Reference Calculation Remark

Design of long wall

1.Reinforcement to carry ULS bending moment

Assume main bars to be 20 mm and distribution bars to be 12

mm.
d = 200 – 40 – 12 – 20/2
= 138 mm
M = 56.71kNm/m
k’ = 0.156 No. redistribution

Main reinforcement (As, required )

M ED
k=
f ck b d 2

56.71×10 6
k= =0.085<k '
35× 1000× 13 82

Hence, no compression reinforcement is required.

Z = d¿

=d¿

= 0.92d¿ 0.95d

Hence,
Z = 0.92d
= 126.96mm

Take RB 460 bars then fyk= 460 N/mm2

M Ed= As, required ×0.87 fyk×z

M ED
As, required =
0.87 f yk × z
56.71× 106
=
0.87 × 460× 126.96

= 1116.13mm2/m

2.Reinforcement to carry SLS bending moment

a) Limiting steel stress method

Page 1
f st =130 N /m m 2(for c.w =0.2mm, deformed bars)

M 106
=32.67 × = 1.72
B d2 1000 ×1382

ρ=¿ 0.015
f cr =8.5 N /mm 2

As
ρ=
Bd
A s=¿ ρ × Bd
2
A s=¿ 0.015 ×1000 ×138 mm =2070 mm 2 /m
m

Provided r/f

R/f to carry ult. BM (u1) - 1117 m m2 /m

R/f to carry serv. BM (S1) – 2070m m2 /m SF at Base
(ULS)=
Provide 20 mm bars @150 mm 54.88kN/m

A S , provided =2095 mm 2
B.M at Base
(ULS)=
56.71kNm/m

b) To determine adequacy of r/f by calculation of cracked

width

A S , provided =2095 mm 2 (Y 20 @ 150)

As 2095
ρ= = =0.0152
Bd 1000 ×138

E s = 200 kN /mm2
SF at Base
Ec = ½ x static modulus (SLS)=
= ½ x 27 (T.7.2 / BS 8110: Part 2) 33.8kN/m

= 13.5 kN /mm2 B.M at Base

(SLS)=
32.67kNm/m
Es 200
α e= = =14.81
E c 13.5

α e ρ=0.0152× 14.81=0.225

x 2
d
=α e ρ (√ 1+
αe ρ
−1 )
x 2
d
=0.225 (√ 1+ 0.225 −1) = 0.483

Page 2
x=138 ×0.483=66.65 mm

x 66.65
z=d − =138− =115.78 mm
3 3

Ms 106
f s= =32.67 ×
z As 115.78 ×2095

N
¿ 134.69 2
<0.8 × 460=368 N /m m 2 (ok)
mm

2 Ms 106
f cb= =32.67 ×2 ×
zBx 115.78 ×1000 ×66.65

N
¿ 8.47 2
< 0.45 f ck =0.45 ×35=15.75 N /m m2 (ok)
mm

fs
( h−x )
Es
ϵ 1=
d −x

134.69
( 200−66.65 )
200000 = 1.25×10−3
ϵ 1=
138−66.65

bt ( h−x ) ( a ' −x )
ϵ 2=
3 E s A s (d−x )

1000 ( 200−66.65 ) ( 200−66.65 )

ϵ 2= =0.198 ×10−3
3 × 200000× 2095(138−66.65)

ϵ m=ϵ 1−ϵ 2
ϵ m=¿- 0.198)×10−3= 1.052×10−3

3 acr ϵ m
w=
2 ( a cr −Cmin)
1+
h−x SF at Base
(ULS)=
23.08kN/m

B.M at Base
(ULS)=
22.11kNm/m

Page 3
 SF at Base
(SLS)=
16.49kN/m

B.M at Base
(SLS)=
15.79kNm/m
Find a cr

Cmin = 40 + 12 = 52 mm

(a¿ ¿ cr +10)2=622+ 752 ¿

a cr=107.66 mm

Cmin=40+12=52 mm

3 ×87.31 ×1.052× 10−3

w= =0.18 mm< 0.2mm (ok )
2 ( 87.31−52 )
1+
200−66.65

The crack width is not close to the design crack width it is

possible to reduce the reinforcement. Therefore, this method
give to economical solution.

Page 4
Reynold’s graph

T20
@150 mm

(T.7.2 / BS 8110:
Part 2)

Page 5
Page 6
 Ok for
cracking

1.Tank full condition

Short wall (ULS)

Effective length
lx = 8000+ ½ x 2 x 200
= 8200 mm

Effective height
l y = 1800 + ½ x 200= 1900 mm

l x 8200
= =4.31>2
l y 1900

Hence slab will span one way i.e. as a cantilever

Page 7
Maximum water pressure
= 10 x 1.8 x 1.4
= 25.2kN/m2

SF at Base
Water load F
(ULS)=
= ½ x 25.2x 1.8 x 1
22.68kN/m
= 22.68kN/m
B.M at Base
BM at base (vertical bending). (ULS)=
= 22.68 x [1/3 (1.8) + 0.1] 15.68kNm/m
= 15.88kNm/m

Short wall (SLS)

Maximum water pressure

= 10 x 1.6 x 1
= 16kN/m2
SF at Base
Water load F (SLS)=
= ½ x16 x 1.6 x 1 12.8kN/m
= 12.8kN/m
B.M at Base
BM at base (vertical bending). (SLS)=
8.11kNm/m
= 12.8 x [1/3 (1.6) + 0.1]
= 8.11kNm/m

2.Tank empty condition

Short wall(ULS)

Assume
γ sat =20 KN /m3
γ d =16 KN /m3
q=5 KN /m 2

σ v =q+ γ d z

σ v =5+16 z 1+ ¿ ¿ 5+16 z 1

σ H =k a σ v

σ H =0.217 (5+16 z 1)
Page 8
When z = 0,
σ H =1.085 KN /m 2

When z 1=1.8 m
σ H =0.217 ( 5+16 × 1.8 )=7.335 KN / m2
0 1.085kN/m2

1.8m 7.335kN/m2

Force due to soil pressure

= 1.4 (1.085 x 1.8 + ½ x (7.335 – 1.085) x 1.8)
= 10.609kN/m SF at Base
(ULS)=
Total force F 10.61kN/m
= 10.609kN/m
B.M at Base
BM at base (vertical bending) (ULS)=
= 1.4 (1.085 x 1.8 x 0.9 + ½ x (7.335 – 1.085) x 1.8 x 1.8/3) 7.19kNm/m
= 7.186kNm/m

Short wall (SLS) SF at Base

(SLS)=
Total force F 7.58kN/m
= 10.609 /1.4
= 7.578kN/m B.M at Base
(SLS)=
BM at base (vertical bending) 5.13kNm/m
= 7.186 /1.4
= 5.133kNm/m

Design of short wall

1. Reinforcement to carry ULS bending moment

Assume main bars to be 20 mm and distribution bars to be 12 mm.

d = 200 – 40 – 12 – 20/2
= 138 mm
M =15.88KNm/m
k’ = 0.167 No. redistribution

Main reinforcement (As, required )

M ED
k=
f ck b d 2

Page 9
 15.88 × 106
k= =0.024< k '
35× 1000× 13 82

Z = d¿

= d¿

= 0.98d >¿ 0.95d

Hence,
Z = 0.95d
= 131.1 mm

Take RB 460 bars then fyk= 460 N/mm2

M Ed = As, required ×0.87 fyk×z

M ED
As, required =
0.87 f yk × z
15.88 ×10 6
=
0.87 × 460× 131.1

= 302.67 mm2/m

2.Reinforcement to carry SLS bending moment

a) Limiting steel stress method

f st =130 N /m m 2(for c.w =0.2mm ,deformed bars)

M 106
Reynold’s graph =4.62 × = 0.24
B d2 1000 ×1382

ρ=¿ 0.002
f cr =2.5 N /mm 2

As
ρ=
Bd
A s=¿ ρ × Bd
2
A s=¿ 0.002 ×1000 ×138 mm =276 mm 2 /m
m

Provided r/f

R/f to carry ult. BM (u1) - 302m m2 /m

R/f to carry serv. BM (S1) – 276 m m2 /m

Page 10
 As 302 T20
ρ= = =0.002< ρ critical
Bd 1000 ×138 @500mm

ρcritical × Bd= As

A s=0.0035 ×1000 ×138=483 m m2 /m

A s , provide=628 mm 2 /m(T 20 @500 mm)

E s = 200 KN /mm 2
Ec = ½ x static modulus
= ½ x 27 (T.7.2 / BS 8110: Part 2)
= 13.5 KN /mm2

Es 200
α e= = =14.81
E c 13.5

α e ρ=0.0035× 14.81=0.052

x 2
d
=α e ρ (√ 1+
αe ρ
−1)
x 2
d
=0.052 (√ 1+ 0.052 −1 ) = 0.275

x=138 ×0.275=38 mm

x 38
z=d − =138− =125 mm
3 3

Ms 10 6
f s= =4.62 ×
z As 125 ×628

¿ 58.85 N /mm2 <0.8 × 460=368 N /m m2 (ok)

2 Ms 10 6
f cb= =4.62 ×2 ×
zBx 125× 1000 ×38

N
¿ 1.945 2
<0.45 f ck =0.45 × 35=15.75 N /m m2 (ok)
mm

fs
( h−x )
Es
ϵ 1=
d −x

Page 11
 58.85
( 200−38 )
200000 = 4.766×10−4
ϵ 1=
138−38

bt ( h−x ) ( a ' −x )
ϵ 2=
3 E s A s (d−x )

1000 ( 200−38 ) ( 200−38 )

ϵ 2= =6.964 × 10− 4
3 × 200000× 628(138−38)

ϵ m=ϵ 1−ϵ 2
ϵ m=¿-6.964)×10−4= -2.198×10−4

3 acr ϵ m
w=
2 ( a cr −Cmin)
1+
h−x

Find a cr Ok for
cracking
Cmin = 40 + 12 = 52 mm

(a¿ ¿ cr +10)2=622+ 2502 ¿

a cr=247.57 mm

Cmin=40+12=52 mm

3 ×247.57 ×2.198 ×10−4

w= =0.048 mm< 0.2mm (ok )
2 ( 247.57−52 )
1+
200−38

The crack width is not close to the design crack width it is

possible to reduce the reinforcement. Therefore, this method
give to economical solution.

3). Check the stability of wall.

Tank full condition moment values in both ULS and SLS condition are
greater value than tank empty condition moment values. Therefore, it
is no need to consider both conditions. Only tank full conditions will
be used to analysis.

Page 12
Case 1 – Tank full no soil.

Design against overturning

2.6m

0.2m

2.2m 0.2m A

Restoring moment
Water = 10×2 ×2.8 × 1.2=¿67.20kNm
Wall = 24× 0.2× 2.8× 0.1=¿1.34kNm
Base = 24 × 0.2× 2.2× 1.2=12.67 kNm
Total = 81.21kNm /m

Overturning moments
Due ¿ water pressure
1 2.8
¿ ×10 ×2.8 ×2.8 × 1×
2 3 (
+ 0.2 )
= 44.43kNm/m

81.21
FOS = = 1.83¿ 1.5 ok.
44.43

Design against sliding

Disturbance force due to water pressure
1
¿ ×10 ×2.8 ×2.8=39.2 k N/m
2
Required FOS against sliding = 2.0

Resistance required = 2×39.2=62.5 KN/m

Vertical load on the wall

¿ 10 ×2 ×2.8+24 × 0.2 ×2.8+24 × 0.2× 2.2
= 80kN/m
Assume friction coefficient as 0.3

Resistance force = 0.3× 80=24 kN/m

Resistance force¿ disturbarnce force

Tie force = 62.5 – 24 = 38.5kN

Permissible steel stress = 130 N /m m2
Page 13
 1000
Required area of steel= 38.5×
130
= 296.15m m2 /m

Design against bearing failure

Total vertical load = 80kN¿ m

Balance restraining moment = 81.21- 44.43 = 36.78kNm/ m

2.6m

y 0.2m

2.2m 0.2m A

X x (2.8 x 0.2 + 2.2 x 0.2) = 2.8 x 0.2 x 0.1 + 2.2 x 0.2 x 1.2
X = 0.58

Moment about center line = 80 × 0.584−36.78

=9.94kNm/m

80 1.1
∓9.94 ×
Soil pressure= 2.2× 1 1
×1 ×2.23
12

= 48.69kN /m2 ∨24.04 kN / m2 <235 kN /m2

4). Design of pool floor.

Reinforcement to carry ULS Bending moment

Page 14
Vertical water load on the floor
= 10 ×2.8 ×1=56 kN /m

Moment due to vertical load

w l2
=
8
82
= 25× = 200KNm/m
8

Assume main bars to be 20 mm and distribution bars to be 12 mm.

d = 200 – 40 – 12 – 20/2
= 138 mm

Main reinforcement (As, required )

M ED
K 0=
f ck b d 2

200 ×106
K 0=
35 ×1000 ×13 8 2
K 0=0.3 ¿ K '
⸫ Compression r/f needed

( K−K bal ) f ck b d 2
'
A= S
0.87 f yk ( d−d ' )
( 0.3−0.156 ) × 35× 1000× 1382
'
A= s =3156 mm2
0.87 × 460 × ( 138−62 )

Provide T20@75mm

K bal f ck b d 2
A s= + A 's
0.87 f yk z bal
0.156 ×35 ×1000 ×138 2
A S= +3156
0.87 × 460 ×0.82 ×138
A s=5452 m2

Provide T20@50mm

Page 15
5).

BS 8007 Cl.5.3 can be used to design sliding joint between wall base
and the floor slab. A sliding joint has complete discontinuity in both
reinforcement and concrete and allows relative movement in the
plane of the joint. The surface of the concrete on the lower component
should be flat and smooth so that movement is not restricted. In order
to prevent bonding between the two faces, a separating layer or layers
of a suitable material should be provided to allow movement to take
place.

Page 16