Strength of Material (SOM)

Course Code: MEEG 202

[Energy Technology & Hydropower]

Module 2: Simple Bending & Deflection of Beam

Lecture 8

Course Instructor
Bijendra Shrestha, Assistant Professor

[email protected]

29 July 2020
46 Students
 Beam
A Beam is a member that carries loads transversely, that is,
perpendicular to its long axis.

Must be designed to be safe.

When loads are applied perpendicular to the long axis of a beam,

bending moment are developed inside the beam, causing it to bend.

1. Cantilever
2. Simple Supported beam
3. Overhanging beam
4. Fixed beam
5. Continuous Beam
 Cantilever

Simple Supported beam

Overhanging beam

Fixed beam

Continuous Beam
In a beam Subjected to a bending moment , material above the centroidal axis will be in
compression with the maximum compressive stress occurring at the top surface.

Material below the centroidal axis will be in tension with the maximum tensile stress
occurring at the bottom surface.

Along the centroidal axis itself, there is zero strain and zero stress due to bending. This is
called the Neutral axis.
Type of load
1. Normal Concentrated Load
2. Uniformly Distributed Load
3. Uniformly Varying Load

Type of Support
1. Roller Support
2. Hinge/Pinned Support
3. Fixed Support

Numerical related to beam.

 Strength of Material (SOM)
Course Code: MEEG 202
[Energy Technology & Hydropower]

Module 2: Simple Bending & Deflection of Beam

Lecture 9 (SFD and BMD)

Course Instructor
Bijendra Shrestha, Assistant Professor

[email protected]

12 August 2020, Wednesday 29 July 2020: 46 Students

 Shear Force and Bending Moment
W

A B

RA RB
W
Shear Force

A B

It will shear the beam. i.e. it will crack the beam where
RA load is applied. RB
Shearing Force:
Shearing force are internal forces developed in the material of a beam to balance externally applied
forces in order to secure equilibrium of all parts of the beam.
 W

A B

RA RB

W Neutral axis.

A B

RA RB
Bending Moment:
Bending Moments are internal moments developed in the material of a beam to balance the
tendency for external forces to cause rotation of any part of the beam.
 Beam

Section of
beam

Shearing Force:
Shearing force are internal forces developed in the material of a beam to balance
externally applied forces in order to secure equilibrium of all parts of the beam.

Bending Moment:
Bending Moments are internal moments developed in the material of a beam to
balance the tendency for external forces to cause rotation of any part of the beam.
 Sign Convention
Shear Force

Positive Negative
Sign Convention for Bending Moment
 Important Point to be noted while
drawing SFD and BMD
• Length of SFD and BMD must be equal to the span
of the beam
• SFD is drawn below the loaded beam and BMD is
drawn below SFD
• Calculated SF and BM at all critical points
• If no load is presented between two point, the SF
will be constant.
• For Simply supported beam, BM is zero at support
• For cantilever beam, BM will be zero at free end
Positive Negative
 Strength of Material (SOM)
Course Code: MEEG 202
[Energy Technology & Hydropower]

Module 2: Simple Bending & Deflection of Beam

Lecture 10 (SFD and BMD)

Course Instructor
Bijendra Shrestha, Assistant Professor

[email protected]

13 August 2020, Wednesday 12 August 2020: 42 Students

10 kN 24 kN 15 kN
A B

C D E

RA RB
2m 4m 3m 3m

What kind of beam is this???

Q. For an overhanging beam shown in the figure below,
determine support reacting at A and B. Draw SFD and
BMD. Find the point of contraflexure.

10 kN 24 kN 15 kN
A B

C D E

RA RB
2m 4m 3m 3m
 10 kN 24 kN 15 kN
A B

C D E

RA RB
2m 4m 3m 3m
15
6.71
SFD
(kN)
10

17.29

BMD (KN-m)
6.87
Mc=0 ME=0

20 45
 Strength of Material (SOM)
Course Code: MEEG 202
[Energy Technology & Hydropower]

Module 2: Simple Bending & Deflection of Beam

Lecture 12 (SFD and BMD)

Course Instructor
Bijendra Shrestha, Assistant Professor

[email protected]

25 August 2020, Wednesday 13 August 2020: 41 Students

Assignment 1 - ELF
 Draw SFD and BMD

200 N
180 N/m

A
B C D

RB RC
1m 7m 2m
 200 N

180 N/m

2m 3m 3m
 Strength of Material (SOM)
Course Code: MEEG 202
[Energy Technology & Hydropower]

Module 2: Simple Bending & Deflection of Beam

Lecture 13

Course Instructor
Bijendra Shrestha, Assistant Professor

[email protected]

26 August 2020, Wednesday 25 August 2020: 42 Students

 W

A B

RA RB

W Neutral axis.

A B

RA RB
 Deflection of Beam

It is the vertical distance of the beam measured before and after loading.

Note: The beam should be adequately strong to resist shear force and bending moment
 Factor Affecting Beam Deflection
• The magnitude and type of loading
• The span of the beam
• The material properties of the beam(Modulus of Elasticity)
• The properties of the shape of the beam(Moment of Inertia)
• The beam type (Simple, Cantilever, Overhanging, Continuous)
 Theory of Simple Bending
(Assumptions)
• Material of the beam is homogenous and
isotropic.
• Beam is straight before loading and remains
straight even after load is removed.
• Beam is stressed within elastic limit and
follows Hooke’s Law.
• Beam is subjected to pure bending.
• The layers at neutral axis does not take part in
bending action.
 Deflection of the beam
• It is the plot of the position of the neutral axis of the beam
relative to its initial position.
• The initial position is taken to be st. line between the two
support points on the unloaded beam.
• The amount of deflection will be called “y”

• Under Load the neutral axis becomes a curved line and is called elastic
curve.
• The deflection ‘y’ is vertical distance between a point on the elastic curve
and the unloaded neutral axis.
 Slope
• A line drawn tangent to the deflection curve at
a point of interest would define the slope of
the deflection curve at the point. The slope is
indicated as the angle “Ɵ”, measured in
radians, relative to the horizontal.
OR
• It is the angle measured in radians measured
between the tangent to the elastic curve and
the original axis of the beam
•The point where the tangent line is itself
horizontal is the point of zero slope and defines
the location of the maximum deflection.

•Deflection at the support is always Zero.

 Boundary Condition - Simply Supported Beam

C B
A

•At A and B, Deflection is Zero

•At C, Deflection is Maximum
•At C, Slope is Zero
•At A and B, Slope is maximum

• Supports are not moving up and down

•Deflection about point A and point B is zero
Boundary Condition – Cantilever Beam

•At A, Deflection is Zero

•At A, Slope is Zero
•At B, deflection is Max
•At B, Slope is Max
Note: Point A is fixed and deflection is zero and rotation or the slope is zero
 Flexural Formula (Bending Formula)

(M / I) = (Ƣ /y) = (E/R)
Where,
M = Bending Moment (N-mm)
I = Moment of Inertia for beam- cross sectional (mm2)
Ƣ = Bending Stress (N/mm2)
y = Distance of layer subjected to bending from neutral
axis (mm)
E = Young’s modulus (Modulus of Elasticity)
R= Radius of Curvature of beam (mm)
Derivation

• Note: Refer derivation session on paint

Relation between Slope, Deflection
and Radius of Curvature

M = EI 2
(d y / 2
dx )
 Strength of Material (SOM)
Course Code: MEEG 202
[Energy Technology & Hydropower]

Module 2: Deflection of Beam (Cont…)

Lecture 14

Course Instructor
Bijendra Shrestha, Assistant Professor

[email protected]

8 September 2020, Tuesday 26 August 2020: 46 Students

 Quick Recap
• Assumption in the theory of simple bending
• Deflection – “y”
– At Support y is always 0
• Slope - “Ɵ” or “dy/dx”
– unit- Radian
• Boundary Condition
– Simple Support Beam
– Cantilever Beam
• Derivation of Flexural Formula [ Bending Equation]
• Relation between Slope, Deflection and Radius of
Curvature.
 Theory of Simple Bending
(Assumptions)
• Material of the beam is homogenous and isotropic.
– Homogenous = Same material throughout/same composition of material
through.
– Isotropic = same young's modulus in x, y, z axis.

• Beam is straight before loading and remains straight even after load is removed.
– No permanent deformation in beam after loading. Regain its original shape
even after load is removed.

• Beam is stressed within elastic limit and follows Hooke’s Law.

– Stress is directly proportional to strain within elastic limit.

• Beam is subjected to pure bending.

– No shearing action (No Breakage)
– Shear stress are not to be considered.

• The layers at neutral axis does not take part in bending action.
Relation between Slope, Deflection
and Radius of Curvature

M = EI 2
(d y / 2
dx )
• Slope and Deflection can be calculated by Using
– Double Integration Method
– Macaulay’s Method
 Double Integration Method
Cantilever
• Case I – Cantilever Beam having Concentrated
load at the free end. W

B
A
ƟB
x ymax

B’
l-x

l
Derivation to calculate slope and deflection
Case II - Cantilever of length ‘l’ carrying a
concentrated load ‘W’ at a distance “a” from the
fixed end.
• Derivation
 Strength of Material (SOM)
Course Code: MEEG 202
[Energy Technology & Hydropower]

Module 2: Deflection of Beam (Cont…)

Lecture 15

Course Instructor
Bijendra Shrestha, Assistant Professor

[email protected]

9 September 2020, Tuesday

 Numerical
• A cantilever of 3 meters length and of uniform
rectangular CSA 150mm wide and 300 mm deep is
loaded with a 30kN load at its free end. In addition
to this it carries a uniformly distributed load of 20kN
per meter run over its entire length. Calculate:
1. Maximum slope and maximum deflection
2. The slope and deflection at 2 meters from the fixed end.

• Take E= 210 GN/m3

 Strength of Material (SOM)
Course Code: MEEG 202
[Energy Technology & Hydropower]

Module 2: Deflection of Beam (Cont…)

Lecture 16

Course Instructor
Bijendra Shrestha, Assistant Professor

[email protected]

21 September 2020, Tuesday

 Recap
• Case I – Cantilever Beam having Concentrated load at the
free end.
• Case II - Cantilever of length ‘l’ carrying a concentrated load
‘W’ at a distance “a” from the fixed end.
• Case III - Cantilever beam of length L carrying uniformly
distributed load ‘w’ per unit run over whole length.
• Case IV -Cantilever beam of length ‘L’ carrying uniformly
distributed load of ‘w’ per unit run for a distance ‘a’ from
the fixed end.
• Case V - Cantilever beam of Length ‘L’ carrying uniformly
distributed load of ‘w’ per unit run on a part of span from
free end.
• Numerical relating derivation technique.
 Numerical
• A cantilever beam of length 3 m is carrying a
point load of 50kN at a distance of 2 m from the
fixed end. If I= 108 mm4 and E= 2X105 N/mm2,
find:
i. Slope at the free end.
ii. Deflection at the free end.

Formula:
Slope = Wa2/2EI
Deflection = [Wa3/3EI] + [Wa2/2EI] X (L-a)

Answer: Slope = 0.005 rad. Deflection at the free end = 11.67 mm

 Numerical

• A cantilever of length 3 meter carries a

uniformly distributed load over the entire
length. If the deflection at the free end is 40
mm, find the slope at the free end.

Slope: 0.01777 rad

 Numerical
• A Cantilever 120 mm wide and 200 mm deep is
2.5 m long. What is the uniformly distributed
load which the beam can carry in order to
produce a deflection of 5 mm at the free end?
Take E = 200 GN/m2
 Numerical
• A cantilever of length 3m carries two point loads of 2kN at the
free end and 4kN at a distance of 1 m from the free end. Find
the deflection at the free end.
Take E= 2X105 N/mm2 and I=108 mm4
4 kN 2 kN

B
A

B’
1m

3m
Ans: 1.84 mm
 Numerical
• A cantilever of length 2 m carries a uniformly distributed
load of 2.5 kN/m run for a length of 1.25 meter from the
fixed end and a point load of 1kN at the free end. Find
the deflection at the free end if the section is rectangular
12 cm wide and 24 cm deep and E= 1X104 N/mm2.
Solution:
Step 1 - Calculate I = bd3/12
Step 2: Calculate downward deflection at the free end due to point load of 1kN (1000N)
at the free end = y1 = WL3/3EI
Step 3: Calculate the downward deflection at the free end due to uniformly distributed
load of 2.5 N/mm on a length of 1.25 m = y2= [wa4/8EI] + [(wa3/6EI) * (L-a) ]
Step 4: Total Deflection = y1 + y2

Ans: 2.9224 mm
 Strength of Material (SOM)
Course Code: MEEG 202
[Energy Technology & Hydropower]

Module 2: Deflection of Beam (Cont…)

Lecture 16

Course Instructor
Bijendra Shrestha, Assistant Professor

[email protected]

22 September 2020, Wednesday

 Macaulay’s Method
Numerical:
A beam AB of length ‘L’ simply supported at the end carries a
point load ‘W’ at a distance ‘a’ from the left end. Find
1. Deflection under load X
2. The maximum deflection
W
a b

A C B

X
 Ans:
1. 9.019 mm (downward)
& -16.7 mm
Numerical 2. -16.745 mm
3. 2.87 m
A beam of length 6 m is simply supported at its ends and carries
two point loads of 48kN and 40kN at a distance of 1 m and 3 m
respectively from the left support. Find:
1. Deflection under each load
2. Maximum deflection
3. The point at which maximum deflection occurs.
Given E= 2*105 N/mm2 and I= 85 * 106 mm4
48 kN 40 kN

1m
3m
6m
 Numerical
• Determine the deflection at the free end C for
the overhanging beam ABC supported and
loaded as shown in fig.
Take E= 200 GPa & I= 13.5*10-6 m4

4 kN
3 kN/m
A B

D E C

RA RB
1m 3m 2m 2m