Ethics - Week 1-6 Correspondence Module PDF

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National Teachers College

ORIENTATION GUIDE

Why should I read the orientation guide?
The orientation guide provides details on your course, requirements, and expectations
of you as a student. Since this course is mostly asynchronous (limited interaction with
your teacher), make sure you thoroughly read this document before proceeding.

How will this course run?
This course will run for eighteen weeks. You are expected to allot three (3) hours per
week in this course. This includes reading and understanding the provided materials,
and working on your required outputs.

The table below provides an overview of what will happen each week.
Week 1-3 You will learn about the fundamental principles of Ethics. You
will also complete your 1st written exercise as part of your class
standing grade.
Week 4-6 You will learn about Ethics and Society. You will also complete
your 2nd written exercise as part of your class standing grade.
Week 7-9 You will learn about Virtue Ethics and Moral Development. You
will also complete your 3rd written exercise as part of your class
standing grade.
Week 10-12 You will Ethical Decision Making Framework. You will also
complete your 3rd written exercise as part of your class standing
grade.
Week 13-15 You will study three cases in preparation for your final written
exercise.
Week 16-18 You will produce your 5th or final written exercise. It is the
culminating output for the Ethics class.
Ethics
School of Science, Arts, and Technology, First Semester, SY 2020-2021

Do I need to be online for this course?
This course is designed so you can complete it offline once you receive the reference
materials. However, in some areas of this course (which will be labeled as such), you will
be asked to go online to expand your research, submit your outputs, or communicate
with your professor.

How do I communicate with my professor?
Your professor will let you know what the main communication method for your class
(email, SMS, or social media communication such as Facebook Messenger) as well as
consultation and check-in schedules.

How do I succeed in this course?
Similar to a face-to-face class, your participation and engagement are crucial to
successfully complete this course.

This means that you need to complete your readings, weekly activities, assignments,
and required outputs on time. All the weekly activities are designed to be completed
within three (3) hours per week.

What can I find in this module?
This module contains everything you need to complete for this course. You will find the
following sections in your learner guide:

Overview This summarizes your tasks and expected accomplishments.

Each section contains instructions and activities for three
weeks.
Expectations This lists expectations for each three-week period, including

what you should already know or what you should have
already completed.
Topics This provides the topics and discussion items that will be
covered for each three-week period.
Reading Materials Reading materials specific to each topic are provided after
Ethics
each topic.
3-Week Summary Summary of the 3 week coverage. It answers the following:

● What did we cover?
● Who could use the learning points in the material?
● Why is it useful?
● When can you use the learning points?
● How do you use the learning points?
Instructions For specific outputs and activities, you will see instructions that
you need to follow. The instructions detail how and how well
you should complete your output.
Template Templates for specific written outputs are provided to help

you format your output.
Sample Output For specific written outputs, examples are provided to show
you what the expectations are.

Ethics

What are the icons in this module?
There are icons in the learner guide that let you know what to do or how to interact with
the content. Here’s what they are and what they mean:

This icon informs you that you will need to produce an
output, such as a reflection or reaction paper.
However, the output you produce does not need to
be submitted to your professor.
This icon tells you that the next section contains the
reading materials you need to read for the specific
topic.

This icon tells you that you need Internet access. The
output you will produce or the assessment you will take
will be evaluated and graded.

This action tells you that you need to reflect on your

current situation or content that you read, listened to,
or viewed.

Icons made by I con Pond from w

ww.flaticon.com.

How do I submit my output?
Outputs that should be submitted for grading purposes. The manner of submission will
depend on the type of output and the instructions of the professor.

Ethics

How will I be assessed in this course?
Your outputs will be scored using either a typical examination system (counting your
points against the total number of points in the exam) or a rubric.

There are 2 simple rubrics for the Ethics course:
● Rubric for the written output: essay type
● Rubric for the written output: multiple choice type

Written Output: Essay type Percentage
Completed the written output before the due date 96% to 100%
Completed the written output on the due date 91% to 95%
Completed the written output 3 days post the due date 86% to 90%
Completed the written output 1 week post the due date 81% to 85%
Completed the written output beyond 1 week post the due date 76% to 80%
Did not complete or submit the written output 71% to 75%
Notes:
● A specific grade will be given for your work and not a range. It will be based on
the written output rubric as shown above. For example, if you submitted your
written output (essay type) before the due date, then your grade could be
anywhere between 96% to 100%
● Your professor will consider the points below to generate your specific grade:
○ Level of detail provided - Who, What, When, Where, Why and How as
applicable
○ Use of Ethical concepts and principles for analysis & decision making
● If you want a good grade, make sure to use the sample outputs to your
advantage. The format of the sample outputs already give you a great clue
about the fulfillment requirements of the 2 written output

Written Output: Multiple choice type Percentage
10 correct answers 100%
Ethics

5 correct answers and below 75%
Notes:
● As cited above, a specific grade will be given for your work. Make sure to submit
your output on or before the due date specified by your professor.
● Late submission will warrant a 1% deduction per day of non-submission. Example
below:
○ If your default grade from the above rubric is 100% but you submit your
work 5 days late, then your grade will be 95% only.
Finally, take note of your performance. Get your grade from your professor. Use the
Ethics worksheet file to monitor and track your performance. It has the auto-compute
feature. All you need to do is enter the grade given by your professor.

How am I going to be graded for this course?
The composition of your final grade can be found below. It shows the grading criteria
and the maximum number of points you can get for each.

Sample below shows how your final grade is computed:

Category Allocation Weight Specific Raw Grade Percentage
1st written
25% 90% 23%
output
2nd written
25% 100% 25%
output
Class Standing 67%
3rd written
25% 100% 25%
output
4th written
25% 100% 25%
output
65%

Category Allocation Weight Specific Raw Grade Percentage
Ethics
5th written
Final Exam 33.33% 100% 95% 95%
output
32%

Final Grade 97%

What university policies should I remember?
Late Work
Late work will be accepted. However, late submission will have an impact on your
grade as described in the rubric above.

Drop
Distance learning courses will follow NTC’s drop policy. Please coordinate with your
professor accordingly. If it is absolutely necessary, it is your responsibility to officially
withdraw from the course before the specified deadline.

Ethics
Week 1-3
“What is Ethics?”

Overview
For the next 3 weeks, you are going to spend time familiarizing yourself with the course
structure and downloading the reference materials you will use in the course. You will
then be introduced to the essential conceptual foundation in the study of Ethics and
how it should be applied in our daily lives.

Expectations
1. Review the orientation guide part of this correspondence module.
2. Reach out to your professor if you encounter any challenges.
3. Download all the materials for this course, as applicable.
4. Read thoroughly the week 1-3 discussion proper.
5. Manage your time wisely. You should be able to complete the requirements of
this course in nine hours.

Introduction
To introduce you to Ethics, think about these questions and answer them:
● What house or school rules do you find most constricting?

● What do you think is the reason why such rules exist?
● What do you think your house or school would be like if rules did
not exist?
● What would change in the school? The house? Or even the
country? If there are no rules?
What is your answer? Was it easy to answer the questions? More so, do you think your
answer is correct? Well, what if I tell you right now that Ethics is very much related to
rules. It actually studies rules. It studies the standards that we know or that we follow. But
going beyond the rules, it studies the situation where the rule is applied. It also looks at
why people follow or do not follow rules.
Ethics
Now, to make your mind even more curious about Ethics, have you encountered a
situation where it is hard to decide? Have you heard of a situation where you felt like
the decision of another person was wrong? How do you know that it was wrong? Or
better yet, would you like to know how to make a better decision? An Ethical one, at
that?
To help you answer the questions cited above methodically and Ethically, let us formally
begin our study of Ethics! Shall we?
Coverage
This week, you are expected to continue your discovery of Ethics. This document covers
the following key topics:
● What are rules? Why rules?

● Moral and non-Moral standards
● Morality and Ethics
● Reason and Feelings
● Reason and Impartiality
● Reason and Will
● Dilemma
● Will, Cognition and Desire
Learning points
Once you have read the document, you will better understand the following:
1. Rules, Morality and Ethics

2. Freedom as the foundation of Ethics
3. Variables of Ethical decision making
4. Requirements of Ethical actions
5. Dilemma
Ethics
Content style
You will discover the answer to the question “What is Ethics” through a series of
chronologically arranged questions. Instead of reading paragraphs, you will read
questions and the answers. As you go through the material, you will notice that the
questions relate to each other and build upon each other. By presenting the content
this way, it will be much easier for you to digest the details, answer the weekly quizzes
and more importantly, produce the final culminating case output.
Source
Palma-Angeles PhD, A. (2012). Business Ethics, Lecture 1: What is Ethics [PowerPoint

slides]. Ateneo Graduate School of Business

Backdrop of the discussion
I am sure you are in this Ethics class because it is a part of the general education
subjects. It is a subject that you need to go through as a part of the college curriculum.
However, if it is not a requirement, will you even be in this class? Will you enrol it? Will you
take it? Maybe not, right? I do not want to assume. Although, given the option, I think
some of you might opt to not really enrol it because of some reasons like:
● Relationship of Ethics and your chosen major is not obvious; connection or
relationship is not evident; it is not a technical subject that you could easily and
directly associate to Marketing, Engineering or Education
● Ethics, as a subject alone, could be difficult to understand; theories and
principles versus “real life” situations
The list could go on. However, I do want you to know that studying Ethics is necessary,
beneficial and practical:
● It is necessary because the sooner you understand the standards of right and
wrong, the process of making a decision and the context of the people making
the decision, the sooner you could learn how to make ethical decisions -
decisions that are just, impartial and free
Ethics
● It is beneficial because you will have the opportunity to learn the steps in ethical
decision making; steps that you could use to dissect the different issues or
dilemmas
● It is practical because Ethics is about training the reason and training the will; it is
not just about knowledge. More than knowledge, Ethics about acting, doing
and living
Given the points I have raised, I am sure you are intrigued. So, without further delay, let
us begin.
Discussion proper
This represents the questions of the students ---> Student
This represents the teacher’s answer to the questions ---> Teacher
What are the rules in daily lives?
There are different rules that exist in our daily lives. The usual are below:
● Etiquette — standards by which we judge manners to be good or bad;

normally dictated by a socio-economic elite
● Legal — standards by which we judge legal right and wrong; in a
democracy, formulated by representatives of the people
● Language — standards by which we judge what is grammatically right or
wrong; evolve through use
● Aesthetics — standards by which we judge good and bad art; usually
dictated by a small circle of art connoisseurs
● Athletics — standards by which we judge how good or bad a game is
played; usually formulated by governing bodies
Why do rules exist?
● To get things in order

● To get things done
● Because we are beings with others
○ Esse est co-esse --- to be is to be with others or to exist is to co-exist
○ We do not live alone; we exist with other people and so, we need
rules to regulate our co-existence with others
Ethics
Are rules the same as moral standards?
No. They are not the same. Rules are non-moral standards. See the examples of
rules provided above.
Moral standards are far more impactful than rules or non-moral standards. To
differentiate, see below:
● moral standards deal with matters that we think can seriously injure or
seriously benefit human beings.
● moral standards are not established or changed by the decisions of
particular authoritative bodies.
● moral standards should be preferred over other values especially those
protecting self-interest.
● moral standards are based on impartial considerations.
● moral standards are associated with special emotions and a special
vocabulary.
So, what are moral standards?
“Moral standards, then, are standards that deal with matters that we think are of
1. serious consequence
2. that are based on good reasons and not on authority
3. that override self-interest
4. that are based on impartial considerations, and
5. whose transgression is associated with feelings of guilt and shame and
with a special vocabulary.
We absorb these standards as children from a variety of influences and revise

them as we mature.” 10, Velasquez, 6th Ed.
Non-compliance with moral standards seriously injures us as human beings.
Nababawasan ang pagkatao.
Where do moral standards come from?
Ethics
Moral standards come from our:
● Traditions and Customs

● Religion (though these also contribute to custom)
● Education
It comes from our CULTURE -- our way of life.
Are moral standards necessarily correct?
To some people yes, to some people no. Note that moral standards are highly
relative to culture, it actually depends.
Does it mean that there is no standard? That applies to all?
Well, that is precisely the reason why we are studying Ethics. So, that we could
understand the following:
1. the standards of right and wrong

2. the act of making a decision and
3. the nature of the agent who makes the decision
Now, do note that there is a big difference between Morality and Ethics:
● Morality
○ pertains to standards of right and wrong, usually inherited from a
community
● Ethics
○ studies standards of right and wrong, the act of making a decision,
the nature of the agent who makes the decision.
What is Ethics?
Ethics requires a reflective distance to critically examine standards. It asks 3

important questions:
● What or Why - It looks at values beneath these moral standards.

○ Example: Why should we marry in church?
Ethics
● Who - It looks at the person or agent who makes the moral decision
○ Example: Is he mature? What is his level of moral development?
● How - It is about the moral decision making process.
The moral agent is the person who makes the moral decision.
If Ethics is just about studying standards -- about why people make decisions,
who makes decisions, or the process of the making the decisions, why do I need
to study Ethics? What benefit will it give me?
Well, Ethics is not just about studying standards or building your knowledge about
right or wrong. Ethics, more than the knowledge, involves and requires action.
Action to do the right thing!
Okay. It is becoming clearer now. However, doing the right thing can sometimes
be hard especially when emotions are involved. How do I deal with that?
You need to understand that our decisions can be affected by our feelings. So, a
few things to note about them:
● Strong feelings emerge from our vested interests and personal “take” on a
case.
○ Example: Mother’s instinctive response when child is threatened
○ Example: Leaders see many office perks as “entitlements”
● Feelings are learned.
● We are blind to them.
● Thus, strong feelings can show only one side of an issue
Feelings cannot be controlled but what we do with them is the mark of moral
maturity.
What do you mean by “what we do with them” is the mark of moral maturity?
It means, no matter what we feel about an issue, we still need to act with reason.
We cannot just act on the basis of how we feel. We need to act with reason.

Ethics
What is reason? What does it have to do with moral maturity or Ethics?
Reason is the explanation or justification for an action or event. The action or
event is the product of analysis -- to think, to understand -- to form a judgement.
Note the use of justification and not rationalisation. There is a difference between
the two:
● To rationalize is to make up one’s mind without much thinking and then to
defend the decision with reasons that come to mind (after the fact) when
the decision is challenged.
● To justify is to think of the reasons for making a decision (before the fact);
choose the best one; and then open the decision to discussion when it is
challenged.
When you use your reason to justify your action or decision, you will become
impartial and impartiality is very important in Ethics.
What is impartiality?
● Every stakeholder’s interest is equally important.

● There are no special interests or people, thus in making every moral
decision, each stakeholder interest should be considered.
● One must not be arbitrary (behaviour is based on random choice or
personal whim).
● Decisions must be backed up by good reason.
● Every person should be treated the same way unless there is good reason
not to do so.
I think it is hard to be impartial especially when faced with a dilemma.
Impartiality takes effort and commitment to really look at all the sides. You
mentioned, dilemma. Do you know what a dilemma is?
Ethics
Dilemma is a situation where someone needs to choose between right or wrong.

Am I correct?
Actually, no. You are not correct. But to be fair, not many people know what
dilemma is.
So, what is a dilemma?
Dilemmas are not experiences where one needs to choose between “right” or
“wrong”.
Dilemmas are experiences where a person or an agent is confused about the

right decision to make because there are several competing options.
Here is an example:
Ramon, a Grade 5 honor student at an all-boys’ Grade School, allows

Jose, a large, burly boy seated next to him, to peek at his math quarterly
exam. Unfortunately, Teacher sees this and immediately gives both boys a
failing mark for the quarter exam. Ramon feels that a great injustice has
been committed; that Jose should have been punished more severely
than him.
Why? What was Ramon’s dilemma during the exam?
Give yourself about 5 minutes and think about the answer to the question.
This looks complicated. It seems like a dilemma is hard to understand, much

more solve. In the example, both options are hard to do: show the paper or be a
target of retaliation.
Yes. You are correct. However, remember that you will only be able to
understand the situation of Ramon if you dissect the issues. You need to look at
every angle. Remember, in Ethics, you need to look at the why or what of the
issue, the who of the issue and the how of the issue. Those three are important.
Ethics
Okay. But knowing those three does not mean being able to do the act. Knowing
versus doing, right? It is one thing to know the right thing to do. It is another story
to actually do the right thing.
Yes. You are correct, again. In Ethics, in order for you to act correctly or act
ethically, you need reason plus will:
● Reason or Cognition -- use of critical thinking to figure out the right thing to
do; critical thinking involves the basics below:
○ thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully
analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing any subject, content, or
problem
○ thinker analyses both merits and flaws; analyses all sides of the
subject, content, or problem
● Will or Volition -- the ability to execute what reason tells us to do. Example:
○ "Walk the talk” or what you say, you do.
Are there situations where there are no options? That all you can do is act? Act
even without reason? Act only on the basis of what is given to you?
Well, according to determinism, yes. In the concept of determinism,
● acts are determined by the action of the stimulus; example:

○ You are punched (stimulus), so your reaction (response) is to punch
back
○ Someone gives you bread (stimulus), so your reaction (response) is
to give a bread too
● without the stimulus or action from the others, you will not make a move;
you will just react
● similar to animal behavior; their action is determined by environment and
instinct and not by reason
However, determinism is not aligned to Ethical practices. Since human beings

are thinking beings, we need to think or use reason. Our behaviour should
manifest -- our ability to think, to choose and to act. Our behaviour should
manifest our freedom. We cannot just act without thinking. We cannot just act on
the basis of our feelings.
Ethics
What do you mean?
In Ethics, human acts are about choices. The very foundation of Ethics is freedom
to choose. R
emember that we have choices or options no matter how seemingly
limiting the situation is.
We need to:
● be free is to think outside of the “pack”, outside the “group think” or
majority
● choose to be responsible for our individual choices
When we think and when we choose, we need to make sure that our choices
align to what we claim to be our priority. Self-control and self-determination are
both very important in the practice of making the right choices.
So, how do I become ethical?
There are three things that you must do. Consider these three as the
requirements of ethical thinking:
● Pause first
○ stop and not do anything
○ hold of emotions before they do damage
○ distance from what everyone else is saying; clear your mind
○ do not act right away
● Think critically
○ analyze the situation (what/why, who and how) to make the right
choice
○ see the bigger picture and align the choice to the values
important to you
● Have Courage
○ Act deliberately and with conviction -- what reason says is the right
thing to do
Ethics
Summary of the week 1-3 discussion proper
What did we

cover? The week 1-3 reading material covered “What is Ethics?”. Key
concepts covered are below:
● Morality: pertains to standards of right and wrong, usually

inherited from a community
● Ethics:
○ studies of standards of right and wrong, the act of
making a decision, the nature of the agent who
makes the decision.
○ Ethics thus covers more than morality; it entails a
reflective distance; critical examines standards
● Moral Agent: the person who is going to make the moral
decision
● Influence: decisions defined and prompted by family,
community and culture. But we don't know the extent
● Feelings: always accompany moral experiences; signal
seriousness of dilemmas but are conditioned by
environment and instinctively protect self-interests
● Reason and Impartiality: decision is based on the best
reason and in fair consideration of competing interests
● Freedom is the foundation of Ethics:
○ In Determinism
■ acts are determined by action of stimulus;
stimulus-response relationship
■ act are animal acts, since
● animals do not have choices
● animal are reactive
○ In Freedom
■ acts are about choices, no matter how
seemingly limiting the situation is
■ acts are human acts, since
● to be free is to think outside of the
“pack”
● to choose is to be responsible for
choices and the course of one life
● acts are active and not reactive
Ethics
● Being Ethical requires:

○ Cognition (or reason)
■ To know the right and wrong
■ Ethics is about training reason
○ Volition (will)
■ To decide and do the right thing even if we
do not always want (desire) the right thing
■ Ethics is about training the will
Who could use Anyone who reads this material can begin his journey towards
the learning Ethical living. By using the concepts discussed, a person can
points in the become:
material? ● more critical about the issues around him or her
● more responsible in his or her actions (think before act)
● more free to align one’s actions and choices to his or her
priorities or values
Why is it useful?
Because it helps the student understand that Ethics is not just
about knowledge -- having more knowledge about what is right
or wrong. More than knowledge, Ethics is about action.
When can you When students are faced with issues or problems concerning acts
use the learning of:
points? ● Individuals
● Corporations/Organizations
● Systems

and they need to make a decision or do an action, they can use
the points they learned in this reading material.
How do you use

the learning Students can start with the basic steps required to be Ethical:
points?
○ Pause - assess the situation, issue or dilemma
○ Think critically - consider all variables or sides
(cognition)
○ Have courage - act or do the right thing (volition)

Ethics

First Assessment
Your first written assessment is a basic reflection accessible via Google Forms. It is based
on the concepts covered for the last 3 weeks. To access the assessment you need to
have Internet connection:

1. Open a browser (such as Google Chrome). You can use a computer or your
phone.
2. Type this URL:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1XoAYoVya3O31L5RvmTztQEbVa9QjD7SV_KY6
3bHo5EE/edit and press Enter. If you encounter any error message, confirm that
you have the correct URL.
3. The assessment should display. The first page required you to enter your name
and your professor’s name. If you get any error message, check your
connectivity.

TIP: If you encounter an error message, one way to confirm internet connection is
to open another tab (such as www.google.com) to check if the page loads. If
the new page doesn’t load, try restarting your internet connection (wi-fi router or
mobile data). If none of these work, send a message to your professor to set
proper expectations.

For your reference, below is the copy of the exercise that you will need to accomplish
via Google Form (URL above):
What is your most State the facts here:

memorable personal ● Who was involved?
dilemma? ● What was the issue?
● What were the options or choices available?
● What happened?
● What did you do?
Given what you know Describe and differentiate your new option or decision
now about Ethics, how here:
would you change it? ● Original/old decision or choice
What would be your ● Edited/new decision or choice
new response? What
would be the option you
would choose?
Ethics
SAMPLE OUTPUT for quality output assurance:

What is your most memorable personal dilemma?
My classmate was being bullied by 5 boys, who
What was the issue?
happen to be my friends and not just my classmates.
1) The bullied person is a boy. His profile is below:
- New in Manila; grew up in the province
- Dark skinned and cross-eyed
- Under a scholarship program; does not have lunch
money
Who was involved? - Usually seen by himself; loner

2) The bullies are my friends; they were not just
classmates. Their profile is below:
- Raised in Manila
- Very confident and loud
I was raised by my parents to be just and to be strong
enough to make a stand and protect the weak. When I
saw the situation, these were my thoughts - options:

Option A: Be neutral. The bullies are my friends. I should
What were the options or
not be against them. However, I should not also take
choices available?
part in their activity.

Option B: Side with my friends. Join them in their act.

Option C: Side with my bullied classmate. Defend him.
I chose option C. I defended my bullied classmate.

I shouted at my friends and threatened them. I was not
What did you do? diplomatic. I told them that they will get hurt if they do
not stop. I told them that people from Mindanao are
different. They should expect retaliation, if they do not
stop.
My friends stopped their act. However, since I was not
diplomatic, our relationship turned sour. They stopped
What happened? being my friends. I became the target of their next bully
act. They teased me; alleged that I have a crush with
my bullied classmate -- asserted that, that was why I
Ethics
defended him.
Given what you know now about Ethics, how would you change it? What would be
your new response? What would be the option you would choose?
I chose option C. I defended my bullied classmate. I
shouted at my friends and threatened them. I was not
Original/old decision or diplomatic. I told them that they will get hurt if they do
choice not stop. I told them that people from Mindanao are
different. They should expect retaliation, if they do not
stop.
I will still choose option C. I will still defend my bullied
classmate. I will, however, change or alter my
approach with my friends. I will pacify them by talking
to them. Instead of shouting at them.
Edited/new decision or

choice
Diplomacy will help me communicate my position
more. Through diplomacy, I will be able to encourage
both the bully and the bullied to see each other and
give each other a chance to be friends.
Key reminders about the written exercises are below:
1. The written output should be submitted to the professor or completed at the
appointed time.
2. The written output will be checked by your professor.
3. The written output will be graded by your professor:
a. For the 2nd to the 4th written exercise/output
i. Grade applicable will be provided
b. For the 1st and the 5th of final written exercise/output
i. Grade applicable will be provided
ii. Comments will also be provided:
1. Areas Of Strength (AOS)
2. Areas For Improvement (AFI)
It is highly important to proactively ask for feedback and ask for your grades.
Remember though that more than the grades, the most important part of this Ethics
course is your understanding of what Ethics means and how it is applied in our daily
lives.
Ethics
If you have a question or concern, do not hesitate to reach out to your

professor. You have the following communication options to reach him or
her:
● SMS
● Email
● Facebook Group or Chat/Messenger, if available
Culminating Output or Final Examination Activity
If you want to find out, as early as now, the cases that will be used for your final
examination, you may watch these videos:
● Pinky Amador viral incident

● Nurse quit her job because of CoVid19 risk
● Senator Pimentel’s quarantine violation
Just to set expectations, you will have 5 written activities under this course:
● 1st written exercise: personal reflection short paper (1 page)

● 2nd written exercise: CFU (check for understanding) multiple choice
● 3rd written exercise: CFU (check for understanding) multiple choice
● 4th written exercise: CFU (check for understanding) multiple choice
● 5th written exercise: basic case analysis (1 to 3 pages only)
Your 5th and final written exercise is your final examination. It is the culminating
output. You will submit a basic case analysis and will have the chance or opportunity
to choose 1 out of the three videos above.
Specific details concerning your final examination reflection paper is provided in the
week 5 reading material or learner guide.

This is the end of week 1-3 activities.

Ethics

Week 4-6
“Ethics and Society”
Overview
For this week, you will study Ethics and Society. Just like with the previous weeks, a
specific reading material has been prepared for you so that your learning experience
for the above-cited topic is delivered. Do remember that each week covers specific
concepts. Topics and the discussions around them, build up. Feel free to read the
previous weeks reading material to refresh your mind.
Ethics is a very important subject. Wherever you go, no matter what course you take or
profession you choose to do, Ethics is something you could use to become a better
person. It will help you align your actions to your personal values and principles. It will
help you become an active being of development.
Expectations for this week

1. Review the orientation guide part of this correspondence module.
2. Reach out to your professor if you encounter any challenges.
3. Download all the materials for this course, as applicable.
4. Read thoroughly the week 4-6 discussion proper.
5. Manage your time wisely. You should be able to complete the requirements of
this course in nine hours.

Ethics
Introduction
From the previous week, our discussion focused on what Ethics is. We
tackled the different concepts and principles of Ethics from what it is and
what it is not to its essential features and requirements for practice.
For this week, we are going to go deeper by discussing the common

issues or contention around Ethics. Since you already know that Ethics
studies 1) the standards of right and wrong, 2) the act of making a
decision and 3) the nature of the agent or person who makes the
decision. I am sure that you have encountered these very common
arguments about right and wrong:
“What may be wrong to you may not necessarily be the same with me or other
people.”
“We come from different backgrounds. This is our practice. It is not wrong where I come
from. So, there is no issue.”
“I am doing it this way because this is our practice. Do your approach and I will do
mine.”
What do you feel about those statements or arguments? Do you know how to respond,
if ever you are the recipient of such an argument or assertion?
Well, this week, we will focus on what you need to know about Ethics and society and
how actually we are affected or influenced by the latter. We will also find resolution to
the argument that we are different.
Excited? I am sure you are. Let us begin!
Ethics
Coverage
This week, you are expected to read this document that covers the following key
topics:
1. Culture
a. Layers of Culture
b. Cultural Differences
2. Ethical Relativism: Is there No Objective Truth in Ethics
a. What is it?
b. Critique
3. The Filipino Way
Learning points
Once you have read the document, you will better understand the following:
1. Norms and Culture

2. Layers of Culture and Cultural Differences
3. Ethical Relativism
4. Why Ethical Relativism Does Not Work
Content style
You will discover the answer to the question “What is Ethics and Society” through a
series of chronologically arranged questions. Instead of reading paragraphs, you will
read questions and the answers. As you go through the material, you will notice that the
questions relate to each other and build upon each other. By presenting the content
this way, it will be much easier for you to digest the details, answer the weekly quizzes
and more importantly, produce the final culminating case output.
Source
Palma-Angeles PhD, A. (2012). Business Ethics, Lecture 2: Ethics and Society [PowerPoint
slides]. Ateneo Graduate School of Business
https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/values
Ethics
Discussion proper
This represents the questions of the students ---> Student
This represents the teacher’s answer to the questions ---> Teacher
Is Ethics influenced by our society and communities?
How society and communities we belong to, influence us and the extent they
influence is not something we are entirely aware of.
Think about this:
● There is a divorce law in Belgium. Is the number of divorced people high

because there is law that allows it?
As stated in the example, in Belgium, the divorce rate is high. What do you think
is the reason why? Is it high because the law influences people to do it? Or was
the law passed or created because the married people discontinue their union
or marriage anyway?
Okay. I see that there is a form of influence. But, how much does society really
influence human behaviour? Our perception of right or wrong?
To answer your question, I need you to think about these additional examples:
● The Greeks and Callatians

○ Greeks burn the dead
○ Callatians eat the dead
● The Eskimos
○ Kill babies because they are a burden
○ Leave old people to die because they are a burden
● The One-child Policy of China
○ Send your child/children away to another country because you
can only have one
○ Kill the child in the womb or just after birth because of preference
for sons (not daughters) and the one-child policy
Ethics
If you want to read more about the examples, you may download the additional
materials prepared for you.
Now, to continue our discussion, answer the following questions below:
1. Callatians eat the dead to honour. So, if you are with the Callatians, will
you eat the dead too?
2. Eskimos kill their babies when they become a burden. So, if you are with
the Eskimos, will you kill babies who burned too?
3. Eskimos leave the old people to die when they have no more use. So, if
you are with the Eskimos, will you leave old useless people to die too?
Will you respond this way, “Yes. It is okay. That is the way they do it in their
culture. It should be okay to do the same.”?
Well, I would not really know how to respond. I want to be respectful because of
the different contexts or backgrounds -- different ways of life. However, at the
same time, I feel that I am missing something.
You are right.
Actually, there are different emotions that the examples I have given you would
generate. I mean, they are not easy examples in the first place. The examples
provided involve death and killing. So, I get you.
To help you dissect the issue, let me share that cultural layers exist. If you know
them, it will help you understand the arguments more and how to actually
respond to them.
What are the cultural layers?
Below are the layers:
● Outer layer - We are different from each other.

○ For food, buildings, shrines, markets, art, cemeteries, fashion, etc.
○ Different cultures, different sense of fashion - food preferences and
more!
Ethics
● Middle layer - We are different from each other.

○ Rules and values
○ Different norms, practices, stakes and more!
● Core layer - We are different from each other.
○ “World View” of people; a particular philosophy of life or
conception of the world
I am familiar with most of the items you mentioned that differentiate each of the
cultural layers. I am not so sure about how to define values though. What are
values exactly?
Values are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another.
They serve as a guide for human behavior.
Generally, people are predisposed to adopt the values that they are raised with.
People also tend to believe that those values are “right” because they are the
values of their particular culture.
Examples of values are:
● Love
● Truth
● Freedom
● Ambition
● Responsibility
● Courage
I see. So, values represent our beliefs -- ideas that drive our behavior. No wonder
why humans are so different from each other. We have different cultures. We
have different beliefs and practices!
Yes. You are correct. We are definitely different from each other. The reason are
many; some are below:
● Geography
○ plains, mountains, rural, urban, etc.
● History
Ethics
○ Colonisation (colonized? Which country?)

● Access to Media (Facebook has been banished from China)
● Subgroups:
○ Families
○ Universities
○ Companies
■ Goals
■ Exposure
Is that the reason why it is hard to understand other cultures? Especially when it
comes to the issue of Ethics?
Yes. Most definitely. Because remember:
● when one comes from homogenous (uniform or the same) communities

● when one comes from geographically isolated communities
● when one has never left their hometowns
They will likely be very different. In fact, even for those communities that are not
really homogeneous, there is already a difference.
If the difference is a fact, why bother and look at Ethics?
Well, ours is an increasingly global village. Just look at the Filipinos:
● We have 4.8 million permanent migrants

● We have 4.2 million temporary migrants
● We have 1.2 million irregular migrants
○ In more than 200 destination countries and territories
Filipinos are all over the world - working and living with many people from
different cultures. Given the borderlessness of the world now, it is highly important
to understand Ethics and how we could use it to become culturally sensitive.
To be clear though, it does not mean that cultural differences exist that there are
no objective truths in morality.
Ethics
When you say become culturally sensitive, do you mean, “we must do what the
Romans do”? Like if I go to a place where they eat the dead, I will do the same?
Is that it?
According to Ethical Relativism, the answer to your question is yes.
Ethical relativism is a theory which claims that, because different societies have
different ethical beliefs, there is no rational way of determining whether an
action is morally right or wrong other than by asking whether the people of this or
that society believe it is morally right or wrong.
It further claims that there are no standards that are absolutely true and should
be applied to people of all societies. It holds that something is right for the
people in one particular society if it accords with their moral standards and
wrong for them if it violates their moral standards.
Really?
Yes. What ethical relativism comes down to is that:
● Different cultures have different moral codes and beliefs. What is
considered right within one group may utterly be unacceptable to the
members of another group.
○ THEREFORE: What is moral is relative to a particular culture. There is
no objective truth in ethics.
● It would be naive and mythical to think that there are universal truths in
ethics. There are no standards of morality that cut across cultures. Every
standard is culture-bound.
I do not agree with that. I think are universal truths. There needs to be something
that cuts across all cultures regardless of the differences, right? Because if there
are no objective standards or truths, then -- there will be chaos. We will just do
whatever we want and rationalise it.
Very good. You are correct. I shared with you the theory of Ethical relativism
because it is something that is used by many different people to become
culturally sensitive. However, to your point, it is actually flawed.
Ethics
It missed the fact that from the outside, people from different cultures might be
different but from the inside -- they are the same.
Look at below:
● Structures
○ Our buildings are different because of the natural conditions of our
countries -- weather, fault lines, seasons, etc. But what is their
purpose?
■ Protection from elements, comfort, to gather the family
● Burial ritual
○ Some bury their dead, some burn them; in the past some ate them.
But what is their purpose?
■ Respect for the dead
● Union rites
○ Some live-in before marriage, some marry in church, some in civil
courts. But what is their purpose?
■ They believe in commitment
Good to know that. Also, I do think that there are practices or actions that are
wrong. I mean, not all cultural practices are right.
Yes. Of course. And look at our actual behaviours:
● We criticize other cultures

● We talk about moral progress
However, we need to note that under our practices or actions that may seem
different, there are actually universal values that cut across all cultures --- that
are common to us all.
What are the universal values?
These are the universal values:
○ Respect for human life

■ Regardless of culture or origin, the majority, if not all, value
human life. We react to save others. We contribute
resources to decrease mortality due to hunger.
Ethics
○ Nurture the young

■ Regardless of culture or origin, the majority, if not all, take
care of the young people. We react to save kids. We
support efforts to decrease mortality rates of babies.
○ Truth-telling
■ Regardless of culture or origin, the majority, if not all, believe
in the words of others. You take it at face value. If someone
says, “I am hungry.” You do not doubt or question his or her
statement. You believe it.
I am glad that universal values exist. I really think there should be something that
is common or universal to all humans across all cultures. I am curious about the
specific values of the Filipinos or Asians. What are they generally?

For us Asians, our societal values are the following:
1. Orderly society
2. Social harmony
3. Accountability of public officials
4. Openness to new ideas
5. Respect for authority

The above values are arranged in the order of priority. Remember what values
mean? They are the set of beliefs or ideas that motivate people to act. So, for us
Asians, our number 1 value is an orderly society.

Visitors from other countries say that we are “very western or American”. Is there
truth to that?
Well, people from other countries may describe us that way because of our
English speaking skills. However, we are different from Americans. Look at the
societal values of the Americans below (arranged in the order of priority):
1. Freedom of expression
2. Rights of the individual
3. Personal freedom
4. Open debate
Ethics
5. Thinking for oneself

6. Accountability of public officials
Wow. Looking at the prioritisation and what the values represent, it looks like we
are very different from them. We are not so American after all.
Of course. The history and geography of America, among other things, is very
different compared to the Philippines. America also is a highly developed
country. It is in fact, the world’s largest economy compared to the Philippines
that is only under the developing status.
Now, for you to see how different at the values level, look at the side by side
comparison below:
Filipinos / Asians Americans
1. Orderly society 1. Freedom of expression

2. Social harmony 2. Rights of the individual
3. Accountability of public 3. Personal freedom
officials 4. Open debate
4. Openness to new ideas 5. Thinking for oneself
5. Respect for authority 6. Accountability of public officials

Majority of the values of the Americans concern the individual and his freedom.
Their societal values point to those two things. For Filipinos or Asians, the majority
of the values concern the group and authority.
Now, I get it. Looking at the values right now and how they are so different, I
already understand why people perceive Americans as forward and as freedom
oriented. Given the history of the Philippines, I also get why our values are like
that.
Very good. You need to note though that although we are different from the
Americans, we are also not very much an Asian. In fact, Filipinos are described as
the “Anomaly in Asia,”.
We are very Latin; thanks to our conquerors who stayed in the Philippines for
more than 300 years. Latin because we love to talk. We demonstrate warmth
and emotion openly. We love good life-food. We love music and dancing. Pretty
easy going compared to all our Asian neighbours.
Below are the additional cultural notes of Filipinos:

Ethics
● Cosmopolitan; Filipinos can be found all over the world and the world is in
the Philippines, perhaps because of economic need and English
● Fiercely love and protect democratic tradition
● Love for discussions and debate even if education still tends to be rote;
● Gender equality; women occupy important positions and can go to any
career
● Family-centered; OFWs are abroad for family
● College education is very important; way for social mobility
● Personal and professional are intertwined
● Has not reflected on Asian identity enough; US-looking
Additionally, Filipinos are known for our:
● Paternalism—focus on leaders and personalities not on structures

● Familial, warm environment but sometimes expects exception-making
○ e.g. I did not prepare for my exam, can I take another one?
● Inability to accept feedback
● Stress on being "nice"
● Hardworking when motivated but needs to work at respect for facts and
details in forming judgments, giving feedback
○ e.g. “you did great work”; “you need to work harder”
● Very intuitive, can get very inspired but needs to work at consistency
I like the flow of our discussion and the topic build up. Last week, we covered
what influences our standards of right and wrong. When we started this week, we
continued our discussion about culture and then tackled the nature of the agent
who makes the decision.
Yes. That is why your question about the values of the Filipinos is important.
Because we need to understand the nature of the agent who makes the
decision. Right? In order to improve the decision making, we need to understand
who we are as a Filipino -- as a moral agent.
The point of studying Ethics is again, not just to gain knowledge. Ethics is about
training the reason and the will. The important output of this course is really for
you to learn how to make Ethical decisions. And your judgment will be impaired,
if you do not have a good understanding of the cultural notes, way of thinking or
features of the Filipinos.
Ethics
Speaking of the features of the Filipinos. Can you share more insights about the
Filipino strengths and weaknesses?
Please see the table below:
Strengths Weaknesses
1. Pakikipagkapwa-Tao 1. Extreme personalism

2. Family Orientation 2. Extreme Family Centeredness
3. Joy and Humor 3. Lack of Discipline
4. Flexibility, Adaptability and 4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative
Creativity 5. Colonial Mentality
5. Hard Work and Industry 6. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome
6. Faith and Religiosity 7. Lack of Self-analysis and
7. Ability to Survive Self-reflection
Think about the two data groups: strengths and weaknesses. You will realise that
the majority, if not all, still remains to be true. “Still remains to be true” because
the study that helped build this Filipino profile was done years and years ago.
And yet, here we are already in 2020 but the points are still the same.
I understand most of the weakness points cited. However, I need help in the lack
of self-analysis and self-reflection part. Can you share more when it comes to
that?
To answer your question, please read below:
There is a tendency in the Filipino to be superficial and even somewhat

flighty. In the face of serious problems, both personal and social, there is
lack of analysis or reflection. We joke about the most serious matters and
this prevents looking deeply into the problem. There is no felt need to
validate our hypotheses or explanations of things. Thus, we are satisfied
with superficial explanations and superficial solutions to problems.
Related to this, the Filipino emphasis on form (maporma) rather than on
substance. There is a tendency to be satisfied with rhetoric and to
substitute this for reality. Empty rhetoric and endless words are very much
Ethics
part of public discourse. As long as the right things are said, as long as the
proper documents and reports exist, as long as the proper committees,
task forces or offices are formed, Filipinos are deluded into believing that
what ought to be, actually exists.
The Filipino’s lack of self-analysis and our emphasis on norms is reinforced

by an educational system that is often more form than substance and a
legal system that tends to substitute law for reality.
Do you agree with the description above?
Yes. I agree. It is sad though that it is true. It is something that I see almost daily.
In fact, there is a global health crisis. The Philippines is already in recession. And
instead of Filipinos analysing what they could do to help, we do what we do best.
We joke about it. We pull each other down. At least that is what I see from the
behaviours of the Filipino politicians.
Yes. All the more that I will point out that the study of Ethics is important. It will
help improve the two points you asked about. It will help you improve your
self-analysis and self-reflection. It will help you train your reason. It will help you
train your behavior.
Thank you. This is helpful. So, just to check, what is the answer to all of these
questions?
There are no universal Moral Values?
There are:
● Respect for human life

● Care for the young
● Truth-telling
All of our individual cultures are right?
No. Not all actions or practices are.
When in Rome do as the Romans do?
Yes but only if the practice or action does not transgress or conflict
with the universal moral values, like those previously mentioned.
Ethics
Summary of the week 4-6 discussion proper
What did we

cover? The week 4-6 reading material covered “Ethics and Society”. Key
concepts covered are below:
● Culture: way of life, especially the general customs and

beliefs, of a particular group of people
● Layers of Culture
○ Outer - Actual or explicitly products
○ Middle - Rules and values
○ Core - World view or a particular philosophy of life or
conception of the world
● Ethical Relativism:
○ Ethical relativism is a theory which claims that,
because different societies have different ethical
beliefs, there is no rational way of determining
whether an action is morally right or wrong other
than by asking whether the people of this or that
society believe it is morally right or wrong.
● Universal Values:
○ Respect for human life
○ Nurturing our young
○ Truth-telling
● Filipino Way
○ Strengths
■ Pakikipagkapwa-Tao
■ Family Orientation
■ Joy and Humor
■ Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity
■ Hard Work and Industry
■ Faith and Religiosity
■ Ability to Survive
○ Weaknesses
■ Extreme personalism
■ Extreme Family Centeredness
■ Lack of Discipline
■ Passivity and Lack of Initiative
■ Colonial Mentality
Ethics
■ Kanya-Kanya Syndrome
■ Lack of Self-analysis and Self-reflection
Who could use Anyone who reads this material could have the oppty to improve
the learning his or her:
points in the ● understanding of Ethics, especially around how the
material? standards of right and wrong could be influenced by
culture
● understanding of Filipinos as moral agents, given the
discussion points around the strengths and weaknesses of
Filipinos (as moral agents)
Why is it useful?
Because it helps the readers or students understand that contrary
to the arguments asserted by many, not all cultural practices are
correct. Ethical relativism may have strong arguments given the
existence of real differences (geographical, cultural, political,
social and more) among people. However, there are universal
values that cut across all cultures.
There are no universal Moral Values?
There are:
● Respect for human life

● Care for the young
● Truth-telling
All of our individual cultures are right?
No. Not all actions or practices are.
When in Rome do as the Romans do? (Ethical relativism)
Yes. But only if the practice or action does not transgress or
conflict with the universal moral values, like those previously
mentioned.
When can you When students are faced with issues or problems concerning acts
use the learning of:
points? ● Individuals
● Corporations/Organizations
● Systems

and they need to make a decision or do an action, they can use
Ethics
the points they learned in this reading material.
How do you use

the learning Students can start with the basic steps required to be Ethical:
points?
○ Pause - assess the situation, issue or dilemma
○ Think critically - consider all variables or sides
(cognition)
○ Have courage - act or do the right thing (volition)
On the analysis part, students can begin to identify the values

“underneath the explicit products”.

Second Assessment
Your first written assessment is a basic reflection accessible via Google Forms. It is based
on the concepts covered for the last 3 weeks. To access the assessment you need to
have Internet connection:
1. Open a browser (such as Google Chrome). You can use a computer or your
phone.
2. Type this URL:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1ginZrUZhQULhP_wSVEGBINLipc4tkqAw5TW3V
aK20d8/edit and press Enter. If you encounter any error message, confirm that
you have the correct URL.
3. The assessment should display. The first page required you to enter your name
and your professor’s name. If you get any error message, check your
connectivity.

TIP: If you encounter an error message, one way to confirm internet connection is
to open another tab (such as www.google.com) to check if the page loads. If
the new page doesn’t load, try restarting your internet connection (wi-fi router or
mobile data). If none of these work, send a message to your professor to set
proper expectations.

Ethics
For your reference, below is the copy of the exercise that you will need to accomplish
via Google Form (URL above):

Questions Choices or Options
A. Pertains to standards of right and wrong, usually inherited from
a community

What is morality? B. Studies the standards of right and wrong, the act of making a
decision, the nature of the agent who makes the decision

C. None of the above
A. Studies the standards of right and wrong

B. Studies the act of making a decision
What is ethics?
C. Studies the nature of the agent who makes the decision

D. All of the above
A. 2 or two

How many cultural layers are there? B. 3 or three

C. 4 or four
Humans are very different from
A. True
each other for many reasons

(geography, climate, history and
B. False
more). Is it true or false?
A. Copy the behaviour of the locals

What does this mean, “When in B. Act like the locals; if you are in Baguio and if people there eat
Rome; do what the Romans do.”? dogs, then do the same

C. All of the above
A. Respect for human life

B. Nurture the young
What are the universal values?
C. Truth-telling

D. All of the above
Ethics
A. Regardless of culture or origin, the majority, if not all, take care

of the young people. We react to save kids. We support efforts to
decrease mortality rates of babies.

B. Regardless of culture or origin, the majority, if not all, believe in
What does respect for human life the words of others. You take it at face value. If someone says, “I
mean? am hungry.” You do not doubt or question his or her statement.
You believe it.

C. Regardless of culture or origin, the majority, if not all, value
human life. We react to save others. We contribute resources to
decrease mortality due to hunger.

What does the value of the words of others. You take it at face value. If someone says, “I
Truth-telling mean? am hungry.” You do not doubt or question his or her statement.
You believe it.


What does the value of nurturing the words of others. You take it at face value. If someone says, “I
the young mean? am hungry.” You do not doubt or question his or her statement.
You believe it.

Ethics
A. Extreme personalism

B. Extreme family centeredness

C. Lack of discipline

D. Family orientation
Given an example of the Filipino

strength.
E. Passivity and lack of Initiative

F. Colonial mentality

G. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome

H. Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection
Key reminders about the written exercises are below:
The written output should be submitted to the professor or completed at the appointed
time.
● The written output will be checked by your professor.

● The written output will be graded by your professor:
○ For the 2nd to the 4th written exercise/output
■ Grade applicable will be provided
○ For the 1st and the 5th of final written exercise/output
■ Grade applicable will be provided
■ Comments will also be provided:
● Areas Of Strength (AOS)
● Areas For Improvement (AFI)
It is highly important to proactively ask for feedback and ask for your grades.
Remember though that more than the grades, the most important part of this Ethics
course is your understanding of what Ethics means and how it is applied in our daily
lives.
Ethics
If you have a question or concern, do not hesitate to reach out to your

professor. You have the following communication options to reach him or
her:
● SMS
● Email
● Facebook Group or Chat/Messenger, if available
Culminating Output or Final Examination Activity
If you want to find out, as early as now, the cases that will be used for your final
examination, you may watch these videos:
● Pinky Amador viral incident

● Nurse quit her job because of CoVid19 risk
● Senator Pimentel’s quarantine violation
Just to set expectations, you will have 5 written activities under this course:
● 1st written exercise: personal reflection short paper (1 page)

● 2nd written exercise: CFU (check for understanding) multiple choice
● 3rd written exercise: CFU (check for understanding) multiple choice
● 4th written exercise: CFU (check for understanding) multiple choice
● 5th written exercise: basic case analysis (1 to 3 pages only)
Your 5th and final written exercise is your final examination. It is the culminating
output. You will submit a basic case analysis and will have the chance or opportunity
to choose 1 out of the three videos above.
Specific details concerning your final examination reflection paper is provided in the
week 5 reading material or learner guide.

This is the end of week 4-6 activities.

Ethics

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​Adaptive Community for the Continuity of Education and Student Services

National Teachers College​

Overview This summarizes your tasks and expected accomplishments.

Expectations This lists expectations for each three-week period, including

3-Week Summary Summary of the 3 week coverage. It answers the following:

Template Templates for specific written outputs are provided to help

This action tells you that you need to reflect on your

Icons made by I​ con Pond​ from w

8 correct answers 90%

Sample​ below shows how your final grade is computed:

● What house or school rules do you find most constricting?

● What are rules? Why rules?

1. Rules, Morality and Ethics

Palma-Angeles PhD, A. (2012). ​Business Ethics, Lecture 1: What is Ethics [PowerPoint

Backdrop of the discussion

This represents the questions of the students ---> ​Student

This represents the teacher’s answer to the questions ---> Teacher

What are the rules in daily lives?

● Etiquette​ — standards by which we judge manners to be good or bad;

Why do rules exist?

● To get things in ​order

Are rules the same as moral standards?

So, what are moral standards?

We absorb these standards as children from a variety of influences and revise

Non-compliance with moral standards seriously injures us as human beings.

Nababawasan ang pagkatao.

Where do moral standards come from?

Moral standards come from our:

● Traditions and Customs

It comes from our CULTURE -- our way of life.

Are moral standards necessarily correct?

Does it mean that there is no standard? That applies to all?

1. the standards of right and wrong

Ethics requires a reflective distance to critically examine standards. It asks 3

● What or Why - It looks at values beneath these moral standards.

What is reason? What does it have to do with moral maturity or Ethics?

● Every stakeholder’s interest is equally important.

I think it is hard to be impartial especially when faced with a dilemma.

Dilemma is a situation where someone needs to choose between right or wrong.

So, what is a dilemma?

Dilemmas are experiences where a person or an agent is confused about the

Ramon, a Grade 5 honor student at an all-boys’ Grade School, allows

Why? What was Ramon’s dilemma during the exam?

This looks complicated. It seems like a dilemma is hard to understand, much

Well, according to determinism, yes. In the concept of determinism,

● acts are determined by the action of the stimulus; example:

However, ​determinism is not aligned to Ethical practices. Since human beings

What do you mean?

So, how do I become ethical?

Summary of the week 1-3 discussion proper

What did we

● Morality​: pertains to standards of right and wrong, usually

● Being Ethical requires:

How do you use

What is your most State the facts here:

SAMPLE OUTPUT for quality output assurance:

Key reminders about the written exercises are below:

If you have a question or concern, do not hesitate to reach out to your

Culminating Output or Final Examination Activity

Adaptive Community for the Continuity of Education and Student Services

National Teachers College

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Sample below shows how your final grade is computed:

Palma-Angeles PhD, A. (2012). Business Ethics, Lecture 1: What is Ethics [PowerPoint

This represents the questions of the students ---> Student

● Etiquette — standards by which we judge manners to be good or bad;

● To get things in order

However, determinism is not aligned to Ethical practices. Since human beings

● Morality: pertains to standards of right and wrong, usually

This represents the questions of the students ---> Student

● Culture: way of life, especially the general customs and