Helical Compression

Springs
Design 1
Mechanical Engineering Faculty
Engineering Division
Universidad Santo Tomás
1
Types of Helical Compression
Springs

From: Mott, pg.733

2
Spring Index

Spring Index
D
C
d

Manufacturers
suggestion:

4  C  12
From: Urugal, pg.563

3
Stress Analysis

Fy  0  V  P
PD
M o  0  T 
2

+ =
V Tr
 vn   Tn   n   vn   Tn
A J
4
 Curvature Effect

16T 4P
 max   8PD
d 3
d 2  max  K w
8 PD d 3
 max  K s 4C  1 0.615 4C  2
d 3 Kw     KB
Ks 
2C  1 4C  4 C 4C  3
C
Wahl Factor Bergsträsser
(Dynamic)
Direct Shear Factor (Static) 5
Materials for helical springs

From: Urugal, pg.567

6
Spring Wires: Mechanical
properties
 Ultimate Tensile Strength: Sut  Ad b

A
b

From: Collins, pg.550

 Ultimate Strength in Shear: Sus  0.67 Sut

7
Spring Wires: Mechanical
properties
 Yield Strength and Endurance limit in shear:
'
S ys Sut Sew Sut

From: Urugal, pg.569

8
Spring wires: Effect of
presseting

From: Norton, pg.756

9
Spring wires: Effect of shot-
peened

From: Norton, pg.756

45 ksi (310 MPa) for unpeened springs

S '
ew 
67.5 ksi (465 MPa) for peened springs 10
Spring wires: Goodman
Diagram
Standard Manufacturer’s Fatigue Test (R = 0)

From Lesjöfors Automotive website Adapted From: Urugal, pg.569

 min  0 S '
a m  ew
 max  S '
ew 2
11
Spring wires: Goodman
Diagram
a

'
Sew 2

0 '
Sew 2 S us m

12
Spring wires: Goodman
Diagram
a

S es'

'
Sew 2

0 '
Sew 2 S us m

13
Spring wires: Goodman
Diagram
Endurance Limit
a S '
ew S us
Ses  0.5
'

Sus  0.5Sew '

S es'
Ses  Creliability  Ctemperature  S es'
'
Sew 2

0 '
Sew 2 S ys S us m

14
 Spring wires: Goodman
Diagram
a
Goodman Criterion
Ses Sut
S es Nf 
Ses m  Sut a

8Pa D
 a  Kw
d 3

0
 m  Ks
8Pm D S ys S us m
d 3

15
Deflection and Spring rate
 Calculating the total strain energy:
2 2
T L P L
U 
2GJ 2 AG
 Using Castigliano’s Theorem:
U 8PD 3 N a
y 
P d 4G
 Since the spring complies the Hooke’s Law:
P d 4G
k  
y 8D 3 N a 16
Spring length and Coils

From: Norton, pg.563

0.1yworking  yclash  0.15 yworking
17
Spring Length and Coils

From: Budynas-Nisbett, p.503

“We round Na to the nearest ¼ coil, as the manufacturing

tolerance cannot achieve better than that accuray”
Norton, p.781
18
Types of Spring Ends

From: Budynas-Nisbett, pg.503

19
Spring Buckling

(a)

(b)

From: Norton, pg.754

20
Spring Surge (resonance)
 For a fixed-fixed helical coil spring:

fn 
d Gg
Hz
2 D 2 N a 2 spring
fn
g  386 in/s 2 Load
 13
fn
G  11.5 10 psi 6

  0.285 lb/in 3

 For a fixed-free coil spring: “it acts like a fixed-fixed coil

spring of twice its length” (i.e., twice its number of active
coils)
21
References
 Norton, R.L. Machine Design: an integrated
approach. 3rd ed, 2006.
 Budynas and Nisbett. Shigley’s Mechanical
Engineering Design. 8th ed, 2006.
 Mott, R.L. Machine Elements in Mechanical
Design. 4th ed, 2004.
 Urugal, A.C. Mechanical Design. 2004.

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