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    Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) : SR Group of Institutions Jhansi

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    Mir Mustafa Ali
    The document discusses: - OTEC utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep sea water to operate a heat engine and generate electricity. - The temperature difference of around 20°C is sufficient to achieve a 6.6% Carnot efficiency, although actual plant efficiencies are lower around 3-4%. - There are two main types of OTEC systems - open cycle that uses sea water directly and closed cycle that uses a working fluid like ammonia. - While OTEC is promising due to the vast solar energy absorbed in oceans, the technology faces challenges in plant design and costs, and impacts on marine

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    Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) : SR Group of Institutions Jhansi

    Uploaded by

    Mir Mustafa Ali
    39 views24 pages
    The document discusses: - OTEC utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep sea water to operate a heat engine and generate electricity. - The temperature difference of around 20°C is sufficient to achieve a 6.6% Carnot efficiency, although actual plant efficiencies are lower around 3-4%. - There are two main types of OTEC systems - open cycle that uses sea water directly and closed cycle that uses a working fluid like ammonia. - While OTEC is promising due to the vast solar energy absorbed in oceans, the technology faces challenges in plant design and costs, and impacts on marine

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    oceanthermalenergyconversionotec-1-200423080556

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    The document discusses: - OTEC utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep sea water to operate a heat engine and generate electricity. - The temperature difference of around 20°C is sufficient to achieve a 6.6% Carnot efficiency, although actual plant efficiencies are lower around 3-4%. - There are two main types of OTEC systems - open cycle that uses sea water directly and closed cycle that uses a working fluid like ammonia. - While OTEC is promising due to the vast solar energy absorbed in oceans, the technology faces challenges in plant design and costs, and impacts on marine

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views24 pages

    Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) : SR Group of Institutions Jhansi

    Uploaded by

    Mir Mustafa Ali
    The document discusses: - OTEC utilizes the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep sea water to operate a heat engine and generate electricity. - The temperature difference of around 20°C is sufficient to achieve a 6.6% Carnot efficiency, although actual plant efficiencies are lower around 3-4%. - There are two main types of OTEC systems - open cycle that uses sea water directly and closed cycle that uses a working fluid like ammonia. - While OTEC is promising due to the vast solar energy absorbed in oceans, the technology faces challenges in plant design and costs, and impacts on marine

    Copyright:

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    of 24

    Ocean Thermal

    Energy Conversion
    (OTEC)
    BY
    KRISHNANAND (ASST. PROFESSOR)
    DEPT. OF MECH. ENGINEERING

    SR GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
    JHANSI
    2
    Content

     Introduction
     Availability of OTEC
     Working Principle of OTEC
     Performance Analysis of OTEC
     Types of OTEC Systems
     Limitations of OTEC
     Applications of OTEC
    3
    Introduction

     Objective of OTEC:

    Solar Energy Usable Energy


    Trapped by Ocean

     For conversion – Temperature Gradient is needed (of at least


    20ºC).

     Found in Tropical Oceans


    4
    Availability

     80% of Solar radiation incident on earth surface falls on the


    surface of World’s ocean.

     Near equator, daily solar radiation flux - 17 to 20 MJ/sq. m

     Heat absorbed by water (good thermal storage capacity)

     Stored as sensible heat – heat the surface water up to 27 - 30ºC.


    5
    Availability Contd…
     Temperature difference between surface and at depth of 1000 m.
    Availability Contd… 6

     Monthly Variation of Temperature of Tropical Ocean Water


    7
    Working Principle
     Generation of electric power from OTEC is based on – utilization
    of the natural temperature difference between warm sea water at
    surface and cold sea water at some depth.

     Temperature of surface sea water – about 27ºC

     Temperature of water at depth of 1000 m – about 7 to 10ºC

     Two infinite heat reservoirs – Water at 27ºC


    (at Surface)
    Water at 7-10ºC
    (at depth of 1000 m)
    Working Principle Contd… 8

     CARNOT CYCLE –

    This temperature gradient utilized in prime mover (turbine)

    Part of heat energy

    Mechanical Energy

    Electrical Energy
    9
    Performance Analysis

    Heat Source
    T1 (27ºC)

    Work
    Output

    E Mechanical
    Energy

    Electrical
    Heat Sink
    T2 (7-10ºC)
    Energy
    Performance Analysis Contd… 10

     Carnot Cycle efficiency –


    𝑇2
    𝜂 =1−
    𝑇1

     T1 = 27ºC or T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K


     T2 = 7ºC or T2 = 05 + 273 = 280 K
     so Carnot efficiency,
    𝜂 = 6.66%
     Actual efficiency of OTEC plant is less than the Carnot Cycle.
    Performance Analysis Contd… 11

     Actual efficiency of OTEC Power Plant is –

    𝜂 0𝑇𝐸𝐶 = 𝐸𝐹 × 𝜂𝑐

     𝜂𝑐 = Carnot Cycle Efficiency


     EF = Relative Efficiency Factor (0.4 – 0.6)
    Performance Analysis Contd… 12

     Solar energy absorption by water takes place according to


    Lambert’s law of absorption.

     Lambert’s Law of Absorption –


    “Each layer of equal thickness absorbs the same fractions of light
    that passes through it.”

     If I = Intensity of radiation
    ⅆ𝐼𝑥
    x = depth of water , Then: = 𝜇𝐼
    ⅆ𝑥
    or
    𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼0 ⅇ −𝜇𝑥
    Performance Analysis Contd… 13

    𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼0 ⅇ −𝜇𝑥

     𝐼0 = Intensity of radiation at the surface where x = 0


     𝐼𝑥 = Intensity of radiation at a distance x below the surface
     𝜇 = Absorption coefficient

     The intensity falls exponentially with depth ‘x’ and depending


    upon 𝜇, almost all the absorption occurs very close to surface of
    deep water.
    Performance Analysis Contd… 14

     EXAMPLE – 1:
    Determine the overall efficiency of an OTEC plant if the
    temperature of warm water on the surface layer is 30ºC and
    temperature of cold water in the depth of the tropical ocean is 8ºC.
    It can be assumed that the efficiency factor (EF) of power plant is
    0.5.
    Solution :

    T1 = 30 + 273 = 303 K, T2 = 8 + 273 = 281 K and EF = 0.5


    𝑇
    𝜂 = (1 − 𝑇2)X100
    1
    𝜂 = 7.26%
    𝜂 0𝑇𝐸𝐶 = 𝐸𝐹 × 𝜂𝑐
    = 05X0.0726
    = 0.0363
    𝜂 0𝑇𝐸𝐶 = 3.63%
    15
    Types of OTEC Systems
     Open Cycle System or Claude Cycle System

     Closed Cycle System or Anderson Cycle

     Power plant comprises of –

    Evaporator Turbine

    Pump

    Condenser
    Working
    Fluid
    16
    Open Cycle System
     Simple flow diagram of Open Cycle System (why Open Cycle ?)
    Open Cycle System Contd… 17

     Detailed diagram of Open Cycle System


    Open Cycle System Contd… 18

     Working Fluid is - Sea Water

    Vapour
    Warm Surface Flash Derives
    Water Evaporated A Low Pressure
    (under High Vacuum) turbine

    Exhaust steam
    condensed Derives
    Using Cold sea Generator
    water
     No Heat Exchanger is needed
     Direct - contact between exhaust steam and cold spray water
    Open Cycle System Contd… 19

     T-S Diagram of Open Cycle System


     1: Warm Surface water at 27ºC
     1-2: Hot water admitted to evaporator
     2-3: Production of steam in evaporator
     3-5: Expansion of steam
     5-7: Condensation (by direct contact)
     6: Sink temp. of deep cold water

     1 – 6: Open Cycle OTEC


    Closed Cycle System 20

     Simple flow diagram of Closed Cycle System (Why closed cycle ?)


    Closed Cycle System Contd… 21

     Detailed diagram of Closed Cycle System

    Working
    Fluid:
    Ammonia
    or
    Freons
    Limitation of OTEC Power Plant 22

     Large size of steam turbine needed (due to low pressure).


     Very large vacuum pump needed (to maintain vacuum).
     Expensive working Fluid (Closed Cycle – Ammonia or Freons).
     High cost of plant.
     Capability of withstanding severe ocean storms
     Corrosion of metal parts due saline water.
     OTEC plant can alter and may damage the surrounding ecosystem.
     Construction of floating power plant is difficult.
    23
    Application of OTEC Plant

     Electricity generation

     Can also produce desalinated water (irrigation, human consumption)

     Closed cycle OTEC plant can act as chemical treatment plant.

     OTEC Plant can be used to pump up deep sea water (air conditioning
    and refrigeration)
    24
    Content Sources

     Images - www.google.in
     Book – NON-Conventional Energy Resources by S.Hassan Saeed
    and DK Sharma
     Data available on web.

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