Lecture:30
Non-uniform excitation- Binomial, Chebyshev distribution
Dr. Avinash Chandra
School of Electronics Engineering
Microwave and Photonics Division
VIT University, Vellore, India
N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Non-uniform
Amplitude
Dr. Gopi Ram
Assuming that the amplitude excitation is symmetrical about the
origin, the array factor for a non-uniform amplitude broadside
array can be written as
Dr. Gopi Ram
Which in normalized form reduces to
If the total number of isotropic elements of the array is odd 2M + 1
(where M is an integer), the array factor can be written as
which in normalized form reduces to
Dr. Gopi Ram
The amplitude excitation of the center element is 2a1.
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Binomial Array:-
The excitation coefficients an will be now be derived.
Since the coefficients are determined from a binomial series
expansion, the array is known as a binomial array
Excitation Coefficients
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
The above represents Pascal’s triangle.
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dolph-Tschebyscheff (Chebyshev) Array
The array factor of an array of even or odd number of elements
with symmetric amplitude excitation is nothing more than a
summation of M or M + 1 cosine terms.
The largest harmonic of the cosine terms is one less than the total
number of elements of the array.
Each cosine term, whose argument is an integer times a
fundamental frequency, can be rewritten as a series of cosine
functions with the fundamental frequency as the argument. That is,
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
The recursion formula for Tschebyscheff polynomials is
Dr. Gopi Ram
Directivity:-
Dr. Gopi Ram
Procedure to calculate the DCA array
1. Select the appropriate array factor
2. Expand the array factor. Replace each cos(mu) function (m = 0,
1, 2, 3, . . .) by its appropriate series expansion found in (6-66).
3. Determine the point z = z0 such that Tm(z0) = R0 (voltage ratio).
The order m of the Tschebyscheff polynomial is always one less
than the total number of elements.
Dr. Gopi Ram
or
4.
5.
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Q. Design a three-element, -40 dB side lobe level Dolph-Tschebyscheff
array of isotropic elements placed symmetrically along the z-axis.
Find the
(a) amplitude excitation coefficients
(b) array factor
(c) angles where the nulls occur for d = 3λ/4(0◦ ≤ θ ≤ 180◦)
(d) directivity for d = 3λ/4
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Some points about Binomial and Chebyshev distribution:-
Of the three distributions (uniform, binomial, and
Tschebyscheff), a uniform amplitude array yields the smallest
half-power beamwidth. It is followed, in order, by the Dolph-
Tschebyscheff and binomial arrays.
In contrast, binomial arrays usually possess the smallest side
lobes followed, in order, by the Dolph-Tschebyscheff and
uniform arrays.
As a matter of fact, binomial arrays with element spacing equal
or less than λ/2 have no side lobes.
Dr. Gopi Ram
For a given side lobe level the Dolph-Tschebyscheff array
produces the smallest beamwidth between the first nulls.
Conversely, for a given beamwidth between the first nulls, the
Dolph-Tschebyscheff design leads to the smallest possible side
lobe level.
A major practical disadvantage of binomial arrays is the wide
variations between the amplitudes of the different elements of an
array, especially for an array with a large number of elements.
This leads to very low efficiencies for the feed network, and it
makes the method not very desirable in practice.
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
Planar Array:-
It utilizes rectangular waveguide sticks placed vertically, with slots
on the narrow wall of the waveguides. The system has 360◦ view of
the area
Dr. Gopi Ram
If M elements are initially placed along the x-axis, as shown in
Figure, the array factor of it can be written as
where Im1 is the excitation coefficient of each element.
The spacing and progressive phase shift between the elements
along the x-axis are represented, respectively, by dx and βx
Dr. Gopi Ram
If N such arrays are placed next to each other in the y-direction, a
distance dy apart and with a progressive phase βy, a rectangular
array will be formed as shown in Figure 6.28(b).
or
D . Gopi Ram
r
For a rectangular array, the major lobe and grating lobes of Sxm
and Syn are located at
Dr. Gopi Ram
If it is desired to have only one main beam that is directed along
θ=θ0 and 0, the progressive phase shift between the elements in
the x- and y-directions must be equal to
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
The principal maximum (m = n = 0) and the grating lobes can
be located by
or
Dr. Gopi Ram
Which, when solved simultaneously, reduce to
Dr. Gopi Ram
Circular Array
The circular array, in which the elements are placed in a circular
ring, is an array configuration of very practical interest.
Over the years, applications span radio direction finding, air and
space navigation, underground propagation, radar, sonar, and many
other systems.
Let us assume that N isotropic elements are equally spaced on the
x-y plane along a circular ring of the radius a.
The normalized field of the array can be written as
Dr. Gopi Ram
Dr. Gopi Ram
where Rn is the distance from the nth element to the observation
point.
Dr. Gopi Ram
which for r >>a reduces to
Where
Dr. Gopi Ram
Assuming that for amplitude variations Rn r
Dr. Gopi Ram
Where
To direct the peak of the main beam in the 0 , 0 direction, the
phase excitation of the nth element can be chosen to be
Dr. Gopi Ram
Thus the array factor of (6-112a) can be written as
Dr. Gopi Ram
Phased antenna array:-
In antenna theory, a phased array usually means an
electronically scanned array; a computer-controlled array of
antennas which creates a beam of radio waves which can be
electronically steered to point in different directions, without
moving the antennas.
In a phased array, phase shifters, controlled by a computer
system, which can alter the phase electronically, thus steering
the beam of radio waves to a different direction.
Dr. Gopi Ram
Phased arrays are mainly practical at the high frequency end
of the radio spectrum, in the UHF and microwave bands, in
which the antenna elements are conveniently small.
Dr. Gopi Ram
