Review and Related Literature

Chapter II
Review and Related Literature
Islam is a way of life, we try to do what the Prophet said. This chapter
presents the Literature review pertinent to the discussion of Christians, Islam,
Muslims and some religions school. Given the importance of being punctual, this
study aims to explore and find out the life of Muslims students in a Sectarian
Schools.
This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section outlines some
background about Islam and Muslims with respect to their beliefs and values; the
second section outlines the Religious school: The Christian, The INC and
adventist schools in the Philippines.
Islamic Faith
This section of the chapter mainly outlines the Islamic faith and Muslim
values. Islamic us considered as one of the most misunderstood religious in the
world (Mohammed, 1996). Muslims are considered the most poorly understood
religious minority in the Philippines (Environic Institutes, 2016). The
misunderstanding and stereotypes surrounding Islam seem to encourage more
Muslim to further engage in the practice of their religion. Recent survey show that
more Muslims increasingly Practice their faith, attend mosques regularly, and
more of women wear Hijab(Environics Institute 2016).
Muslims, the followers of Islam, believe in one God, the Mohammed as
this final Prophet and believe in the Days of Judgement. Islamic is currently the
fastest growing religion in the world, with about 1.6 billion Muslims. (Pew
Research Center, 2009). That is 23% of the world population. "Islam" comes from
an Arabic word "Salima)" which has two meanings: "to submit to the will of
God";to surrender and "peace" (Emerick, 2002)" Islam is surrendering your will
to Allah and finding peace "(p.50).
Fundamentals
In this section are the outlined three main concepts in Islam that are
important for this study:( a) the five pillars of Islam; (b) Islam is not monolithic;
(c) the emblematic character of Islam: Hayaa.
The five pillars of Islam comprise it's outward manifestation. The five
pillars of Islam Provide a basis of knowledge from which it expand in the
conceptual frame work to define three groups: "Muslims", "practicing Muslims",
and "visible Muslims". Knowing the five pillars helps to understand these
definition. The five pillars are in a specific order, based on their importance.
1. The declaration of faith "to believe in God and the Prophet Mohammed
as the final messenger,"
2. The five daily prayers,
3. Fasting during the month of Ramadan,
4. Alms giving, and
5. Performing the Pilgrimage to Mecca (for those who are capable
physically and financially)

Some of these pillars directly relate to Muslim Students challenges in a
school setting, while others are not relevant. The first pillars "affirms Islams
absolute monotheism, unshakable and uncompromising faith in the oneness or
unity (Tawheed) of God"(Esposito, 1998, p.88; Ahmed, 2010). Concerning the
second Pillar -prayers -only one (sometimes two) of the five daily prayers occur
pillar are contingent upon the movement of the sun. An hour or so before sunrise
is when the morning prayer performed. The afternoon prayer occurs when the sun
has crossed the celestial meridian (exactly halfway between sunrise and sunset),
followed by the evening prayer, the sunset prayer, and finally the night prayer.
The third pillar of fasting during the month of Ramadan may pose a particularly
difficult challenge for students. Ramadan is the with month of the Islamic Lunar
calendar every year it falls on a different month of the Solar Gregorian Calendar,
that Muslims in the West follow In 2018, Ramadan fell within the month of May,
when the Days were the longest. Fasting is from dawn to dusk for 29 to 30 days
(depending when the new moon occurs ). For example, Muslims in Dinas
Zamboanga Del Sur about to 18 to 19 hours every day in May of 2018. There are
primarily two objectives of fasting (a) to disconnect from the material world and
focus on the spiritual world; (b) to experience and understand the struggles of
those who are unable to consistently eat and drink. There are many other
secondary reason for fasting, such as detoxifying one's body. The challenges that
fasting many pose for students are discussed in the next chapter. The fourth pillar-
alm giving or giving charity- is when Muslims give a percentage of their total
wealth to charity. This particular pillar is not relevant to the challenges that
Muslims students may face in their schools. The fifth pillar of performing the
Pilgrimage requires a Muslim to go to Mecca and stay from ten days to two
weeks, performing various rituals that date back to the Prophet Mohammed and
Prophet Abraham. It is mandatory for anyone who is physically and financially
able to perform these rituals may ask for time off from school if the time of the
Pilgrimage occurs during the school year. All the above are outward manifestation
of Islam. When inward manifestation of Islam are practiced, there is a specific
guiding principle for behavior, attitude, and interactions with other people. Islam
has a specific character trait that it espouses and that is Hayaa, which is discussed
in the following paragraph.
Emblematic Character of Islam
Rights duties in Islam are categorized as follows 1.)Duties to God
(Ibadaat), which include the five pillars of Islam and 2.)Duties to others vis-a-vis
social interactions (muamalat), which are dictated by the religion's valve system
like many other religion's Islam upholds valve such as honesty, compassion,
truthfulness, and respect (Ahmed, 2010). A valve that is distinctly attributed to
Islam, but not exclusive to Muslims, is termed as Hayaa, which encompasses such
concepts as shame, humility, self-respect, honour, bashfulness, shyness, and
modesty (Introduction to Islamic Character n.d; Ahmed 2010).
The Prophet Mohammed said; "Every religion has a distinct call, and
emblematic quality. For Islam, the emblematic quality is Hayaa". (Hadith
Database ). As such Hayaa is considered to be the cornerstone of Islam. Is another

narration Mohammed said "Hayaa (Modesty / bashfulness) and Iman (faith) are
two that go together. If one is lifted, the other is also lifted"(Hadith Database)
Jamaluddin Zarsbazoni's exploration of Hayaa in the Hadith Database (2002)
identify it's four manifestation. The first dimension of Hayaa is from God, where
a Muslim develops a sense of shame towards committing an act or having a
thought that displeases God. This level of shame is more dominant when an
individual commits a sin without the presence or knowledge of anyone else. Even
though practicing Muslims around the world may follow the outward
manifestation of Islam (the fire pillars) and the inner manifestation (the
emblematic character trait; Hayaa), Muslims are not considered to be monolithic.
Muslims are "as diverse as humanity itself" (Gregorian, 2011, p.2)
Islam is Not Monolithic
There is one single Islam, meaning the religion is built on a single set of
fundamental elements and frameworks, such as the bases of Quranic revelation
and prophetic tradition (Sunnah): the pillars of Islam; and it's notion of the state of
the world (alwaqii):
Sustained by faith, strong is reasoning ability and guided by ethical
injunction a believing consciousness must live within his own time, at the heart of
his society, among other human beings and put his energy into his constant
dialectical movement between the essential principles determined by revelation
and actual circumstances (p.37)

Even in consideration of the estimated 1.6 billion Muslims people
worldwide, Islam is one and unites all traditions, including Sunning and Shia
practitioners, through its elements of university and it's persuasive definition as a
"way of life"
Religious School in the Philippines
The development and spread or religion has been accounted mostly to
education. Religious belief has been conveyed formally through educational
institutions that teaches the doctrines, customs and practices, rites, etc to specific
audiences- the students
*Seventh day Adventist Schools
*Iglesia ni Cristo- New Era College
*Catholic Schools Seventh day
Adventist Seventh-day
Adventist Education is a unique system with distinctive features their
incorporation into the administration, staff, and students with unprecedented
spiritual and educational progress.

Iglesia Ni Cristo
New Era University is a private, nonsectarian educational institution
established by the Iglesia ni Cristo. It aims to develop among its students
academic excellence, professional responsibility and social awareness founded on
genuine Christian principles.
Catholic Schools
The Catholic Schools represent a major major ministry of the Philippines
Roman Catholic Church. Forming our students to be citizens grounded in faith,
values and character, our school will be: Learning faith communities, rooted in
the Catholic tradition, nurturing the multiple intelligence of students and teachers,
forming Servant Leaders to build the Civilization of Love.

Review and Related Literature

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review and Related Literature

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review and Related Literature

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter II

Review and Related Literature

presents the Literature review pertinent to the discussion of Christians, Islam,

adventist schools in the Philippines.

values. Islamic us considered as one of the most misunderstood religious in the

religious minority in the Philippines (Environic Institutes, 2016). The

misunderstanding and stereotypes surrounding Islam seem to encourage more

more of women wear Hijab(Environics Institute 2016).

Muslims, the followers of Islam, believe in one God, the Mohammed as

to Allah and finding peace "(p.50).

(c) the emblematic character of Islam: Hayaa.

pillars of Islam Provide a basis of knowledge from which it expand in the

conceptual frame work to define three groups: "Muslims", "practicing Muslims",

as the final messenger,"

2. The five daily prayers,

3. Fasting during the month of Ramadan,

4. Alms giving, and

5. Performing the Pilgrimage to Mecca (for those who are capable

physically and financially)

absolute monotheism, unshakable and uncompromising faith in the oneness or

unity (Tawheed) of God"(Esposito, 1998, p.88; Ahmed, 2010). Concerning the

Prophet Abraham. It is mandatory for anyone who is physically and financially

of Islam. When inward manifestation of Islam are practiced, there is a specific

in the following paragraph.

Emblematic Character of Islam

Rights duties in Islam are categorized as follows 1.)Duties to God

truthfulness, and respect (Ahmed, 2010). A valve that is distinctly attributed to

concepts as shame, humility, self-respect, honour, bashfulness, shyness, and

modesty (Introduction to Islamic Character n.d; Ahmed 2010).

emblematic quality. For Islam, the emblematic quality is Hayaa". (Hadith

Database ). As such Hayaa is considered to be the cornerstone of Islam. Is another

Jamaluddin Zarsbazoni's exploration of Hayaa in the Hadith Database (2002)

a Muslim develops a sense of shame towards committing an act or having a

emblematic character trait; Hayaa), Muslims are not considered to be monolithic.

Muslims are "as diverse as humanity itself" (Gregorian, 2011, p.2)

Islam is Not Monolithic

fundamental elements and frameworks, such as the bases of Quranic revelation

the world (alwaqii):

Sustained by faith, strong is reasoning ability and guided by ethical

dialectical movement between the essential principles determined by revelation

and actual circumstances (p.37)

practitioners, through its elements of university and it's persuasive definition as a

Religious School in the Philippines

The development and spread or religion has been accounted mostly to

education. Religious belief has been conveyed formally through educational

audiences- the students

*Seventh day Adventist Schools

*Iglesia ni Cristo- New Era College

*Catholic Schools Seventh day

Adventist Education is a unique system with distinctive features their

incorporation into the administration, staff, and students with unprecedented

spiritual and educational progress.

New Era University is a private, nonsectarian educational institution

established by the Iglesia ni Cristo. It aims to develop among its students

academic excellence, professional responsibility and social awareness founded on

genuine Christian principles.

The Catholic Schools represent a major major ministry of the Philippines

Roman Catholic Church. Forming our students to be citizens grounded in faith,

forming Servant Leaders to build the Civilization of Love.