. The detergents which we use in our daily lives are-

ritha and shikhakai for washing hair

soaps like dettol, dove, lifeboy etc. for bathing
detergents like surf excel, tide etc. for washing clothes

g. A delicate detergent should clean the clothes effectively without affecting the quality of the clothes. It should
have the ability to remove all kinds of stains without causing any harm to the clothes.

h. Surface activity of a substance is the property by virtue of which it can spread on a surface. For example, soap
water easily spreads on the any kind of surface and thus is used for cleaning purpose. Chemicals responsible for
the surface activity of various detergents are alkylbenzene sulphonate, alcohol ethoxysulphates and alkyl
sulphates.

Question:3
What are the similarities and difference between -

(a) Natural detergents and man-made detergents

(b) Soap and synthetic detergent

(c) Bath soap and soap for washing clothes

(d) Modern cement and ancient cement

Solution:
a.

Natural detergents Man made detergents

1.Natural detergents refer to the Man made detergents are

substances which are naturally detergents which have
available and can be used as been made by humans for
detergents. their use.
 2. Examples of natural
detergents include soap Example of man made
nut (ritha) and soap detergent is soap.
pod (shikhakai).

b.

Soap Synthetic detergent

1. Soaps are sodium salt of fatty Synthetic detergents are

acids (soft soap) or potassium made up of raw materials
salts of fatty acids (hard soap). like fats or kerosene.

2. They can be used only with soft They can be used with
water. both soft and hard water.

c.

Bath soap Soap for washing clothes

1. It is a type of soft soap and It is a type of hard soap and is

used for bathing purposes. used for washing clothes.

Hard soaps are potassium

2. Soft soaps are sodium salt
salts of fatty acids.
of fatty acids.

d.

Ancient cement Modern cement

1. It was developed by the

It was developed by a British
Romans during the
sceintist, John Smeaton.
Roman empire.

It is made up of materials
like lime (CaO), clay, silica
2. It was prepared by mixig
along with some other oxides
volcanic ash in moistened
of aluminium, iron and
lime.
magnesium and gypsum
(CaSO4, 2H2O).
Question:4
Explain Why -

(a) Soap cannot be used in hard water .

(b) Oil does not mix in water . However, oil and water become homogeneous if a sufficient quantity of detergent is
added .
(c) Synthetic detergents are superior to soap .
(d) Often coloured spots are formed on clothes during washing .
(e) Tobacco masheri​ should not be used for cleaning teeth.
Solution:
a. Soaps cannot be used in hard water because they lose their cleansing property when used with it. Soaps do not
form lather with hard water and instead forms scum, as a result of which it loses its cleansing property.

b. Oil and water are two immiscible liquids which means both of them repel each other. But when we add a detegent
to a solution conatining water and oil, the mixture becomes homogeneuos. This happens because of the detergent
molecule. The detergent molecules have two ends. One of its end holds on to a water molecule and the other end
holds on to the oil molecule. These opposing forces helps in dissolving the oil in water and thus making a
homogeneous mixture.

c. Synthetic detergents are superior to soap because synthetic detergents work both in soft water and hard water. In
contrast, soaps work only in soft water and they are not effective in hard water.

d. The laundry, skin care, beauty and personal hygiene products which we use commonly can cause stains and
color changes in our clothes. Toothpaste, perspiration, facial soap, deodorants, hair sprays, strong perfumes with
alcohol and even rain are often the cause of stains on garments. All these stains may eventually dry up not
causing any visible stain however, age and exposure to heat will cause them to reappear.

e. Tobacco has various kinds of negative effects on our body. It should not be used for cleaning teeths becuase it
can harm th soft and hard tissues of our mouth. Use of tobacco poses serious risks like oral cancer, gum disease,
poor healing after surgery, receding gums, and tooth decay.
 16. Natural Resources

Question:1
Describe natural resources with reference to the following three types.

(a) Mineral resources

(b) Forest resources
(c) Ocean resources
Solution:
a. Mineral resources: A mineral is a pure inorganic substance that occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust. A large part
of the Earth’s crust is made up of minerals. A mineral deposit is a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid,
or gaseous material, in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and amount that its extraction and its conversion into
useful materials or items is useful. Mineral resources are non-renewable and include metals, such as, iron, copper,
and aluminum; and non-metals, such as, salt, gypsum and clay.

b. Forest resources: A forest is defined as an extensive land which is covered by a variety of plants and is a
habitat for various species of animals. We know that forests have an important role in the existence of life on
earth. These are one of the precious resources which have various functions like:

prevent soil erosion

control floods
reduce the rate of evaporation
maintain balance of atmospheric gases
protect wildlife
help percolation of water into the ground
reduce the velocity of wind
provide food and shelter to various kinds of animals
provide us with wood, essential oils, gums, fruits etc.

c. Ocean resources: Oceans are also important resources and this can be understood by the fact that they cover
greater part of earth's surface than land itself. The resources which can be obtained from oceans can be of two
types-

Mineral resources- Most of the minerals are obtained from oceans, for example, thorium (used in atomic energy
production), magnesium (used in flash bulb of camera), sodium (used in production of cloth and paper.

Bio resources- Examples of bio resources from oceans include fishes, shells, fungi, shark and cod fish, sea
cucumbers etc.

Question:2
Write answers to the following questions in your own words .

(a) What is meant by fossil fuel? What are their types ?

(b) Make a list of the components we obtain from mineral oil.
(c) What do we get from forests ?
(d) What are the items included in ocean resources? What are their uses?
(e) Why should we prevent the wastage of fuel used for vehicles?
(f) Why is the diversity of plants and animals in the forests declining?
(g) Write the names of five minerals and the useful substances obtained from them.
(h) Name the two important stages in the process of obtaining metals from ores ?
Solution:
a. Fuel that is obtained from fossils such as dead sea organisms, dead plants and animals, etc is known as fossil
fuel. The different types of fossil fuels are:

Coal- Also known as black gold, it is black in colour. It is as hard as stone and on burning, it releases a lot of
energy.
Petroleum: Also known as mineral oil, it is used in obtaining various other substances like gasoline, diesel,
 kerosene etc.
Natural gas: Found in association with petroleum and is ued in the forms of CNG and LNG.

b. Components which can be obtained from mineral oil are:

petroleum
aviation petrol
gasoline
diesel
kerosene
naptha
lubricating oil
tar
also used in the production of dyes, pesticides etc.

c. Forests provide numerous products to man.

The fruits and tubers from the forests are a source of nutritive food.
The timber is used in various industries and in everyday human use like furniture.
Herbs from forests are used as medicine.
The leaves of certain trees are used in making disposable plates.
The raisin from the trees is used for manufacturing gum.

d. Oceans are also important resources and this can be understood by the fact that they cover greater part of
earth's surface than land itself. The resources which can be obtained from oceans can be of two types-

e. Coal and petroleum were formed from the degradation of biomass millions of years ago. The reserves of these
resources are limited and they take a very long time to form. If these are not used judiciously, they will soon get
exhausted.

f. The diversity of plants and animals is declining in the forests because of several reasons. These reasons can be
summed up in the following factors:

Habitat loss and fragmentation: This is the major cause for loss of biodiversity. Habitat destruction is caused
by human activities such as deforestation and increasing pollution, leading to the loss of many plants and
animals. Habitat fragmentation is the breaking up of habitat of a particular species into fragments.

Over-exploitation: Humans, because of their greed and increased exploitation of natural resources, have
contributed to the endangerment of commercially important species of plants and animals. Species such as
the Steller’s sea cow and passenger pigeons have become extinct as a result of over-exploitation by humans.

Alien-species invasion: The unintentional or deliberate introduction of alien species causes a decline in the
number of indigenous species. Alien species prove invasive and affect the survival of native species in a
grave manner. Also, sometimes they compete with native species that eventually leads to their destruction.
For example, the Nile perch, introduced in Lake Victoria, led to the extinction of more than 200 species of
 cichlid fish in the lake.

Co-extinction: When plants or animals become extinct, other plants or animals that are dependant on it in an
obligatory way also become extinct.

g. Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances that have a characteristic internal structure and properties.
They are formed through geological processes that take millions of years. Examples of minerals are:

1. Iron ore: farming implements, rails of railway track

2. Manganese: medicines, electrical appliances
3. Bauxite: aeroplanes, transport vehicles, electric wires
4. Copper: radios, telephones, vehicles, kitchen utensils, statues
5. Mica: ayurvedic medicines, dyes, electric machines and equipments, wireless communication equipments.

h. The two important stages in the process of obtaining metals from ore are extraction and concentration.

Question:3
What steps taken for protection and conservation of natural resources ?
Solution:
The following steps are taken/can be taken to conserve natural resources like:

Conservation of minerals:

Improving the technology to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.
Recycling of metals.
Using scrap metals and other substitutes.
Using the available minerals in a planned manner.

Conservation of forests:

Indiscriminate deforestation should be prohibited.

Wastage of timber and firewood should be avoided.
Forest fires should be prevented.
Reforestation of deforested areas should be undertaken.
Excessive grazing of cattle in forests should be discouraged.
Pests and diseases affecting forest trees should be chemically and biologically controlled.

Conservation of water:

Clothes should be washed in washing machines only when the machine is filled to its maximum loading
capacity.
Taps must be closed while washing utensils, brushing teeth, shaving etc.
Trees should be planted in the monsoon season when temperatures are lower and rainfall is sufficient.
Promote rain water harvesting and drip irrigation.

Question:4
Complete the flow chart .
Solution:

Question:5
How does the economic condition of a nation depend on its natural resources ?
Solution:
The economic condition of a nation depends on its natural resources and it can be explained from the following
example of coal and petroleum. Natural resources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are engines of growth of
a country. All the industrial projects are undertaken on the basis of the energy provided by these natural resources.
They provide electricity to industrial establishments and households in the country. They are the only source of
fuel for propelling vehicles, railways and air transport. They are used as fuel for cooking food. A country’s survival
and development largely depends on these natural resources.

Question:6
Which medicinal plants will you grow on your school premises and near your house? Why?
Solution:
The following medicinal plants can be grown in the school as they are easily available, easy to maintain and have
various health benefits:​

Cinchona − Quinine, a drug used in the treatment of malaria, is obtained from the bark of the Cinchona tree.
Eucalyptus − The leaves of eucalyptus are used for extracting on oil which is used in the treatment of blocked
nose and throat infections. It is also used as a mosquito repellent.
Neem - The leaves and stems can be used in the treatment of fever, cold or for oral hygiene.
Cinnamon - It can be used in the treatment of diarrhoea and nausea.
 17. Effects of Lights

Question:1
Fill in the blanks .

(a) When the beams from the headlights of a car fall on an object in the night , the shadows called ............. and
..................... can be seen.

(b) During a lunar eclipse the shadow of the ............. falls on the ......................... .

(c) During a solar eclipse the shadow of the .............. falls on the ................ .

(d) Various shades of colour are seen in the sky at sunrise and sunset due to ........................ .
Solution:
(a) When the beams from the headlights of a car fall on an object in the night , the shadows called umbra and
penumbra can be seen.

(b) During a lunar eclipse the shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon.

(c) During a solar eclipse the shadow of the Moon falls on the Earth.

(d) Various shades of colour are seen in the sky at sunrise and sunset due to scattering of sunlight.

Question:2
Give reasons.

(a) Space beyond the earth's atmosphere appears dark.

(b) We are able to read while sitting in the shade.

(c) We should not observe the solar eclipse with naked eyes.
Solution:
(a) When sunlight is scattered by the particles present in the atmosphere, the surrounding gets illuminated and
appears bright. In space, there is no atmosphere i.e. no source for scattering the sunlight. Thus, as sunlight is not
scattered in different directions in the space, it appears dark.

(b) Light, which is required for seeing and reading, will reach us even when we are sitting under the shade. This
light comes to us upon reflecting from various objects around us.

(c) We should not observe solar eclipse with naked eyes because by doing so we might damage our eyesight. We
may suffer from permanent vision impairment or serious eye injuries. Thus, we should always use some device
such as binoculars while watching the sun during solar eclipse.

Question:3
Give some example of scattering of light that we come across in day-to-day life.
Solution:
Some example of scattering of light that we come across in day-to-day life are:

Blue colour of the sky: Out of the seven components present in sunlight, blue colour is scattered the most by
the particles present in the atmosphere and hence, the sky appears blue.
Reddish colour of the sun during sunrise and sunset: At sunrise or sunset, the sun is located near the horizon
of the Earth. Hence, light has to travel a long distance through the Earth’s atmosphere. At the time of sunrise
or sunset, when white sunlight falls on suspended atmospheric particles, blue colour light scatters out in deep
space, while red colour light scatters less, and reaches the observer on the surface of the Earth. Hence, when
this less scattered red light reaches our eyes, the sun and its surroundings appear to be reddish.
 Danger signals in red colour:​ Red colour is scattered least by the atmospheric particles and it can travel
longer distance as compared to other colours. Thus, it alarms a person of the potential danger from far
distance.

Question:4
Why is the shadow of bird flying high not seen on the earth?
Solution:
When a bird flies high up in the sky, the darkest part of its shadow, called umbra, does not reach the Earth. Hence,
the shadow of bird flying high is not seen on the Earth.

Question:5
Why is a penumbra not obtained from a point source?
Solution:
We do not obtain penumbra from a point source because all the light rays falling on the shadowing object are
completely blocked by it. This is illustrated in the figure below.

Question:6
Answer the following questions in your own words.

(a) What is meant by scattering of light ?

(b) Does the shadow really vanish in the zero shadow condition?

(c) Will the laser beam be seen if it passes through a glass box which contains a lighted incense stick?
Solution:
(a) The ability of light to spread in various directions is known as scattering of light.

(b) In the zero shadow condition, the shadow does not really vanishes. In fact, it is formed just beneath the object
because of which we are not able to see it.

(c) Yes, the laser beam will be seen if it passes through a glass box which contains a lighted incense stick. This is
because the laser beam will be scattered by the smoke particles formed in the glass box due to burning of incense
stick. Due to this scattering, the path of laser beam will become visible.

Question:7
Discuss and write.

(a) Write a science based paragraph on 'What if the sun did not rise?'

(b) What efforts will you make to remove the misconceptions about eclipses?

(c) Various eclipses and the conditions during the period.

Solution:
(a) If the Sun did not rise, the Earth will not get illuminated. Due to this, we won't be able to see objects around us if
any other temporary source of light is not used. Also, we know, Sun is the main source of energy to all living
beings. So, plants won't be able to prepare their food because of absence of sunlight and soon they will die. This
will create imbalance in the food chain which in turn will result in the destruction of all kinds of organisms on Earth.
Also, all the production of electrical energy will get terminated because of absence of this solar energy. Thus, it is
true to day that Sun is main source of our survival.

(b) To remove the misconceptions about eclipses, such as we should not eat during eclipses etc., following efforts
can be made:

Social media such as Newspapers, T.V., radio,etc. should launch some programmes and debates discussing
the myths existing related to eclipses. These mediums should highlight the superstitious talks prevailing from
the past and how we can remove this. These mediums should discuss why science do not support these
misconceptions.
At the school level, discussion should be held in classrooms regarding these misconceptions. They should
be asked whether they have seen such thing existing in their home. If yes, they should be taught how to
change the mindset of their parents and grandparents to eradicate these misconceptions.

(c) There are two types of eclipses known as

Solar eclipse: It occurs when the Moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun and the Moon's shadow falls
on the Earth. The solar eclipse occurs only on the new moon day. Two types of solar eclipse are:
Total Solar eclipse: When the solar disc is completely covered by the Moon.
Partial Solar eclipse: When the solar disc is partially covered by the Moon.

Lunar eclipse: It occurs when the Earth comes in between the Moon and the Sun and the Earth's shadow falls
on the Moon. The lunar eclipse occurs on the full moon night. Two types of lunar eclipse are:
Total lunar eclipse: When the total Moon comes under the shadow of the Earth.
Partial lunar eclipse: When the partial Moon or some part of the Moon comes under the shadow of the Earth.
Question:8
Explain the difference:

(a) Point sources and extended sources of light.

(b) Umbra and penumbra.

Solution:
(a)
Point Source of Light Extended Source of light

It is that source of light It is that source of light which

which forms only the umbra forms umbra as well as
region on the screen of the penumbra region on the screen
shadowed object. of the shadowed object.
eg: A pin hole through which
eg: Sun is an extended source
sunlight is entering is a
of light
point source of light

(b)
Umbra Penumbra

It is the part of the shadow It is the region around the umbra

where all of the light from the where the light from the source
source is blocked by the is partially blocked by the
shadowing object. shadowing object.
It is formed using an It is formed using point source
extended source of light. of light.
 18. Sound Production of Sound

Question:1
Fill in the blanks .

(a) Sound is generated by the rhythmic ............. of an object.

(b) The frequency of sound is measured in ............... .

(c) If ............. of sound is decreased , its loudness also decreases.

(d) A medium is necessary for .................... of sound.

Solution:
(a) Sound is generated by the rhythmic vibration of an object.

(b) The frequency of sound is measured in Hertz (Hz).

(c) If amplitude of sound is decreased, its loudness also decreases.

(d) A medium is necessary for propagation of sound.

Question:2
Match the pairs

Group 'A' Group 'B'

(a) Flute (1) Frequency less than 20 Hz

(b) Frequency (2) Frequency more than 20000 Hz

(c) Sound level (3) Vibrations in the air

(d) Ultrasonic sound (4) Measured in Hz

(e) Infrasonic sound (5) Decibel

Solution:

Group 'A' Group 'B'

(a) Flute (3) Vibrations in the air

(b) Frequency (4) Measured in Hz

(c) Sound level (5) Decibel

(d) Ultrasonic sound (2) Frequency more than 20000 Hz

(e) Infrasonic sound (1) Frequency less than 20 Hz

Question:3
Give scientific reasons.

(a) In earlier times, people used to listen for the arrival of a distant train by putting their ear to the rail.

(b) The sounds generated by a tabla and a sitar are different.

(c) If you were both on the moon , your friend will not be able to hear you call.
(d) We can hear the movement of a mosquito's wings but we cannot hear the movement of our hands.
Solution:
(a) In earlier times, people used to listen for the arrival of a distant train by putting their ear to the rail because they
knew that sound travels faster through solids than gases. Thus, by putting their ear to the rails used to give them
the idea of the arrival time of a train in advance.

(b) Due to difference in the pitch and timbre, the sound produced by a tabla and a sitar are different.

(c) We know that sound cannot travel through vacuum. Since there is no atmosphere on the moon atmosphere, so
we cannot hear sound on the Moon.

(d) The frequency of sound produced by the movement of mosquito's wings is in the audible range of humans
whereas that produced by the movement of our hands falls in the inaudible range. Due to this reason, we can hear
the movement of a mosquito's wings but cannot hear the movement of our hands.

Question:4
Write answers to the following questions .

(a) How is sound produced ?

(b) What does the intensity of sound depend upon ?

(c) Explain how the frequency of oscillation is related to the length of a pendulum and the amplitude of its
oscillation.

(d) Explain the two ways by which the pitch of the sound generated by a stretched string can be changed.
Solution:
(a) The back and forth movement of an object produces sound. An object moving back and forth is said to be in
vibration. Hence, sound is produced by vibrating objects.

(b) Intensity of sound depends on the amplitude of vibration of the sound. It is proportional to the square of
amplitude of vibration of the sound.

(c) Frequency of oscillation of a pendulum decreases with increase in the length of the pendulum and vice-versa. It
is independent of the amplitude of oscillation of pendulum provided the amplitude is small.

(d) Frequency or pitch of vibration of a stretched string can be changed by varying the

tension in the string: If the string of the instrument is under high tension, then the pitch of the note produced on
plucking the string will be high i.e. the note will be shriller because frequency of vibration of the string will be
high.
thickness of the string: If the string of the instrument is thin, then the pitch of the note produced on plucking
the string will be high as frequency of vibration of the string will be high.
 19. Properties of Magnetic Field

Question:1
Write the appropriate term in the blanks .

(a) The alloys called.......... and .............. are used for making industrial magnets.

(b) A magnetic field can pass through ............ and ............... .

(c) The intensity of a magnetic field is indicated by the lines of ................ .

(d) The real test of a magnet is .............. .

Solution:
(a) The alloys called alnico and nipermag are used for making industrial magnets.

(b) A magnetic field can pass through cardboard and water.

(c) The intensity of a magnetic field is indicated by the lines of magnetic force passing perpendicularly through a
unit area.

(d) The real test of a magnet is repulsion.

Question:2
With whom should I pair up?

Group 'A' Group 'B'

(a) Compass 1. The highest magnetic force

(b) Door of a cupboard 2. Like poles

(c) Repulsion 3. A magnet

(d) Magnetic pole 4. A magnetic needle

Solution:
Group 'A' Group 'B'
(a) Compass 4. A magnetic needle
(b) Door of a cupboard 3. A magnet
(c) Repulsion 2. Like poles
(d) Magnetic pole 1. The highest magnetic force

Question:3
Write answers to the following questions:

(a) Distinguish between the two methods of making artificial magnets.

(b) Which substances are used for making electromagnets?

(c) Write a note on 'magnetic field'.

(d) Why is a magnetic needle used in a compass?

(e) Explain with the help of a diagram how the intensity and direction of the magnetic field of a bar magnet can be
determined.
Solution:
(a) The two methods of making artificial magnets are:
Single Touch Method Double Touch Method

The magnetic strength of the magnet created The magnetic strength of the magnet created using this method is
using this method is low. high as compared to single touch method.
The magnetism of the magnet created using The magnetism of the magnet created using this method lasts for a
this method lasts for a shorter time. longer time as compared to single touch method.

(b) To make an electromagnet we require the following things:

A long conducting copper wire

An iron nail on which the copper wire has to be wound
A switch
A battery

(c) Magnetic field is defined as the region around a magnet where the magnetic force can be experience by an
object. Magnetic field lines are the geometrical representation of magnetic field. Following are the characteristics of
magnetic field lines:

Magnetic field lines emanate from the North Pole and terminate at the South Pole of a magnet (outside the
magnet).
The degree of closeness of magnetic field lines represents the relative strength of the magnet.
No two field lines can intersect each other.

Field lines due to a bar magnet is shown below:

(d) The Earth behaves as a magnet with its magnetic South-Pole coinciding with the geographic North-Pole and
magnetic North-Pole coinciding with the geographic South-Pole. Thus, in a compass, a magnetic needle is used to
show the geographic north direction by aligning itself in the direction magnetic South-Pole of the Earth.

(e) Take a drawing cardboard and sprinkle some iron filings on it. Notice the position of the iron filings as a whole.
Now, take a bar magnet and slowly bring it below the cardboard. You will observe that the iron filings tend to attract
towards the magnet as shown below.

To find the direction of the magnetic field around a bar magnet, place a magnetic compass with its South-Pole
near one of the poles of the bar magnet. Locate and the point where the North-pole of the needle points. Now, lift the
needle and place its South-Pole on the marked point. Now, again see where it North-Pole points. Repeat this
process and you will get the direction of the magnetic field as shown below.
To find the intensity of magnetic field around a region of a bar magnet, we need to calculate the number of lines
crossing through unit area of that region. For example, if we have to calculate the intensity of magnetic field at
points A and B, then draw unit areas around A and B first and then calculate the number of lines passing through
that area. By doing so, we see that intensity of field at A is greater than that at B.

Question:4
Give detailed information about how the merchants of olden times used a magnet while travelling.
Solution:

In the past, it was known that a piece of magnetite (stones having magnetic properties), when hung freely, points in
the North-South direction. Thus, these stones were used by merchants of olden times to find the direction while
travelling through unknown regions. These stones are also called loadstones (leading stones).
 20. In the World of Stars

Question:1
Write the proper words in the blanks.
meridian, horizon, twelve, nine, apparent, celestial, ecliptic

a
When seen from a great distance, the sky seems to be touching the ground along a circle. This circle is called the
............. .

b
The ............. is used while defining the zodiac signs.

c
Classified according to seasons, one season will have .............. nakshatras.

d
The rising of the sun in the east and its setting in the west is the .................. motion of the sun.
Solution:
a
When seen from a great distance, the sky seems to be touching the ground along a circle. This circle is called the
horizon.

b
The ecliptic is used while defining the zodiac signs.

c
Classified according to seasons, one season will have nine nakshatras.

d
The rising of the sun in the east and its setting in the west is the apparent motion of the sun.

Question:2
A star rises at 8 pm tonight. At what time will it rise after a month? Why?
Solution:
The star will rise at 6 pm after a month. This is because each star rises or sets 4 min earlier everyday. Thus, in a
month, the total advancement in the rising time of a star = 4 × 30 = 120 min = 2 h

So, if a star rises at 8 pm today, it will rise before 2 h i.e. at 6 pm after a month.

Question:3
What is meant by 'The sun enters a nakshatra' ? It is said that in the rainy season the sun enters the
Mrug nakshatra. What does it mean?
Solution:
A constellation or nakshatra is present behind the Sun, which gets hidden because of the bright sunlight. So, when
we look up in the sky, we are actually seeing both the Sun and the constellation behind it. Thus, when the Earth
changes position, it appears to an observer on Earth, as if the Sun has moved from its position and is entering a
new constellation or nakshatra.
The Sun entering the Mrug nakshatra in rainy season means that Mrug nakshatra or Orion is behind the Sun.

Question:4
Answer the following question.
a
What is a constellation?
b
What points should be considered before a sky watch?
c
Is it wrong to say that the planets, stars and nakshatras affect human life? Why?
Solution:
a
A group of stars forming a definite shape is known as constellation. Few examples of constellations are Orion, Big
Dipper.

b
The points to be considered before doing skywatch are:

The place chosen for skywatching should as far as possible from the city.
The night chosen for skywatching should be new moon night.
Binoculars or telescopes should be used for skywatching.
Pole Star should be chosen as a reference point for skywatching.
Skywatching should begin with stars in west.

c
Yes, it would certainly be wrong to say that planets, stars and nakshatras affect human life. This is because till
now there is no credible evidence supporting astrology. Science, as we know, does not follow beliefs but has its
basis on observations and evidences. Thus, it has rejected the thoughts and beliefs of many that the planets, stars
and nakshatras affect human life .

Question:5
Write a paragraph on the birth and lifecycle of stars using figure 20.1.
Solution:
Nebula is made up of gas and dust and is the birthplace of stars. Now, from this Nubula, various forms of stars are
formed. Some are massive stars whose size is much greater than the size of Sun and some are smaller stars
whose size is smaller than the size of Sun. Very large, massive stars burn their fuel much faster than smaller stars
and may only last a few hundred thousand years. The smaller stars lasts for several billion years because they
burn their fuel much more slowly. Other stages of a star during its life cycle is
Sun-like Stars: These are particularly similar to the sun in size but there is a lot of variation in terms of temperature.
Examples are Alpha Centurai, Tau Ceti etc.
Red Giants: These stars do not have as hot outer layer as that of the Sun with temperature ranging from 3000 oC to
4000 oC but they have a very high luminance than the Sun. They are red in color and their diameter is 10 to 100
times that of the sun.
Super Nova: They are larger and even brighter as compared to the red giant stars and even the Sun. They are also
considered as the primary source of heavy elements in the universe.
Binary or Twin Stars: A pair of two stars in which one revolves around the other or they both revolve around a
common center is known as binary or twin stars.
Variable Stars: These stars have a variable shape and brightness i.e it keeps on changing whenever they expand
or contract. Their brightness decreases when they expand and increases when they contract. Example Polaris or
Pole Star.