WEB SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol

Introduction: (TCP/IP)
● The Internet is the technological framework on which ● TCP/IP are communication protocols that define how
the Web aka World Wide Web runs. The Internet is data should travel across the internet using the
considered a large network (which comprises millions computer’s IP Address
of different types of networks) of computers from ● Set of standards that we need to follow for us to enable
around the world which can communicate all together. connectivity to the internet.
● The web, on the other hand, is only one of the 1) Transmission Control Protocol
applications that is supported by the Internet. Other a) Used for the data to travel from one
applications include email, telephony and file sharing. server to another
● Computers and other devices on the Internet b) How will the data travel within the set of
communicate with each other through different network.
requests and responses to and from web servers. 2) Internet Protocol
a) To access or to have connection to the
Basic Concepts and Terminologies internet.
1. Clients
● those devices that are connected to the internet IP Address
such as your phone connected to your mobile ● The unique address of a computer on the Internet or
network or WIFI and browsers like Firefox, any other networks or devices within the network.
Safari or Chrome. Because of its uniqueness, it is possible to identify a
2. Servers computer accessing the Internet.
● computers that store webpages, sites, or apps. ● Initially IP address format is known as IPv4 (4-part
When a client device wants to access a number) such as 207.123.14.128. However, due to
webpage, a copy of the webpage is increasing growth of the Internet, IPv6 was introduced
downloaded from the server onto the client which now makes up a 6-part number.
machine to be displayed in the user's web ● It will identify:
browser. ○ Devices
○ Network
○ Website/Webpage
Domain Name Server (DNS) How the Web Works
● DNS is like an address book for websites. When you 1. When a user is connected to the Internet and browse a
type a web address in your browser, the browser looks website by typing the address or clicking on a link to
at the DNS to find the website's real address (IP the website, the browser will request the IP address of
Address) before it can retrieve the website. The the website from the nearest DNS server.
browser needs to find out which server the website 2. If the nearest DNS server does not have the requested
lives on. IP address, it will request it from another DNS server
● Incharge of finding which web server that has the and does it until it is found or runs out of option.
user’s webpage interest 3. If the DNS server is found, the requested IP address is
● Incharge of converting the IP address to Domain Name sent to the requesting DNS server.
4. The requesting DNS server sends the IP address to
Web Servers the browser.
● Web servers are powerful computers that run special 5. The browser shall use the IP address to request the
programs that are connected to the Internet. website from the Web server hosting it.
6. The Web server sends requested web page to the
browser.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 7. Browser renders Web page.
● URL or Web address is the unique address of each file
or document on a web server. This describes the Requirements for Creating Websites
location of the webpage. ● The creation of websites depends on the type of
website you want to create since different types of
Anatomy of the URL websites requires different levels of complexities. The
● Example. complexity level would determine the range of
https://usl-tuguegarao.neolms.com/home_news development language or tools needed in the creation
1. Protocol – https of the website which could either be easy to use and
2. Subdomain – usl-tuguegarao learn or are relatively difficult. Most of the websites are
3. Domain Name – neolms initially created using HTML and CSS since these are
4. Top Level Domain – com the main or basic languages responsible for the look
5. Path/File – home_news and feel of a web page.
Types of websites Introduction:
A. Static Websites. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
● These are websites with fixed contents which ● is the standard markup language for creating Web
means that its contents are the same for every pages. Knowledge of HTML is, in theory, not necessary
site visitors. The contents of this type of website to create web pages because of existing tools that
are usually hard-coded therefore any changes allow web developers and designers to do this without
you want to make, you need to open and edit having to write any code. However, knowledge of
the source code or source file. HTML is considered mandatory since it would enable
● Static websites are very rare nowadays since you to customize and refine your outputs when
customized versions of websites are more necessary.
preferred by site visitors. Personal website is an Web Page Creation
example of this type. ● The basic principle behind how the web page creation
● You can create this type of website with just works is to mark up the document. Mark up means to
HTML and CSS show how we want the document to be structured and
B. Dynamic Websites. styled based on a standard writing convention.
● These types of websites are interactive in Therefore, is an HTML document is properly marked
nature. up, the web browsers would be able to parse and
● The contents of this type of website varies display the intended Web page.
depending on the type of users accessing it as ● In the past, HTML was used for both the structuring
well as interactions made by the users while and styling of a document, however, as the need for
browsing it. This is the most created type of flexibility and efficiency arises, this practice has rarely
website today since interactions are what been used and became obsolete. Therefore, HTML is
makes visitors stay and keep coming back to a now mainly used for structuring and Cascading Style
website. Sheets (CSS) took the role for the styling of the
● Examples of this type are e-commerce sites, document to cater with the complexities.
portals, social networking sites and etc. ● HTML is a collection of elements that are used to
● This type of website is usually created by define various parts of a document such as header,
including some programming languages such footer, heading, body of text and so on. Essentially,
as PHP, ASP, JavaScript and many others when a document is parsed, the browser created a
alongside HTML and CSS hierarchical representation of the elements in it known
as Document Object Model. This model enables the
document to be properly rendered into a Web page
 and manipulate elements of the page to create
contents dynamically.

HTML Syntax
A. HTML Element.
● An HTML element consists of a pair of HTML
tags, that encloses contents, which are called ● Notice that in the given figure, it is important to apply
the start tag and an end or closing tag. But correct nesting of HTML elements for the code to
there is also an exception in what we call an properly work and properly parsed and rendered by the
empty element which comprises only of a start browser.
tag therefore it does not enclose any content
that is why the term empty element.
Syntax:

Example for paragraph or p element:

● An HTML element can also have some attributes which

provides more information on how to treat the contents
of the element. An attribute is composed of two parts:
an attribute name and a value enclosed in quotation
marks, and is separated by an equal sign. Elements
do not always have the same attributes but some are
globally used such as title, id and classE

Syntax:

HTML Document Structure Contents of the <head> Section

● The figure below represents the basic elements of an ● HTML placed in the <head> section of an HTML
HTML document specifically HTML5 Document. document are meta-related elements where it provides
 the metadata (data that provide information about other that you need to provide appropriate HTML elements
data). The metadata to be considered are the following: for your contents to be properly marked up. Therefore,
if you just inserted string of texts in the <body>
specifying a markup, then it will be displayed without
any structure.
● A typical web page contains header, navigation menu,
main content, sidebars and footer. These semantics is
not present in the older version of HTML because there
are no dedicated layout elements to define them. The
figures below show the difference of older versions of
HTML with that of HTML5.

Contents of the <body> Section Creating a Web Page

● Contents you want to be displayed is placed on the ● Creating a web page depends on the type of tools
<body> section in a structured manner. This means used. Tools are generally categorized under text
editors, HTML editors, WYSIWIG (What You See is documents written in a markup language should
What You Get) editors, and Web Content Management appear when rendered. Thus, CSS describes
System. how HTML elements are to be displayed. By
1. Text Editors – or plain html editors, using CSS, we separate the content of a web
● HTML needs to be typed or pasted into page from the presentation (layout and design)
the editor. An example of this is of that content.
notepad.
2. HTML editors
● are typically color-coded for elements,
attributes and values for better
readability. Example of this are
Notepad++ and sublime.
3. WYSIWIG editors
● you can either type in the code that is
automatically rendered to display the
design or you can place the content
directly where the editor automatically
creates the corresponding code. A
commonly used example of this is
Adobe Dreamweaver.
4. Content Management Systems
● do not require you to enter HTML codes
to create the web page. You just need to
select from various templates and forms
available which leaves you to just import
your contents into it. The most popular
examples of this are WordPress, Drupal
and Joomla.
Philippines School Network: Vision-Mission
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
● a style sheet language that allows rules to be
At the initiative of the Father,
created that are used to determine how
 Sent by the Son, Enabling people
Guided by the Spirit, To experience the coming of the Kingdom
-proclaimed by Jesus Christ-
Inspired by Theophile Verbist our founder, In their own God-given context.
Who heard the call of the Lord
And left his country USL’s VISION, MISSION, AND CORE VALUES
To proclaim the Good News in China,
VISION
Enlightened by those who preceded us USL is a global learning community recognized for science
And who - like our founder- and technology across all disciplines, strong research, and
Left their familiar surroundings responsive community engagement grounded on the CICM
To follow Jesus Christ, the Incarnate Word mission and identity for a distinctive student experience.
By integrating themselves into a foreign culture,
And by living in solidarity with another people, MISSION
USL sustains a Catholic academic community that nurtures
Enriched by those we serve, persons for community, church and society anchored on
Especially the poor who reveals to us CICM’s Missio et Excellentia.
The sin of the world
And who help us discover the true meaning EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND CORE VALUES
Of God’s plan of love, The University of Saint Louis upholds the philosophy that
education is for building of self and persons for the Church and
We CICM missionaries the Society. Wisdom builds. To these ends, the following are
Of different races and cultures University of Saint Louis’s core values integral in the formation
Live and work together as brothers of every member of the Louisian community.
In order to bring the Good News of Jesus Christ
Wherever it is most needed. 1. Christian Living
a. We are witnesses to the Gospel values as
We achieve our mission taught and lived by Christ thus making God’s
When we facilitate love known and experienced by all.
The encounter between Jesus Christ and the ‘nations’. 2. Excellence

Our mission includes

 a. We seek and maintain uncompromising Mission as mother of Theology
standard of quality in teaching, learning, ● Theology started as an accompanying manifestation of
service, and stewardship of school resources. the Christian mission and not as a luxury of the world
3. Professional Responsibility dominating church. That the history and the theology of
a. We are committed to efficiently and responsibly the early church are first of all mission history and
apply the learned principles, values and skills in mission theology. Thus, the beginnings of a missionary
the chosen field of discipline, taking initiative theology are therefore the beginnings of Christian
and command responsibility in one’s theology as such.
professional advancement.
4. Social Awareness and Involvement MISSIOLOGY
a. We engage ourselves with society by listening ● Missiology in general is born from the experience of
to the prevailing issues and concerns in the people who reflect on their missionary experience and
society, thereby initiating and participating in involvement. If mission is essential to the church or if
constructive and relevant social activities for the church is mission, then Missiology is in the same way
promotion of justice, peace and integrity of essential to theology. Without a sound Missiology,
creation and for people’s wellness and there can be no good theology.
development consistent with the CICM charism. ● Missiology is the systematic study of mission,
5. Innovation, Creativity and Agility evangelization, and missionary activity of church.
a. We keep ourselves relevant and responsive to Missiology is not systematic or dogmatic theology. It
the changing needs of our stakeholders by does not study the content of the message. It is rather
being flexible, solution oriented, and having practical theology.
cutting-edge decisions and practices.

Introduction to the word “MISSION”

 3. AUXANICS:
● this term is derived from a Greek verb meaning ‘to
augment, to multiply’. Auxanics is then the study of the
process of augmenting the community. Same critique
as under [2].

4. HALIEUTICS
● this term is derived from the Greek verb halieuein
meaning ‘to fish, to be fisherman’. This is a reference
to Mk 1:17, And Jesus said to them, ‘Come after me
and I will make you into fishers of people.’ And in Mt
4:19 we read, And he said to them, ‘Come after me
and I will make you fishers of people.’
Other suggested names of this discipline ● Note: Halieutics is then the study of the process of
fishing for people. Same critique as under [2].
1. Gustav Warneck (1834-1910)
● a pioneer in the science of missions, suggested the 5. Others suggested the name THEOLOGY OF THE
term THEORY OF MISSIONS [Missionslehre]. APOSTOLATE.
● This term emphasizes the content of the apostolic
2. PROSTHETICS witnessing, teaching and proclamation. However it
● this term is borrowed from Ac 2:31. Peter has does not emphasize the specific activity of the sending
addressed the people on Pentecost, and as a result: of God.
They accepted what he said and were baptised. That
very day about three thousand were added to their
number.
● Note:The term is derived from the Greek verb
prostithestai meaning “to add to.” Prosthetics is then
the study of the process of adding members to the
community. Critique too much stress on numbers and
visible growth.
The place of missiology in the framework of theological INTRODUCTION
disciplines ● To do mission is an integral part of Christianity’s self-
● Mission is a “central” activity of the church. It is understanding. Christianity cannot be understood apart
proclaiming the good news, it is witnessing. This has from its activity of doing mission. Hence, from the very
been done in the past. This is being done now. This will beginning, Christians have been engaged in witnessing
be done in the future. As said before the church is for the faith and communicating the message of the
mission and therefore missionary activities belong to faith to many nations and cultures.
the nature of the church and are object of theological ● As there was growth in the understanding of the faith,
reflection. so there were changes in how the Church conceived
and did mission.
● Furthermore, there were developments in the
understanding of mission necessitated by changing
times and situations.
● One important change is the shift from Ecclesio-centric
to Theo-centric view of mission.

LESSON PROPER
CHRISTIAN MISSION:
● The Gospels recorded the command of Jesus Christ
that his disciples go forth and teach all nations (Matt.
28:19); Christian mission is the response to this
command. The history of mission is, to a large extent,
the history of Christianity, because missionary efforts
Hence… missiology belongs to practical theology. It is not just are recorded in the Acts of the Apostles and have
one discipline I.e. history. It is a descriptive, critical, normative continued to the present.
and animating science. ● Saint Paul was the first great missionary to the
Gentiles, and as a result of his efforts, the church
spread until by the end of the 1st century, it had
reached most of the great Mediterranean cities.

● By the beginning of the 4th century, Christianity had

become a dominant force in Greek culture and in 313 it
 became an official religion of the Roman Empire. By gave the Holy Spirit to guide her(Church), we will now
the end of the 4th century it had extended as far as have its complete definition (below).
India in the east and Ireland in the west. The following ● Church: Community (of men and women) centered in
centuries saw the expansion of the Church into Christ, guided by the Holy Spirit, moving Towards the
northern Europe, and the evangelization of Germany Kingdom of the Father, and the bearers of the
and Scandinavia continued through the early medieval Message of Salvation for all men. (G.S.# I)
period. ● The official or complete definition of the word “Church”
● Saint Boniface, the apostle of Germany, Saint Patrick, is very much implied in the illustration above. So, the
Ireland's apostle, and Saint Augustine of Canterbury very cause of the emergence of the Church is no other
were notable missionaries of that era. than to continue carrying out the Mission of Jesus to
spread salvation/Kingdom of God which ultimately
The Definition / Meaning of the word CHURCH originated from the Father’s plan since people are
● The Etymology of the word “Church” deviating from His Love.
Qahal(Hebrew) ● From the definition, there are five important elements
Ekklesia (Greek) of the Church. Community, Christ’s-centered, guided
Ecclesia (Latin) by the Holy Spirit, and carrying out the mission of
Church (English) spreading the Kingdom of God/salvation to all.
● The Word “Church” is derived from the Latin word ● Just to avoid confusion, some authors made a
“Ecclesia” which was derived from the Greek word distinction between the Church as referring to people
“Ekklesia”; and this “Ekklesia” was derived from the or to buildings (worshipping place like chapels) by
Hebrew word “Qahal” (Hebrew is one of the ancient using the small c church as referring to people and the
languages of the Israelites) capital C – Church as referring to the
● “Qahal” means Calling together or in the context of the people/community. This is also good, but primarily the
Israelites, it means an assembly called by God for a meaning of the word “Church” is really the community
religious purpose that is to worship. So, this is also the or people. How do we know then if it is referring to
meaning of the words “Ekklesia”, “Ecclesia” and the people or building? Well, the best way is on how the
word “Church”. word “Church” is used in a sentence. Example: The
● From the very root word which is Qahal, Church is Church in Piat, Cagayan is very beautiful. This
simply defined as an assembly called by God to sentence obviously refers to the building. The Church
worship. Since the Church originated from the Father’s of Piat, Cagayan is very participative. This one
plan of salvation which started from the Israelites until obviously refers to the community.
its very foundation by no other than Jesus who also
Brief Historical Background of the Church 2. Pentecost
● The translation of the word Hebrew word “Qahal” to ● the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the
Greek word “Ekklesia” to Latin word “Ecclesia” and to Apostles and their followers.
the English term “Church” literally tells the movement ● By receiving the Holy Spirit, He (H.S.)
of the Church from the Israelites/Hebrew Community to empowered them to preach the Kingdom, to act
the Greek invasion of the Israelites who were later as
defeated by the Roman Empire which was centered in ● Community who will continue the Mission of
Rome which used Latin as their language until its Jesus C.
spread to the whole world. Sacrament:
● means channel, representative, visible sign of an
The Two Founding Events of the Church: The Public invisible reality
Ministry of Jesus and the Pentecost event God ---- Jesus ----- Church
1. Public Ministry of Jesus (working for the Kingdom: ● The Sacrament of God is Jesus and the Sacrament
preaching, healing, etc.) of Jesus is the Church (John 20:21, Acts 1:8)
● Jesus of Nazareth founded a Renewal
Movement within the Old Testament (Israelites) Church
● Founder of the Church: Jesu ● The Church started as a religious renewal
● How? “movement”/group in Jerusalem, Israel by no other
○ by gathering his disciples (the apostles) than Jesus Christ. Jesus grounded the Church on the
○ The disciples experienced Jesus foundation of the Apostles and it spread from
intimately / personally. Later they Jerusalem to the Roman Empire world until throughout
shared in his ministry all the earth.
○ Jesus assured them of his presence ● The first “name” of the Church was The Way (Acts
(forever) 9:2), The members of the Church were called
Christians in Antioch (Acts 11: 26). The Church was
Two things which inspired the apostles to come together persecuted by the Roman Empire (which was still
and reflect on what was their mission: pagan) until the Conversion of the Emperor
1. The Resurrection Experience -- which is the “ Ground Constantine in 313 AD which paved the way for
or Foundation” of Christian Faith. Christians to infiltrate Rome until Christianity was
2. The Pentecost Experience declared as the official religion of the Roman Empire in
380 AD by Emperor Theodosius.
● Way back in 45 AD, the first apostle who went to Rome Missionaries
and started the Church there was no other than Peter. ● Missionaries are group/community of priests who really
Later, reflecting on the mission of Jesus which He want to go to serve remote places not yet evangelize
passed on to the Church, the Church’s official “name” ● Examples of missionaries are the following:
or title evolved into: One (John 17:21), Holy 1. The Dominicans who was founded by St. Dominic in
(Ephesians 1:4, 5:27, I Peter 2:9), Catholic (Matthew Prouille, France in 1216. (Dominic was a Spanish
28: 18-20, Acts 1:8, Gen 12: 3, John 3: 16-17) and priest).
Apostolic (Ephesians 2:20 ) 2. The Augustinians which started in 1244 in Italy (group
● From the Church developed the Hierarchy (Bishops, or no specific founder).
priests, and deacons – with the Pope as the overall 3. . The Jesuits or called Society of Jesus who was
head for the sake of division of work and maintaining founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola, formerly a
the unity of the Church while it spreads the Kingdom of Spanish soldier who became priest.
God on earth. 4. The CICM and other missionary groups only came
● From the Church comes the different “kinds” of priests out later.
according to spirituality or mission area.
○ Diocesan is a term use for priests serving their ● The CICM was founded by a diocesan priest Theophile
local places; Verbist in 1862 in Scheut, Anderlecht, Brussels,
○ Monks: started in the 3rd century AD in Egypt Belgium.
and in Syria with a life of simplicity or ● So what is a CICM? It is just one of the missionary
asceticism. groups which is an arm of the Church for
■ Monks who are composed of sisters (not evangelization.
priests) only came out later. ● Regardless of who or what missionary group started
■ Example of few monks in Cagayan who the Church in our places, we are all members of the
are sisters are those at the St. Claire whole Church established by Jesus whose mission is
monastery in Iguig. to spread the Kingdom/salvation to all.
The Catholic Mission and Its very Ground/Source
● God Created all things, (world and the human Jesus’ relationship with God is important in
persons). They were in “paradise” which means, there understanding how Jesus saw his mission.
was harmony, justice, peace, and joy. Despite the very ● There are two scriptural accounts in the bible that
good conditions of life that they were in, the first human record a clear depiction of Jesus’ relationship with God
beings (“Adam” and “Eve”) still committed sin. as Father and Son.
1. Jesus used the term “Abba” when he prayed in
the garden of Gethsemane shortly before his
death.
2. When Feast of Dedication took place at
Jerusalem, Jesus explained to the Jews, He
and the Father are one.

● Abba: An Aramaic word for “father.” It represents an

intimate form of speaking and corresponds to the
English “Daddy” or the Filipino term “Tatay” or Itay.”
○ Garden of Gethsemane
■ The Garden of Gethsemane is where
Jesus prayed on the night of His
betrayal and arrest (Mark 14:32-50).
According to the record in Luke, Jesus’
despair in Gethsemane was so deep
that He sweat drops of blood (Luke 44-
22:43)
■ Jesus Prays in Gethsemane (Mark
14:32-42)

Jesus’ Relationship with God (Week 5)

Jesus Prays in Gethsemane (Mark 14:32-42) come for Him through Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross. It’s an
32 And they went to a place called Gethsemane. And he said expression of humble admiration for His Father, as well as an
to his disciples, “Sit here while I pray.” 33 And he took with him intimate request asked of God, for God’s will to be shown in
Peter and James and John, and began to be greatly this “cup” of sacrifice, that Jesus wouldn’t ask of anyone but
distressed and troubled. 34 And he said to them, “My soul is God.
very sorrowful, even to death. Remain here and watch.”[d] 35
And going a little farther, he fell on the ground and prayed that, ● “I and My Father are one”
if it were possible, the hour might pass from him. 36 And he ○ I and the Father Are One (Mark 10:22-42)
said, “Abba, Father, all things are possible for you. Remove
this cup from me. Yet not what I will, but what you will.” 37 And (Mark 10:22-42)
he came and found them sleeping, and he said to Peter, 22 At that time the Feast of Dedication took place at
“Simon, are you asleep? Could you not watch one hour? 38 Jerusalem. It was winter, 23 and Jesus was walking in the
Watch and pray that you may not enter into temptation. The temple, in the colonnade of Solomon. 24 So the Jews
spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.” 39 And again he gathered around him and said to him, “How long will you keep
went away and prayed, saying the same words. 40 And again us in suspense? If you are the Christ, tell us plainly.” 25 Jesus
he came and found them sleeping, for their eyes were very answered them, “I told you, and you do not believe. The works
heavy, and they did not know what to answer him. 41 And he that I do in my Father’s name bear witness about me, 26 but
came the third time and said to them, “Are you still sleeping you do not believe because you are not among my sheep. 27
and taking your rest? It is enough; the hour has come. The My sheep hear my voice, and I know them, and they follow
Son of Man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. 42 Rise, let me. 28 I give them eternal life, and they will never perish, and
us be going; see, my betrayer is at hand.” no one will snatch them out of my hand. 29 My Father, who
Jesus was God in the flesh, letting the Father speaking has given them to me, a is greater than all, and no one is able
through Him as He went about His ministry of spreading the to snatch them out of the Father’s hand. 30 I and the Father
Word of God to all who would hear and obey. Because of His are one.”
intimate connection with God in heaven, before He was placed 31 The Jews picked up stones again to stone him. 32 Jesus
on earth, shows why Jesus would refer to God as Abba answered them, “I have shown you many good works from the
Father. He was tethered to God in a way that no one ever Father; for which of them are you going to stone me?” 33 The
could or ever would be able to undo. Jews answered him, “It is not for a good work that we are
going to stone you but for blasphemy, because you, being a
When He calls God “Abba Father” in the garden of man, make yourself God.” 34 Jesus answered them, “Is it not
Gethsemane in Mark 14:36, He says it as a way of written in your Law, ‘I said, you are gods’? 35 If he called them
acknowledging the power of God and the greatness that will gods to whom the word of God came—and Scripture cannot
be broken— 36 do you say of him whom the Father one and they have the same essence, disposition, wisdom and
consecrated and sent into the world, ‘You are blaspheming,’ almightiness.
because I said, ‘I am the Son of God’? 37 If I am not doing the
works of my Father, then do not believe me; 38 but if I do
them, even though you do not believe me, believe the works, Jesus’ relationship with God is characterized by intimacy
that you may know and understand that the Father is in me in his:
and I am in the Father.” 39 Again they sought to arrest him,
but he escaped from their hands. PRAYER LIFE
40 He went away again across the Jordan to the place where ○ Did you know that of all the prayers prayed
John had been baptizing at first, and there he remained. 41 throughout the world, few are repeated as often
And many came to him. And they said, “John did no sign, but as the Lord’s Prayer?
everything that John said about this man was true.” 42 And ○ When we deal with “The Lord’s Prayer”, we
many believed in him there. find it tucked within Jesus’s Sermon on the
Mount, where he taught at length about living a
This is a mystery that human wisdom cannot fully and solely life that brings glory to God.
grasp, but with the help and guidance of the Holy Spirit – the ○ The Lord’s Prayer may be the most familiar
power of mission, it leads us to the revelation for the work of prayer that exists. It is found in the Bible, in
salvation. Spirit in heaven called Jesus His beloved Son, God Matthew and in Luke, and came from the very
witnessed His incarnated flesh from the perspective of the mouth of Jesus Christ. This prayer is
Spirit. That was God bearing witness to Himself. However, actually instructional; it is a model prayer that is
when the Lord Jesus called God in heaven by the name of meant to teach us the correct focus and
Father, He called the Spirit of God from the perspective of the emphasis of prayer.
flesh. But it couldn’t prove that the Lord Jesus was the Son of ○ Yet despite the prayer’s popularity, the sad part
God’s Spirit in heaven. In the time of the New Testament, God is, IT IS OFTEN MISUNDERSTOOD AND
incarnate came to do the work of crucifixion and redemption. UNDERVALUED!
He took on the sins of mankind as the sin offering. As God’s ○ That is the rationale why this part focuses on
Spirit is not suited to be crucified directly, but only God’s Spirit how to address this concern. It aims to
assuming the flesh and coming to the earth is most suited to enlighten you with regard the real meaning of
finishing the work.As the embodiment of the Spirit of God, the THE LORD’S PRAYER.
Lord Jesus did the work of God Himself. What the Lord Jesus
expressed was the will of the Spirit. God’s flesh and Spirit are
The content of the Prayer [taken from Matthew 6:9-13 ● “…hallowed be your name” (9c)
ESV] ○ In Jesus’ day, a person’s name was indicative
● “Pray then like this…” (9a) of his character. This phrase [“hallowed be
○ Jesus had railed against the false religiosity of your name”] means that we realize, and
the Pharisees and Sadducees. He had pointed acknowledge, that God is holy, “Holy, holy, holy
out that they do their religious duties for selfish is the Lord of hosts; the whole earth is full of his
reasons, to steal the glory that rightfully belongs glory!” (Isaiah 6:3 ESV).
to God for themselves, not out of love and ○ There are too many people these days who
service to Him. think too little on God’s holiness. We do not
○ How often do we do the same thing today? realize that God is perfect, He is our Creator,
How many times do we do something good for He sustains us, and He deserves our worship
someone simply to make ourselves look good? and love. Too often, we do not approach Him
Rather, we should be doing everything for with the reverential awe, or fear, that the Bible
Jesus’ sake; out of love for Him and for His commands, “The fear of the LORD leads to life,
glory and honor. and whoever has it rests satisfied; he will not be
● “Our Father in heaven…” (9c) visited by harm” (Proverbs 19:23 ESV).
○ This phrase recognizes our allegiance to God.
He is our Father; He created us, He sustains ● “Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it
us, He gives us spiritual life. Everything we is in heaven” (10)
have and everything we are or ever hope to be, ○ This phrase means that we should want God’s
we owe to Him. The all-powerful Creator, Who plan to be carried out by humans on earth the
lives outside of time and space, in the realm we same way it is carried out by the angels in
call ‘Heaven’, is our Father, our God, our life, Heaven. As believers, our hearts should be set
and our Savior. on furthering His Kingdom any way that He
○ When we pray, we must be aware of exactly asks of us.
Who it is to Whom we are praying. ○ We should be agents of change, whose mission
○ “Those who pray like this are members of a is to share the good news of God’s love for
family, and they look to God as the Head of the humanity with all those we can, so that this
family, one who is bound to them by ties of world would be more like His Kingdom. “The
love” (Baker, vol. II, p. 1350). servant of God looks for the rule of God to
 become actual in more and more lives” (Baker, with God, and that problem needs to be dealt
vol. II, p. 1350). with.

● “Give us this day our daily bread…” (11) ● “And lead us not into temptation…” (13a)
○ The believer should be living in a daily ○ We know that God does not tempt anyone with
dependence on God’s provision. After Jesus evil (James 1:13). Therefore, this phrase must
had told His followers that they need not worry be a request for God to guide our paths away
about having the necessities of life, He said, from temptation and testing. It is a request for
“But seek first the kingdom of God and his protection against that which might cause us to
righteousness, and all these things will be fall into sin.
added to you” (Matthew 6:33 ESV). “…the ○ The Bible tells us that everything that happens
prayer is for the simple and present necessities is either caused by God, or God allows it. As
of life. such, we believers realize that God is in control
○ Jesus is counseling his followers to pray for of every second of our lives, so we pray for God
necessities, not luxuries, and for what is to guide our steps away from temptation and
needed now, not a great store for many days to towards holiness.
come. By confining the petition to present ● “…but deliver us from evil” (13b)
needs Jesus teaches a day-by-day dependence ○ God is the only one Who can protect us from
on God” (Baker, vol. II, p. 1351). evil [alternate translation: evil one]. It is by His
strength that we are enabled to stand against
● “…and forgive us our debts [Luke: our sins], as we also the world, the flesh, and the devil. “Submit
have forgiven our debtors” (12) yourselves therefore to God. Resist the devil,
○ Because we are believers in Jesus Christ, our and he will flee from you” (James 4:7 ESV).
sins are forgiven. Therefore, this is not saying ○ The Bible also tells us that God will not let us be
that our sins are forgiven because we forgive tempted or tested more than He will also supply
others. Rather, we forgive others because we the ability for us to endure, “No temptation has
have been forgiven. It is easy to forgive others overtaken you that is not common to man. God
when we truly understand how much God has is faithful, and he will not let you be tempted
forgiven us. If we claim to have had our sins beyond your ability, but with the temptation he
forgiven by God, yet we refuse to forgive will also provide the way of escape, that you
others, there is a problem with our relationship may be able to endure it” (I Corinthians 10:13
ESV).
Important Principles from the Lord’s Prayer ATTITUDE
● When we pray to God, we must understand that He is ● (Philippians 2:7) ESV
the Holy Creator, and Sustainer, of the universe. Our ○ “…but emptied himself, by taking the form of a
basic motivation in prayer must be for His glory and the servant, being born in the likeness of men.”
furtherance of His Kingdom. ● God is Spirit
● We can surely ask Him to supply our needs and ○ The Bible says that God is spirit (John 4:24).
comfort our afflictions, but we must always recognize Therefore getting to know God is more difficult
that His will trumps ours. We should desire that His will than getting to know a fellow human being. God
be done here on earth, and we should be willing to realized that, and had a radical solution: He
submit to His plan, rather than expect Him to submit to became man. In Jesus Christ “the whole
ours. fullness of God dwells bodily” (Colossians 2:9).
● We must always remember that every good thing So if we are still in doubt about the character of
comes from God (James 1:17); He lovingly supplies God, we may look at the life of Jesus. When we
our needs. We must forgive others as we have been know how Jesus is, we know how God is.
forgiven. We must trust God to deliver us from any ● God is trustworthy
temptation or testing that we should encounter, ○ First, God is trustworthy. If we get to know who
knowing that we are unable to resist temptation on our God is, we do not need to be afraid that He will
own. be different tomorrow. “Jesus Christ is the same
● When we pray with this attitude, we can say with the yesterday and today and forever” (Hebrews
apostle John, “And this is the confidence that we have 13:8). God always keeps His promises. Always.
toward him, that if we ask anything according to his will ● God is loving and compassionate
he hears us” (I John 5:14 ESV). ○ Second, God is love (1 John 4:8). Jesus made
that very clear. He loved the people that society
Realizations on the Lord’s Prayer spit out. He embraced children. He invited
● God wants us to call him Father. despised tax collectors to follow Him. Sharing
● God’s name is deserving of the highest honor. God’s love with prostitutes was more important
● God wants to reign in our hearts and lives. to Him than His reputation. And in this, Jesus is
● God wants us to depend on him for everything. the perfect embodiment of His Father’s love.
● God alone can forgive sin and remove guilt. For it was God who gave His only Son, so that
whoever believes in Him will not perish but
have eternal life (John 3:16).
● God is righteous that were mentioned above. But what is most
○ Third, God is righteous. “A God of faithfulness stressed is God’s mercy in forgiving sinners.
and without iniquity, just and upright is he” That is fulfilled in Jesus. In His mercy, God sent
(Deuteronomy 32:4). He loves truth and justice, Jesus to die for our sins. If we believe in Jesus,
and He hates lies and injustice. This perfect God adopts us as His children.
righteousness we also see in Jesus, who said ○ When we have become children of God, we
“which one of you convicts me of sin?” (John have a lifetime of discovering more and more of
8:46). God’s character. But trustworthiness, love,
● God is holy righteousness, holiness, and mercy certainly
○ Fourth, God is holy. Isaiah 6:3 says “Holy, holy, are at the heart of who God is.
holy is the Lord of hosts; the whole earth is full
of His glory!“. God is glorious, and His glory PREACHING AND DEALING WITH PEOPLE
sets him apart from sin; that is, God is holy. Sin
and God cannot go together. God is everything Mark 1:14-15.
that is beautiful, sin is everything that is ugly. ● When glancing at those sections of the Gospels which
Because this same holiness is in Jesus, He is deal with the teaching ministry of Jesus, you will notice
called “the Holy One of God” (John 6:69). how often the word kingdom occurs. This amounts to
● God is merciful far more than a number of casual references, for again
○ Fifth, God is merciful. There is one very and again the word is given special emphasis. Jesus
striking passage in which the Lord declares His began His Galilean ministry by proclaiming, "The
own character. The Lord appears to Moses on kingdom of God is at hand" (Mark 1:15). The Sermon
the mountain, and the next thing we read in on the Mount begins, "Blessed are the poor in spirit: for
Exodus 34:6-7 is: “The LORD passed before theirs is the kingdom of heaven" (Matt. 5:3). Jesus
him and proclaimed, “The LORD, the LORD, a taught us to pray, "Thy kingdom come" (Matt. 6:10).
God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and Many of the parables of Jesus begin, "The kingdom of
abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness, heaven is likened unto ..." (Matt. 13:24).
keeping steadfast love for thousands, forgiving
iniquity and transgression and sin, but who will From the above it will be seen that, while during His ministry
by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity Jesus spoke of many things, His main emphasis was upon
of the fathers on the children and the children’s "the kingdom." Indeed, it can be said that the message of
children, to the third and the fourth generation.” Jesus was, in reality, the message of the kingdom.
Here we see all the aspects of God character
But at this point we may find ourself inquiring: "How are we to toward others. This well-known Bible story is recorded
understand Jesus' kingdom message? What is the nature of in the Bible book of Matthew 5-7. The Sermon on the
this kingdom? Where is this kingdom located? How do we Mount comes from when Jesus was just beginning his
attain entrance into this kingdom?" early ministry after being baptized by John and was
traveling through Galilee. On a mountainside, not far
Such questions as these cannot be dealt with in any easy, from Capernaum, Jesus stopped to give his longest
offhand manner. We are not dealing here with a material and most popular sermon, giving this event the name
kingdom, having geographical location and governed by "Sermon on the Mount." Jesus' teachings in this
earthly laws. Our concern is with a spiritual kingdom. Jesus message include what's known as the Lord's Prayer as
recognized all these, and He did not attempt to describe the well as the Beatitudes. The focus of the Sermon on the
kingdom in physical terms. Instead, He said, "The kingdom of Mount was how to live a life pleasing to God and the
heaven is like unto ..." (Matt. 13:31), and similar statements. characteristics of Christian discipleship.
We can assume that He hoped through these suggestions to ● This sermon was a revelation through Jesus to His
create in His hearers a spiritual quickening, with the people. It served as a radical wake-up call for
accompanying spiritual perception of the kingdom. Christians to live wholeheartedly for God through faith,
not simply through external actions of keeping the law.
However, Jesus did make several important statements Our Savior used this passage to teach us how to live
regarding the kingdom, and these should be given careful with the Kingdom of God in mind. The Sermon on the
consideration. Note the following: Mount is not simply a list of rules to follow, it is an
(1) Jesus assured us that the kingdom is "at hand." invitation to live under grace and experience blessings
(2) Jesus taught that the coming of the kingdom meant and rewards from a living Christ-like.
the attainment of our highest good.
Jesus' Parables (Mark 4:34) ESV
● He did not speak to them without a parable, but
Sermon on the Mount privately to his own disciples he explained everything.
● Jesus gives lectures, or sermons, on a variety of ● Jesus told countless parables. He pulled spiritual truth
subjects. His most famous is the Sermon on the Mount from everyday life. Not only did these stories make
(so named because, in Matthew, Jesus stands on a Jesus’ preaching more memorable, they also
mountain when delivering this message). connected in much more profound way.
● The Sermon on the Mount is a body of moral teaching ● The parables of Jesus are stories about the Kingdom
characterized by an emphasis on sincere devotion to of God – the kingdom of God is also described as an
God, and a corresponding heartfelt benevolence experience of salvation both in the here and now. The
 parables told by Jesus were not meant to entertain. was doing the work of God. We note that in the Old
They were meant to jolt adults to see things differently, Testament, one of the common descriptions about God
and act accordingly. A parable is a short imaginative is that He is Israel’s healer. In Jesus the healer, Jesus’
story designed to communicate one central idea that contemporaries saw God continuing to heal His people.
reverses a prevailing notion which is usually ● For Schillebeeckx, Jesus personifies the saving acts of
oppressive. They invite us to have a transformed God. For the Jews, healing is a very important part of
perception of society. Jesus used these to call people their understanding of what salvation is. And healing is
to a new way of relating to God and to one another. not just physical healing but the well-being of the
● The parables of Jesus also challenged the prevailing totality of the person and the community. Therefore the
oppressive situation of his time and invited people to Bible can speak about restoration of relationships as
an alternative lifestyle that can result in a more humane healing of relationships. When Jesus healed, he did not
society. In other words, the parables were used by just remove the physical aspect of illness but he
Jesus as tools for transformation. restored the person to a state of wholeness. For
instance, we are familiar with the story of Jesus healing
Healing Ministry (Matthew 11:5) ESV a woman who has been bleeding for many years (Lk.
8:40-50). Because she was always bleeding, the
● 5 the blind receive their sight and the lame walk, lepers woman was considered by others as perpetually
1 are cleansed and the deaf hear, and the dead are unclean and therefore she was being avoided. In a
raised up, and the poor have good news preached to sense, she was an outcast in the community. When
them. Jesus healed her, her physical health was not the only
● Healing forms a significant part of Jesus’ ministry. A one restored. She was also restored as a member of
little less than one-third of the Gospel narratives the community. This means a lot in the Jewish society
concern Jesus’ healing. That is why we cannot where being accepted in one’s group was so important.
understand Jesus properly if we forget that he was a She was no longer an outcast because her community
healer. Jesus healed not because he wanted to prove accepted her back. Or we can say, the community was
something. also healed because Jesus’ action made them realize
● Many times in the Gospels, the gospel writer that the suffering woman was a member of their
introduces the healing act of Jesus by the phrase “and community who really needed help. There was a
Jesus took pity…” and similar other expressions restoration of relationship. In this story, Jesus
suggesting that here, Jesus healed because of embodied God as the healer of His people. Through
compassion. Those who experienced Jesus’ healing Jesus, God worked to restore well-being to his people.
invariably saw Jesus as somebody sent by God and
Table Fellowship (Luke 7:36-50) ESV for she loved much. But he who is forgiven little, loves little.”
48 And he said to her, “Your sins are forgiven.” 49 Then those
A Sinful Woman Forgiven who were at table with him began to say among[a]
themselves, “Who is this, who even forgives sins?” 50 And he
36 One of the Pharisees asked him to eat with him, said to the woman, “Your faith has saved you; go in peace.”
and he went into the Pharisee's house and reclined at table.
37 And behold, a woman of the city, who was a sinner, when ● For the Jews during Jesus’ time, eating was not just a
she learned that he was reclining at table in the Pharisee's biological or social activity. It was a religious reality as
house, brought an alabaster flask of ointment, 38 and standing well which means the Jews have religious rules
behind him at his feet, weeping, she began to wet his feet with regarding what not to eat, how to eat, and with whom
her tears and wiped them with the hair of her head and kissed one should eat. For example, a respectable person
his feet and anointed them with the ointment. 39 Now when should not eat with sinners, or pagans, or prostitutes
the Pharisee who had invited him saw this, he said to himself, he might become unclean. You should wash your
“If this man were a prophet, he would have known who and hands properly before eating because he might
what sort of woman this is who is touching him, for she is a become unclean. If eating was practiced this way, it
sinner.” 40 And Jesus answering said to him, “Simon, I have divided rather than united the community. But we read
something to say to you.” And he answered, “Say it, Teacher.” in the Gospels that Jesus had been eating with all
types of people including tax collectors and the
41 “A certain moneylender had two debtors. One outcasts of the society, and his disciples were criticized
owed five hundred denarii, and the other fifty. 42 When they without washing their hands. Jesus’ table fellowship
could not pay, he cancelled the debt of both. Now which of symbolized and made present God’s inclusiveness and
them will love him more?” 43 Simon answered, “The one, I concern for the lost and the last. In the Gospel stories,
suppose, for whom he cancelled the larger debt.” And he said the people with whom Jesus ate were those excluded
to him, “You have judged rightly.” 44 Then turning toward the by many in the Jewish society. Jesus’ table fellowship,
woman he said to Simon, “Do you see this woman? I entered therefore, made present and palpable the God of
your house; you gave me no water for my feet, but she has compassion.
wet my feet with her tears and wiped them with her hair. 45

You gave me no kiss, but from the time I came in she

has not ceased to kiss my feet. 46 You did not anoint my head
with oil, but she has anointed my feet with ointment. 47
Therefore I tell you, her sins, which are many, are forgiven—
“Agony in the Garden” [See biblical reference: (Mark 14:32-42) means to escape defeat and death at the hands of his
ESV] enemies. But he chose the way of the cross for our sake and
for our salvation.

Jesus’ relationship with God is The Source of Jesus’ Jesus saw his mission as fidelity to his relationship with
passion for His mission. God.

Jesus is passionate because God is passionate. Jesus’ “food” as doing the Father’s will
40 And again he came and found them sleeping, for their eyes And he came and found them sleeping, and he said to Peter,
were very heavy, and they did not know what to answer him. “Simon, are you asleep? Could you not watch one hour? 38
41 And he came the third time and said to them, “Are you still Watch and pray that you may not enter into temptation. The
sleeping and taking your rest? It is enough; the hour has spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.” 39 And again he
come. The Son of Man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. went away and prayed, saying the same words.
42 Rise, let us be going; see, my betrayer is at hand.”
The gospel of Mark tells us Jesus became “greatly distressed
Jesus says, “Rise, let us be going, my betrayer is at hand.” and troubled” and that he asked his disciples to remain with
Jesus is able to boldly move forward in both confidence and him. He then expresses his sorrow and troubles to God.
assurance. Jesus leaves the garden of Gethsemane fortified Dealing with fear is a process. Jesus reached out to his
and grounded in truth. Although great suffering lies before him, disciples and God multiple times. The distress Jesus
he is able to embrace his calling and fulfil his purpose as he experienced did not instantly go away. As he felt distressed,
goes onto his death, burial, and resurrection. He knows who he returned to God three times and God comforted him. When
he is and what God has called him to. We can do the same by we pray and when we reach out to others, our circumstances
remaining firmly grounded in God’s promises. don’t magically change. That’s not necessarily the point. The
point is to remain connected with God and with others. By
Jesus did his best to prepare his disciples for what was to returning to God and others, we are given the STRENGTH
come -- his betrayal, rejection by his own people, and violent needed to continue forward. In prayer to his Father in heaven
death on the cross. This was to fulfil what the scriptures and he found the strength he needed, both to embrace the Father's
the prophets had foretold, that is was necessary for the will and to accept the suffering that must come his way in
Messiah to suffer before he entered into his glory. Jesus was order to carry out that will.
tempted like us in everything but sin. Now he undergoes the
worst temptation yet to face him, to accept or to reject the In the Lord's prayer Jesus instructs his disciples to pray that
agony of death on a cross. Jesus had the power and the we might not be "led into temptation". Sin results from our
consenting to temptation. God wants to set us free from evil. salvation. In Christ, we are set free. In Christ we are no longer
We are engaged in a battled between "flesh and spirit", and so slaves to the law of being perfect on our own.
we must ask God for the Spirit of discernment and strength
that might not take the way that leads to sin.The Holy Spirit Jesus ’life, was a pattern to do only what God wanted to be
helps us to discern between trials that are necessary and good done. He gave affirmation to his disciples, “My meat (purpose)
for our spiritual growth (Romans 5:3-5, 2 Tim. 3:12), and is to do the will of Him that sent me, and to finish His work”
temptation which leads to sin and spiritual death (James 1:14- (John 4:32). He pays great respect for his sole purpose which
15). We will only see victory in our struggle against temptation is to do the will of God, and everything about Him and His life
to sin if we take it to the Lord in prayer. It was by prayer that lined up with that purpose.
Jesus overcame his tempter in the struggle of his agony. We,
too, must be vigilant in prayer and ask God for the strength (Galatians 5: 16-26) ESV
and perseverance to be faithful to him to the end. Keep in Step with the Spirit

Jesus’ saw God’s will as primary and ultimate. 16But I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the
-“Not my will but your will be done.” desires of the flesh. 17For the desires of the flesh are against
the Spirit, and the desires of the Spirit are against the flesh, for
36 And he said, “Abba, Father, all things are possible for you. these are opposed to each other, to keep you from doing the
Remove this cup from me. Yet not what I will, but what you things you want to do. 18But if you are led by the Spirit, you
will.” are not under the law. 19Now the works of the flesh are
evident: sexual immorality, impurity, sensuality, 20idolatry,
He was praying to his Father that if there were any way sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, rivalries,
possible, “this cup might pass from me.” If there was any other dissensions, divisions, 21envy,d drunkenness, orgies, and
way for God’s plan to be accomplished without him having to things like these. I warn you, as I warned you before, that
go to the cross, he asked his Father that it be done. But those who doe such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.
ultimately, Jesus was praying as a man, and the Father was 22But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience,
God. Jesus recognized that he, in his humanity, was seeing a kindness, goodness, faithfulness, 23gentleness, self-control;
much smaller picture than the Father was. So he declared his against such things there is no law. 24And those who belong
trust in the Father that what the Father wanted was ultimately to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with its passions and
better for everyone — even Jesus himself — than what he desires.
wanted. And he was right. Because of his death, Jesus was
able to rise in glory and take his followers with him into eternal
life. Jesus’ trust and obedience to Father’s will yields to
25If we live by the Spirit, let us also keep in step with the
Spirit. 26Let us not become conceited, provoking one another,
envying one another.
WEEK 1: Nature of Science Systematized
Science as a Body of Knowledge ● What distinguishes scientific knowledge from false
● Science is a body of knowledge that deals with the claims or pseudo-sciences? When can we consider a
process of learning about the natural and physical certain idea as scientific?
world. ● Science is an intellectual activity.
● The word Science comes from the Latin word scientia ○ This statement emphasizes that science
which means knowledge. Science is therefore a encompasses a systematic and practical study
collection of information acquired through various of the natural and physical world. This process
processes such as observation, experimentation, of study involves systematic observation and
research, inference and the like. experimentation. (Serafica et.al, 2018) Science
● Science leads to formation of concepts, methods, is a product of a series of systematic processes
principles, theories, laws, and procedures which seek which are highly intellectual activities. The
to describe and explain nature and its phenomena. evidences, data or information scientifically are
(Aldea et.al, 2018) Science, however is more than a reliable and valid because they are products of
body of knowledge or a collection of information, it is a systematic set of procedures which include
also considered an intellectual, personal and social experimentation, observation, research,
activity. analysis of results, conclusion and more
● The Science Council, a membership organization for ○ This set of procedures is known as the
learned and professional bodies across science and its Scientific Method. The Scientific Method is
applications and works in the entire European Union, regarded as a systematic way of solving
had defined science as “Science is the pursuit and problems which involves a step by step
application of knowledge and understanding of the process. Science is an organized body of
natural and social world following a systematic knowledge because it is gained through an
methodology based on evidence.” (Retrieved from organized/ systematized series of
https://sciencecouncil.org on August 5, 2019) processes/procedures.
 ● Have you ever encountered a certain piece of
information that was accepted in the past and was
considered scientific but at the moment is not
considered as factual anymore?
● For instance, in August 2006, the International
Astronomical Union (IAU) downgraded the status of
Pluto to that of “dwarf planet”. (Retrieved from
https://www.iau.org on September 2019) This
reclassification was based on new evidences collected
about the properties of Pluto gathered through new
astronomical instruments. These evidences presented
showed that Pluto has not cleared its neighboring
region of other objects, which is one of the criteria used
by the IAU in defining a full-sized planet. Thus, these
days, we consider Pluto as a dwarf planet and accept
the fact that there are eight planets in the solar system.
However, before that proclamation, Pluto was widely
known and considered as one of the planets of the
solar system and was taught to students as such all
science classes

Dynamic
 ● If the new information/theory is NOT inline or NOT in
congruence with the present paradigm/ currently
accepted information or theory, it may lead to a
scientific revolution. The new “different”
information/theory is then considered as revolutionary
science. Revolutionary because it is different from the
currently accepted theory or information by most
people in the society.
● On the other hand, the currently accepted information
or theory is called Normal Science. Normal because is
the norm or the currently accepted version by most
people in the society.
● Let us consider the evolution of the atomic model from
the time of Dalton to the present day. As new
information about the atoms, their sub-particles and
The image was taken during the 26th General Assembly of the other properties are discovered, a new model is
International Astronomical Union (IAU) held in Czech Republic proposed and eventually becomes universally
on August 2006. The members of the organization are shown accepted in the scientific community with the required
voting for and against the reclassification of Pluto. (Image evidences acquired through the scientific method and
retrieved from https://www.thewire.in on August 2019) with the help of new forms of technology.

● Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining and Requisite to Technology

expanding our knowledge of the universe, and as it ● If Science is often described as a body of knowledge,
does, it leads to new questions for future investigation. how can we make use of it for practical benefits? How
Science will never be "finished". (Retrieved from can it become advantageous to us? How can you
https://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/whatisscience on make ‘what you know’ advantageous?
August 2019) The example given about the ● Most scientists utilize the information they gather from
classification of Pluto shows that Science is a body of the scientific method and apply it in practical form. The
knowledge capable of changing. Thus, it is dynamic. application of the body of knowledge can lead to the
New information gathered or new theory developed development or creation of products and process that
through the Scientific Method may challenge the status we can use to make life easier and better for humanity
quo or the currently accepted body of knowledge. and for the world.
 ● These products and processes developed and created interaction among these three unveils how social,
through the application of the body of knowledge are political and cultural values affect scientific research
considered Technology. and technological innovation and how these, in turn,
● Technology is NOT limited to products or materials. It affect the society.
also includes processes or procedures developed
based on a certain body of knowledge. The following
are examples of processes and the required body of
knowledge.
1. For Education students, teachers and
professors, pedagogy or the art of teaching is
an application of numerous theories in Child
and Adolescent Development, Principles of
Teaching-Learning, Language, Ethics, and
other fields.
2. The process of vinegar and wine production
requires an in-depth knowledge of fermentation
and activities of microorganisms.
3. Business models and protocols are products
of intense feasibility studies and of knowledge
and understanding of years of business history,
full of successes and failures.

WEEK 1: Interaction among Science, Technology and

Society

INTERACTION AMONG SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND

SOCIETY
Science, Technology and Society or Science and
Technology Studies (STS) refers to the interaction
between science and technology and socio-cultural,
political and economic context which shape and are
shaped by them. (Aldea et.al, 2018) Understanding the
 What is the relationship between Science and
Muscles of the heart function The development of artificial
Technology? in a synchronized patterns heart is based on the known
as the heart beats to deliver properties of the human
needed substances in the heart.
different parts of the body
and collect waste products
as it does so through the
blood.
● Technology is also called APPLIED SCIENCE
because it requires scientific information in
order to be formed/developed. This means that
changes in the scientific body of knowledge
may lead to changes in their application. Thus,
changes in Science lead to the evolution of
technology.
● Advancements in Technology can have a huge impact
Information Technology to the enhancement of Science. Some products of
(Products/Processes) technology are used as tools needed in the scientific
method or scientific studies. Instruments and tools are
Evaporation of water The process of desalination essential in acquiring required and sufficient data in
separates water from solutes or the removal salt from sea
order to prove a hypothesis or to further strengthen a
such as salt as well as water to acquire drinkable
organism such as microbes water is done in freshwater- theory.
present in sea water. lacking countries such as ● Galileo Galilei is often mistakenly credited for the
Osmosis is the spontaneous Saudi Arabia and UAE. In invention of the telescope. The first telescope was
net movement of solvent the plants, evaporation and actually invented by Hans Lippershey. Galilei’s
molecules through a reverse osmosis are required refinement of his telescope and his systematic use of
selectively permeable to achieve the goal of this instrument made him observe several celestial
membrane into a region of desalination.
objects and phenomena and record significant
higher solute concentration,
in the direction that tends to discoveries, some of which were essential to the
equalize the solute Scientific Revolution of the 16th - 17th Century.
concentrations on the two ● Scientists position human-made satellites around Earth
sides. (Campbell, 2011) or in a specific location in space to gather scientific
 data and information from their communication and (Retrieved from http://sciencenetlinks.com on August
transmission signals. Their position is precisely 2019)
determined using scientific principles like gravitational ● Science aims to improve the society through the
force and planetary motion. Satellites are also determination of prevailing problems and seeking
important tools for research in space science, solutions to these problems by means of scientific
particularly in weather forecasting and inquiry and the scientific method. The present body of
telecommunications. knowledge and the current state of science in a
● The first computers were generally used for calculating. particular society affect how people think of
Computers nowadays are widely used as tools in themselves, other people and the environment.
researches in various fields of study, from genetic ● The amount of information a person knows affects
engineering to ethnology, to physics and biology. how he/she thinks, acts and ultimately, lives. Societies
Computers perform important roles for the research with more scientific progress tend to have a different
such as sampling, computations, storage and sorting of approach in terms of problem solving and dealing with
relevant literature, data collection, analysis and many social issues than those societies with slower scientific
more. progress. The dynamism of scientific progress also
● In the given examples above, telescopes, computers poses challenges and drawbacks to the way humans
and satellites, which are products of technology, are live.
used in studying certain fields of Science more
specifically in the conduct of research or scientific
studies.

What is the relationship between Science and Society?

● Challenges and issues in the society often serve as

inspiration in formulating questions for scientific
research, and social priorities often influence research
priorities through the availability of funding for
research. The societal needs are prioritized in most
● “Understanding basic concepts and principles of
research agencies in the world. We could consider our
science and technology should precede active debate
current situation as an example. A large portion of each
about the economics, policies, politics, and ethics of
nation’s budget is allocated to research agencies in
various science- and technology-related challenges.”
 order to fuel the quick development of an Anti- What is the relationship between Technology and
COVID19 vaccine and drugs that could cure the viral Society?
infection.
● Ethical dilemmas arise with the introduction of
controversial research ideas and methodologies. The
presence of dilemmas vary from society to society and
is dependent on societal factors such as norms,
culture, moral ideologies, beliefs and religion.
Research methodologies, topics and risks from the ● “Technological progress has merely provided us with
least to the most controversial include the use of the most efficient means for going backwards.” (Aldous
animals for experimentation, data privacy concerns, Huxley).
exposition of acquired sensitive data, involvement of ● The continuous advancement of technology has
human subjects in experimental researches, the use of affected the way of life of people all around the world.
human DNA in genetic engineering studies, cloning
and many more.
● How sensitive or restrictive a society is with their
definition of “acceptable and allowable” scientific
activities could affect their scientific progress.
Therefore, the society, based on their norms, beliefs,
moral ideologies, culture and other societal factors,
● The technological advancements in a society is
sets and determines the boundaries that could be
primarily affected by the needs of the people. The main
reached by their science affecting the body of
goal of the creation of technology is to provide practical
knowledge they could acquire and acknowledge.
solutions to the difficulties and issues of varied scale
faced by the society. For instance, the growing hype for
the development of cheaper electric cars is influenced
by the current issues and challenges on Global
warming and air pollution. Different versions of electric
vehicles are developed and released each year and
the demand is increasing with time due to the urgency
of the concerns related to them.
 ● Same as science, societal factors also influence the
advancement of technology. Certain views and attitude
of the society towards particular technologies may
affect their development.
● How sensitive or restrictive a society is with their
definition of “acceptable and allowable” technology
could affect their technological progress. Therefore, the
society, based on their norms, beliefs, moral
ideologies, culture and other societal factors, sets and
determines the kinds of technology that could be
developed and used and the level of advancement they
could reach.
HONESTY
WEEK 2: Notable Values of Scientists ● Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and
Notable Values of Scientists publicity. Thus, being honest is important in acquiring
● Scientists and philosophers in all periods of time are knowledge as they fulfill their main goal. A scientist
driven by intellectual and moral virtues as they explore who gathers data from his or her work must reflect the
or explored the physical and natural world. Their love truth about his or her findings. Some misguided
for Science and knowledge itself is driven by their deep scientists have fallen into the practice of changing the
passion to know and to discover. These virtues or information they gathered to support a theory or idea
values influence the development of scientific ideas, that they are promoting. This practice of dishonesty
discoveries and eventually technology through defeats the purpose of science-to understand our
scientists, inventors and philosophers. Good scientists surroundings and contribute to a bigger body of
share scientific attitudes, or habits of mind, that lead knowledge. A dishonest scientist provides wrong
them to exploration and discovery information that does not help in the development of
science and technology.
● Intellectual honesty is also an important value.
Nowadays, with the age of computers and the internet
and the so called “Googling Age”, plagiarism is
unfortunately rampant. The habit of copy-pasting and
improper or omitted citation are common among
students and definitely existing in the research and
 professional communities. A survey in 2019 by the hypothesis become more valid and reliable as they are
Psychological Record shows that 36% of continuously refined by questions and constructive
undergraduates around the globe have admitted to criticism from the scientific community.
plagiarizing written material. A national survey
conducted in the US published in Education Week CREATIVITY
2019 found that 54% of students admitted to ● Creative scientists come up original and relevant ideas
plagiarizing from the Internet. (Retrieved from that could help in the scientific process. Creativity is
https://www.checkforplagiarism.net on August 2019) often applied with the identification of the research
problem.
CURIOSITY ● The ability to use the imagination in determining
● Scientists are inquisitive people. They have the desire smaller questions and problems drives the scientific
to learn thus, they constantly ask questions about what process. Creativity is also important in designing the
can be observed, what they already know and what research methodology that should be fit with the locale
they do not know. Curiosity drives scientists to clarify and the time period among other factors.
unclear and misunderstood concepts and uncover what
is unknown and unidentified. PERSEVERANCE
● A researcher, for example, may go to a forest or a ● A good scientist must never give up. A good scientist
shrub land and immediately ask, “What’s that plant? must be bold enough to do the impossible. Thomas
Why is it growing here? Why are there differences in Edison once said, “Success is 1% inspiration and 99%
leaf coloration of the leaves? What is the soil perspiration.” Discoveries do not happen overnight. It
composition of the area?” takes lot of time, effort, sacrifice, and other resources.
A string of failure should not stop anyone from
SKEPTICISM and CRITICAL MINDEDNESS satisfying on his or her thirst of knowledge.
● Good scientists are skeptics, which means that they
question existing ideas and hypotheses, and they RESPONSIBILITY
refuse to accept explanations without evidence. They ● True scientists hold themselves accountable for the
do not easily believe in any information unless it is consequence of their study. As such, they must
backed up by valid evidences and by the scientific exercise caution to avoid negative effects to living
method. These traits also help scientists determine organisms and the environment as a whole. For
what could be wrong with a particular methodology, example, medical practitioners study all the possible
procedure, analysis or interpretation as well as effects of treatments before they try them on people.
redesigning the process. Conclusions, theories and
 This will ensure that the treatment will be safe for the Copernicus argued that Earth turned daily on its
patients who will receive them. axis and that gradual shifts of this axis
accounted for the changing seasons
DISCIPLINE
● Scientists follow the scientific method, which is made 2. Charles Robert Darwin
up of series of steps that was established to ensure the ● was an English naturalist, geologist and
quality of a scientific study. More so, when scientists biologist, best known of his contributions to the
conduct experiments, they follow a procedure or science of evolution.
methodology. A good scientist follow these steps as ● His proposition that all species have descended
closely as they can. If things won’t work as expected, over time from common ancestors is now
that is the time to change it and try again. Making widely accepted and considered a foundational
shortcuts or cutting corners to make things easier is not concept in science.
a good idea because it will prevent from finding the ● In a joint publication with Alfred Russel
mistake made if the process did not work. Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that
this branching pattern of evolution resulted from
Week 3: Intellectual Revolutions and Society a process that he called natural selection.
1. Nicolaus Copernicus
● was a Polish astronomer known as the father 3. Sigmund Freud
of modern astronomy. ● was an Austrian neurologist who developed
● He was the first modern European scientist to psychoanalysis, a method through which an
propose that Earth and other planets revolve analyst unpacks unconscious conflicts based
around the sun, or the Heliocentric Theory of on the free associations, dreams and fantasies
the universe. Prior to the publication of his of the patient.
major astronomical work, “Six Books ● His theories on child sexuality, libido and the
Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly ego, among other topics, were some of the
Orbs,” in 1543, European astronomers argued most influential academic concepts of the 20th
that Earth lay at the center of the universe, the century.
view also held by most ancient philosophers
and biblical writers. In addition to correctly
postulating the order of the known planets,
including Earth, from the sun, and estimating
their orbital periods relatively accurately,
Since we already have a brief background of our three great Week 3: Copernican Revolution
contributors, can you imagine a world without science as an COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
avenue for intellect? Do you think we can still live the society ● Refers to the 16th century paradigm shift named after
even without these revolutionary intellectuals? Perhaps no, the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus
because without them science will not bring us this far, into our Copernicus. He formulated the HELIOCENTRIC
own perspectives. MODEL of the universe.
● “The center of the solar system was not Earth but the
Therefore, for this discussion, intellectual revolutions should Sun” -Copernicus
not be confused with the Greeks pre-Socratic speculations
about the behavior of the universe. In science and technology,
intellectual revolutions refer to the series of events that led to
the emergence of modern science and the progress of
scientific thinking across critical periods in history. Although
there are many intellectual revolutions, this lesson focuses on
three of the most important ones that altered the way humans
view science and its impacts on society: the Copernican,
Darwinian, and Freudian revolutions.

In understanding intellectual revolutions, it is worth noting that

This image is the heliocentric model. The sun being the center
these revolutions are, in themselves, paradigm shifts. These
of the solar system.
shifts resulted from a renewed and enlightened understanding
of how the universe behaves and functions. They challenged
Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model in a 40-page
long-held views about the nature of the universe. Thus, these
outline entitled Commentariolus. He formalized his model in
revolutions were often met with huge resistance on
the publication of his treatise, De Revolutioibus Orbium
controversy.
Coelestium (The Revolution of Celestial Spheres). In his
model, Copernicus repositioned the Earth from the center of
the Solar System and introduced the idea that the Earth
rotates on its own axis.

CONFLICT on HELIOCENTRIC MODEL:

 ● The idea that the Sun is at the center of the universe logical sequence. In his model, Copernicus outlined
was in conflict with GEOCENTRISM (Ptolemy’s two kinds of planetary motion:
theory), as Earth being the center of the Solar System. 1. The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the
orbit of the Earth, thus closer to the Sun.
What happened to the heliocentric model? 2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay
● One of the Renaissance men, particularly in the field of outside the Earth’s orbit, thus farther from the
science, is Nicolas Copernicus. Knowledge about the Sun
nature of the universe had been essentially unchanged ● From this model, he would work on the length of time it
since the great days of Ancient Greece before will take for each planet to orbit once around the Sun.
Copernicus came on the scene. This continued up to The result would form a sequence from Mercury, with a
the Renaissance period. In one important way, shortest year, through Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and
Copernicus resembled the Greek ancient philosophers Saturn with the longest year. He placed the planets in
or thinkers- he did not do anything extensive such as order of increasing distance from the Sun. One of the
observing heavenly bodies or inviting people to test his great problems in the Copernicus model, however, was
ideas so it was just a thought experiment. Copernicus the position of the stars. The stars cannot be placed in
was strongly influenced by a book entitled Epitome, a fixed position like crystals in a distance sphere
Muller’s book which contains observations of heavens
and some commentary on earlier works especially that
of Ptolemy.
● Copernicus’ idea and model of the universe was
essentially complete in 1510. Not long after that, he
circulated a summary of his ideas to his few close
friends in a manuscript called Commentariolus (Little
Commentary).
● In his book, he wanted a model of the universe in
which everything moved around a single center at
unvarying rates. Copernicus placed the Sun to be the
centerpiece of the universe. The Earth and all the
planets are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year.
The Moon, however, would still be seen orbiting the
Earth. Copernicus’ model of the Earth orbiting around
the Sun automatically positioned the planets into a Week 3: Darwinian Revolution
 ● The English naturalist, geologist, and biologist,
Charles Darwin is credited for stirring another important
intellectual revolution in the mid19th century. His
treatise on the science of evolution, On the Origin of
Species, was published in 1859 and began a revolution
that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual
discovery.
● This benefitted from earlier intellectual revolutions
especially those in the 16th and 17th centuries, such
that it was guided by confidence in human reason’s
● The concept of evolution is depicted in the pictures ability to explain phenomena in the universe.
above. Charles Darwin’s famous Natural Selection is ● This theory of evolution was, of course, met with
one of the limelight of science. It tells us that organisms resistance and considered to be controversial. Critics
including humans, inherit, develop, and adapt traits that accused the theory of being either short in accounting
favor survival and reproduction. for the broad and complex evolutionary process or
● I’m sure that this theory had been discussed dismissive of the idea that the functional design of
repeatedly in your history and science subjects before organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient God.
and this is not new to you. Come to think of it, do we
really come from monkeys? Up to now there are still no What happened to the Darwinian theory?
strong evidences that will support that belief but I know ● Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in
some of you are really confused. If that’s the case, then 1589. This book is considered to be one of the most
Darwin’s theory did not fail to prove the way how we important works in scientific literature. Darwin collected
see science. We are then products of the great many significant materials in order to present his theory
influence of what we so call Darwinian revolution. with overwhelming evidence. His book presented
evidence on how species evolved over time and
adaptation that differentiate species. Like many other
scholars, Darwin accumulated many pertinent
materials data that he could ever possibly need to
substantiate his theory.
● Darwin’s observational skills as scientist were
extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of plants
What is Darwinian Revolution? and animals into the realms of humans. His book The
 Descent of Man was so impressive yet very FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
controversial. He introduced the idea of all organic life, ● Austrian neurologist, Sigmund Freund, is credited for
including human beings, under the realm of stirring a 20th - century intellectual revolution named
evolutionary thinking. This replaced the dominant views after him, the Freudian Revolution. Psychoanalysis as
of a religious or biblical design that places human a school of thought in Psychology is at the center of
beings in a privileged position of having been created this revolution.
by God. Darwin’s theory of evolution scientifically
questioned this view. What is Psychoanalysis?
● His accomplishments were so diverse that it is useful to ● A scientific method of understanding inner and
distinguish two fields to which he made major unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s
contributions: evolutionary biology and philosophy of personality, spring from free associations, dreams and
science. More than these works, what made Darwin fantasies of the individual. -
truly remarkable was his courage to challenge religious ● Psychoanalysis is part of a larger movement known as
and unscientific ideas that are deemed to be prominent depth psychology, which argues that the most
during those days. His unconventional way of pursuing important aspects of personality lie below the level of
science gave more value to evidence-based science. conscious introspection, and are not visible to those
who confine their observations to superficial features of
social behavior. All depth psychologies make use of
the iceberg metaphor: just as only one-ninth of an
iceberg is visible above the surface of the ocean, so
only a small portion of personality is apparent in what
people do, and think, in the ordinary course of
everyday living. People are not aware of, or at least
cannot articulate, the reasons for their own behavior.
For this reason, overt behavior of the type assessed by
trait psychologists is of little interest -- the more
appropriate focus is on what lies below.

Week 3: Freudian Revolution

 ● This flowchart summarizes the theory of Week 4: Developments of Science in Mesoamerica
Psychoanalysis. CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
● It has three psychoanalytic concepts which include ● Since time immemorial, inventions in science and
psychosexual development, libido and ego. technology have contributed greatly to improve our way
● Freud suggested that humans are inherently pleasure- of living. Can you imagine us today without these
seeking individuals. inventions? The world now will be miserable if these
● Scientists working on a biological approach in studying were not invented. In order for us to better understand
human behavior criticized psychoanalysis for lack of this, let us study three developments of science in
vitality and bordering on being unscientific as a theory. Mesoamerica, Asia, and Africa. At this point, let’s time
Particularly, the notion that all humans are destined to travel and take a look in the progress of our society
exhibit Oedipus and Electra complexes (Example: with the help of our history.
Sexual desire towards the parent of the opposite sex
and exclusion of the parent of the same sex) did not DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
seem to be supported by empirical data. They call then Where is Mesoamerica?
Psychoanalysis as an ideological instance than a ● The term Mesoamerica is derived from the Greek and
scientific one means "Middle America." It refers to a geographical
and cultural area which extends from central Mexico
What happened to Freud’s theory? down through Central America, including the territory
● Amidst controversy, Freud’s psychoanalysis is widely which is now made up of the countries of Guatemala,
credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practice in Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. It is therefore seen
the early 20th century. Psychodynamic therapies that as partly in North America, and encompassing a large
treat a myriad of psychological disorders still remain part of Central America
largely informed by Freud’s work on psychoanalysis.
Maya Civilization
● It is one of the famous civilizations in Mesoamerica that
lasted for approximately 2,000 years. These people are
known for their works in astronomy (Moon, planets,
Milky Way, Sun, and astronomical phenomena by the
Pre-Columbian Maya Civilization of Mesoamerica)
● Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial
bodies were advanced for their time, as evidenced by
their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using
 astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. They are language of ancient Egypt, the Spanish conquistadors
also known for measuring time using two complicated termed it hieroglyphics. The individual units in the
calendar systems. These calendars were very useful language, or its alphabets, were called glyphs. The use
for their life especially in planning their activities and in of Mayan hieroglyphics was limited to the Mayan
observing their religious rituals and cultural priestly class. The priests used the language to pen
celebrations. down books on a wide range of subjects, including
books related to astronomy, religion, mythology and
mathematics. Mayan hieroglyphics were also inscribed
on monumental structures as part of stelas or
carvings.Skilled in mathematics and created a number
system based on the numeral 20.
● They are also believed to be one of the first people to
produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear
received its patent in 1844.
● Developed the concept of zero and positive value
even before the Romans did

● Mayans also developed the technology for growing

different crops and building elaborate cities using
ordinary machineries and tools. They built hydraulics HYDRAULICS SYSTEM
system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to
different communities.
● Mayans also built looms for weaving cloth and devised
a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral mica
● Famous of using a writing system Mayan hieroglyphic.
Mayans made use of a very well-developed and
advanced written language. Since the language
comprised of symbols and images, resembling the MICA
INCA CIVILIZATION ○ Irrigation system and technique for storing
● The Inca first appeared in the Andes region during the water for their crops to grow in all types of lands
12th century A.D. and gradually built a massive ○ Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
kingdom through the military strength of their festivals and prepare them for planting season
emperors. Known as Tawantinsuyu, the Inca state ○ The first suspension bridge Quipu, a system of
spanned the distance of northern Ecuador to central knotted ropes to keep records that only experts
Chile and consisted of 12 million inhabitants from more can interpret
than 100 different ethnic groups at its peak. Well- ○ Inca textiles since cloth was one of the
devised agricultural and roadway systems, along with a specialties prized artistic achievements.
centralized religion and language, helped maintain a
cohesive state. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
● Despite their power, the Inca were quickly ● Aztec, self-name Culhua-Mexica, Nahuatl-speaking
overwhelmed by the diseases and superior weaponry people who in the 15th and early 16th centuries ruled a
of Spanish invaders, the last bastion of their immense large empire in what is now central and southern
empire overtaken in 1572. Mexico.
● The Inca first appeared in what is today southeastern ● The Aztecs are so called from Aztlán (“White Land”),
Peru during the 12th century A.D. According to some an allusion to their origins, probably in northern Mexico.
versions of their origin myths, they were created by the They were also called the Tenochca, from an
sun god, Inti, who sent his son Manco Capac to Earth eponymous ancestor, Tenoch, and the Mexica,
through the middle of three caves in the village of probably from Metzliapán (“Moon Lake”), the mystical
Paccari Tampu. After killing his brothers, Manco Capac name for Lake Texcoco.
led his sisters and their followers through the ● From Tenochca was derived the name of their great
wilderness before settling in the fertile valley near city, Tenochtitlán, and from Mexica came the name for
Cusco circa 1200. the city that superseded the Aztecs capital and for the
● The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering surrounding valley, which was applied later to the
their limitations as an old civilization. The following whole Mexican nation. The Aztecs referred to
were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to themselves as Culhua-Mexica, to link themselves with
help them in everyday life: Colhuacán, the center of the most-civilized people of
○ Roads paved with stones the Valley of Mexico.See alsopre-Columbian
○ Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes civilizations: Aztec culture to the time of theSpanish
and other disasters conquest.
Following the Inca, the Aztec civilization has also made Week 4: Developments of Science in Asia
substantial contributions to science and technology and to the DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the ● Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home
following: of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many
1. Mandatory Education. cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of
● The Aztec puts value on education; that is why all ages. In the field of science, technology, and
their children is mandated to get education mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India,
regardless of their social class, gender, or age. China, and the Middle East Civilizations. These
It is an early form of universal or inclusive civilizations were incomparable in terms of their
education. contributions to the development of knowledge during
2. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their their time.
time. in the Mayan culture they used it as a currency.
The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it INDIA
as part of their tribute to their gods. ● It is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of
3. Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern
antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle boarders. The Indians creatively developed various
spasms and relax muscles, which could help during ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives.
surgery. ● They are known of manufacturing iron and in
4. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming metallurgical works. Their iron steel is considered to be
in which the land was divided into rectangular areas the best and held with high regard in the whole of
and surrounded by canals. Roman empire.
5. Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their ● Famous also of medicine. For example, Ayurveda, a
activities, rituals and planting season. system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient
6. Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a form of
traveling in water systems. alternative medicine. They discovered some medicinal
properties of plants that led them to develop medicines
to cure various illnesses. Some ancient texts like
Susruta Samhita, describes different surgical and other
medical procedures famous in ancient India.
● Notable in the field of astronomy. They developed
theories on the configuration of the universe, the
 spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 CHINA
days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each. ● One of the ancient civilizations with substantial
● Siddhanta Shiromani – textbook of ancient India which contributions in many areas of life like medicine,
covered topics such as: mean longitudes of the astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy,
planets; true longitudes of the planets; three problems and music among others. Its civilization greatly
of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar influenced many of its neighbor countries like Korea,
eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and settings; Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia,
the moon’s crescent; conjunctions of the planets with Myanmar, and other countries that belong to the old
the fixed stars; and the paths of the Sun and Moon. Silk Road.
● Mohenjodaro ruler was designed by Indians in the ● Known for traditional medicines. They discovered
Indus Valley Civilization to standardize measurement various medical properties and uses of different plants
of length to a high degree of accuracy. and animals to cure human illness. Example is the
● Aryabhatiya book made by Aryabhata (476-550) practice of acupuncture.
introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, ● Invented compass, paper making, gunpowder, and
and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra. printing tools.
● Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of ● Invented also, tools like iron plow, wheelbarrow, and
attraction and lucidly explained the use of zero as both propeller.
a placeholder and a decimal digit along with Hindu- ● Developed design of different models of bridges,
Arabic numeral system now used universally invented first seismological detector, and developed a
throughout the world. dry dock facility.
● Madhava of Sangamagrama is considered as the ● Made significant records on supernovas, lunar and
founder of mathematical analysis. solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully
● Ancient India was an early leader in metallurgy, as recorded and preserved to understand better the
evidenced by the wrought iron Pillar of Delhi. heavenly bodies and their effects to our world.
● Astrolabe- The Astrolabe is an ancient instrument that ● China made substantial contributions in various fields.
measures the positions of stars and the solar system. The list of their discoveries and inventions is
overwhelming. These contributions were made along
with mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine.
However, cultural factors prevented these Chinese
achievements from developing into modern science
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA
● The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by ● Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources.
Muslims. With the spread of Islams in the 7th and 8th Science also emerged in this part of the planet long
centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is before the European colonized it. The history of
called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13th science and mathematics show that similar to the other
● Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as ancient civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa are
the Father of Optics in his empirical proof of the knowledge producers too.
intromission theory of light ● The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed
● Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to immensely and made significant advances in the fields
the concept of algorithm while the term algebra is of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For
derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of example, the development of geometry was a product
his publications. of necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of
● Jabir ibn Hayyan a Muslim chemist who was farmlands of the Egyptians living along the Nile River.
considered as the Father of Chemistry. ● Egypt was known to be the center of alchemy, which is
● Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry. They
medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology and
trials. His two most notable works in medicine, the applied important components such as examination,
Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine were used diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment
as a standard medicinal text in both the Muslim world of diseases. These components displayed strong
and in Europe during the 17th Among his many parallels to the basic empirical method of studying
contributions are the discovery of the contagious science.
nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of ● Astronomy was also famous in the African Region. For
clinical pharmacology. instance, documents show that Africans used three
● There are numerous Muslim scholars who made types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar or a
significant contributions in the field of science, combination of three.
astronomy, philosophy, and even in the field of social ● Metallurgy was also known in the African regions
sciences. The decline of this golden age of Islam during the ancient times. North Africa and the Nile
started in the 11 th to 13th century due to the conquest Valley imported iron technology from the Near East
of the Mongols whereby libraries, observatories, and region that enabled them to benefit from the
other learning institutions were destroyed. developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron
Age. They invented metal tools used in their homes, in
 agriculture, and in building their magnificent PHILIPPINES SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DURING PRE-
architectures. COLONIAL PERIOD
● Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life ● People used herbal medicine to treat illnesses
of early people in the African continent. The Lebombo ● To facilitate trading, Filipinos made use of writing,
Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and numerical, measurement, and calendar systems
South Africa, which may have been a tool for ● Farming, fishing, mining, and weaving were the first
multiplication, division, and simple mathematical livelihood skills developed by Filipinos
calculation or a sixmonth lunar calendar, is considered ● Banaue Rice Terraces of Ifugao was developed for
to be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated livelihood purposes Technology is used by people in
from 35,000 BCE. building houses, irrigations, and in developing tools
● The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval that they can use in everyday life
period was also benefiting from mathematical learning, ● Developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and
which is considered advanced during those times such fishing; for fighting their enemies during war or tribal
as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry conflicts; and for transportation, both on land and
waterways
Week 5: Science, Technology and Nation Building ● 48,000 BC: Modern man from Asian mainland came
Science, Technology and Nation Building overland to live in Batangas and Palawan (Formed
settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar,
Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and
the Philippines Cagayan.)
● The history of science and technology in the ● 40, 000 BC: simple tools and weapons for stone flakes
Philippines started way back before the country gained were developed as a method of sawing and polishing
its independence from the American colonizers. Before stones
the coming of the Spanish colonizers, the early ● 3,000 BC: Adzes, ornament of seashells and pottery
inhabitants of the archipelago had their own culture were developed (Pottery flourished for the next 2000
and traditions. They had their own belief system and years until completion with Chinese porcelain)
indigenous knowledge system that keeps them ● Production of copper, bronze, iron and gold metal tools
organized and sustained their lives and communities and ornaments
for many years. ● Extraction, smelting and refining of iron from ores until
the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later
from China
 ● Cultivation of lowland rice, diking of terraced fields ● Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture
utilizing spring water in mountain regions were taught to the natives
● They also learned to build boats for trading purposes ● Colleges and universities in the archipelago were
(Spanish chronicles noted refined plank-built warships established (University of Santo Tomas was built and
called caracoa suited for interisland trades) prioritized the study of medicine)
● Spaniards later utilized Filipino expertise in boat- ● The Galleon trade have accounted in the Philippine
building and seamanship to fight the raiding Dutch, colonial economy (Trade was given more focus by the
Portuguese, Muslims and the Chinese pirate Limahong Spaniard colonial authorities due to prospects of big
● During the 10th -15th century AD Filipinos from the profits and on the other hand, agriculture and industrial
Butuan were trading with champa development were neglected)
● The opening of Suez Canal saw the influx of European
PHILIPPINES SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DURING visitors to the Spanish colony (Filipinos were able to
SPANISH REGIME study in Europe influenced by the rapid development of
● When Spaniards colonized the country, they brought scientific ideals brought about by the Age of
with them their own culture and practices Enlightenment)
● They established schools for boys and girls and ● During 17th -18th century, successive shipwrecks and
introduced the concepts of subjects and disciplines attacks of pirates on the galleons led to the declining
which was the beginning of formal science and profits from the trade In 1780, Real Sociedad
technology in the country, known now as school of Economica de los Amigos del Pais de Filipinas (Royal
science and technology Economic Society of the Friends of the Country of
● Learning of science in school focuses on Philippines) was founded by Governador Jose Y
understanding different concepts related to the human Basco)
body, plants, animals, and heavenly bodies ○ Encouraged research in agriculture and
● Technology focuses on using and developing house industry
tools used in everyday life ○ Promoted cultivation of indigo, cotton,
● During this time, Philippines became modernized, cinnamon, and silk industry
adapting some Western technology and their ways of ● In 1789, Manila was opened to Asian shipping which is
life the era of increase in export of rice, hemp, tobacco,
● Medicine and advanced science were introduced in sugar, indigo and imported manufacturing goods
formal colleges and universities established by Catholic ● In 19th century, world trade was expanded and
orders commerce led to the rapid development of Manila as
cosmopolitan center
 ● Modern amenities such as stream tramways, ● The University of the Philippines remained the only
waterworks, newspaper, electric lights and banking publicly-supported institutions for higher education
system were introduced ● In 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was
● In 1865, Jesuits promoted meteorological studies established which was placed under the Department of
founding Manila Observatory at the Ateneo Municipal Interior
de Manila ● Replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was
established under the Spanish colonial era
PHILIPPINES SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DURING ● Dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory
AMERICAN REGIME projects (production of vaccine for virus, serums and
● The Americans have more influence in the prophylactics)
development of science and technology in the ● In 1993, the National Research Council of the
Philippines compared to the Spaniards Philippines was established
○ Simultaneous government encouragement and ● The Bureau of Science became the primary research
support for an extensive public education center of the Philippines in the World War II
system ● Science was inclined towards agriculture, food
○ Granting of scholarships for higher education in processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy
science and engineering The organization of ● Not much focus was given on the development of
science research agencies and establishment industrial technology due to free trade policy with the
of science-based public services United States
● In 1901, Bureau of Public Works was created ● Researches were done to control malaria, cholera and
● The Americans found out that there were no competent tuberculosis and other tropical diseases
Filipino engineers and American engineers had to be ● Protestant church missions in different places in
imported country brought hospitals and schools to far-flung
● Special efforts were made to attract Filipinos to pursue areas
advanced studies leading to careers as engineers However, with these advances that Philippines had during pre-
● Upon achieving their professional qualifications, they colonial, Spanish, and American regimes it became a turn
were employed as junior engineers in the Bureau of down destabilizing the developments of the country in many
Public Works ways. Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes,
● The establishment of the University of the Philippines houses were burned, and many lives were destroyed. The
satisfied the short-run needs for professionally trained country had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the
Filipinos which increased social demand for war. Through the help of Japan, reparation funds focused on
professional education. building some institutions and public facilities like schools,
hospitals, and transportation systems. Since the establishment Week 5: The Philippine Government Science &
of the new republic, the whole nation has been focusing on Technology
using its limited resources in improving its science and Agenda The Philippine Government Science &
technological capability. It has explored the use of ODA or Technology Agenda
Overseas Development Allocations from different countries to
help the country improve its scientific productivity and “Advancing science and technology is the best
technological capability. option for Philippines growth” (DOST)

We are so lucky nowadays that our government is extending

The development of science and technology in the Philippines, their support in developing science and technology to create
based on its brief history, is shaped by several factors and an avenue for researches and inventions that will help our
influences. Like in the history of science in other countries, it is country grow. Before, science and technology has limited its
always shaped by human and social activities, both internal resources of what is existing but now, science and technology
and external. Science and technology may have significant had improved and it is expanding its means for new studies
impact on lives of the people and in the development of the and relevance. For us to have a better picture on how our
government can help us with our researches, this topic will
Philippine society. However, improving the quality of science make us be informed on government’s policies in science and
education still remains as a big challenge in the country. technology
School science from basic education to graduate education is
improving slowly, and there are only few students enrolling in What is the role of our government in science and
science and technology courses. technology?

● The Philippine government introduced and

implemented several programs, projects, and policies
to boost the area of science and technology. The goal
is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet
the demands of a technologically driven world and
capacitate the people to live in a world driven by
science.
● Padilla-Concepcion reported that in 2015, in response
to ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST),
has sought the expertise of the National Research
Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult various
sectors in the society to study how the Philippines can
prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals. As a
 result of the consultation, the NCRP is expected to ● Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct
recommend policies and programs that will improve the evidence-based research as pool of information
competitiveness of the Philippines in the ASEAN ● Allocating two percent of the GDP to research
Region. ● Legislating a law supporting human genome projects

The NCRP clustered policies into four, namely: Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry

Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International ● Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full
Policies and Governance implementation of existing laws
● Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN
● Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education countries
without adding to the curriculum ● Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and
● Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue indigenous people conservation
● Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT ● Formulation of common food and safety standards
broadband
● Local food security

Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and

Space Sciences, and Mathematics

● Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment

opportunities
● Outright grants for per mentoring
● Review of RA 9184 (Government Procurement Reform
Act)
● Harnessing science and technology as an independent
mover of development
There are also other existing programs supported by the
Philippine government through the DOST. Some of these
projects are the following:
Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
● Providing funds for basic research and patents related
● Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with to science and technology. The government funds
ASEAN-harmonized standards by full implementation basic and applied researches. Funding of these
of the Food and Drug Administration research and projects are also from the Overseas
● Creating an education council dedicated to Development Aid (ODA) from different countries.
standardization of pharmaceutical services and care
 ● Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate ● Strengthen science education at an early stage through
studies of students in the field of science and the Philippine Science High School system
technology. Saloma (2015) pointed out that the country
needs to produce more doctoral graduates in the field
of science and technology, and produce more research
in these fields, including engineering.
● Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science
High School system for training young Filipinos in the
field of science and technology
● Creating science and technology parks to encourage
academe and industry partnerships
● Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino
scientists abroad to come home and work in the
Philippines or conduct research and projects in
collaboration with Philippine-based scientists.
● Developing science and technology parks in academic
campuses to encourage academe and industry
partnerships In the field of education, several science-related programs and
● Establishment of National Science Complex and projects were created to develop the scientific literacy of the
National Engineering Complex within the University of country. Special science classes were organized and special
the Philippines, Diliman. elementary schools were established in different regions.
Aside from this, science and mathematics in basic education
The Philippine-American Academy of Science and were continuously improved.
Engineering (PAASE, 2008) identified several capacity-
building programs such as: There are many other areas and fields that the country is
looking forward to embark various research and projects. The
● Establishment of national centers of excellence following are some of them:
● Manpower and institutional development programs,
such as the Engineering and Science Education 1. Use of alternative and safe energy
Program (ESEP) to produce more PhD graduates in 2. Harnessing mineral resources
science and engineering 3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness
● Establishment of regional centers to support specific 4. Climate change and global warming
industries that will lead the country in different research 5. Increasing food production
and development areas 6. Preservation of natural resources
● Establishment of science and technology business 7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities
centers to assist, advise, and incubate 8. Infrastructure development
technopreneurship ventures
Major Development Programs and Personalities in
Science &Technology in the Philippines

Now, we already have an idea of the policies and agenda of

the Philippine government in science and technology. For us
to appreciate more of their contributions, let us know some
Filipino presidents and scientists and the developments in
science and technology under their administration and
inventions.