Practical Research 2: Quarter 1-Module 1

12 Department of Education
National Capital Region

SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIK INA CITY
Practical Research 2
Quarter 1- Module 1
Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, and
Kinds of Quantitative Research
Writer: Victor P. Rebosada, MAT

Illustrator: Marexcza Z. Salinas
Layout Artist: Arneil A. Pagatpatan
City of Good Character 1

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
What I Need to Know
Good day researchers! In this lesson, you are going to learn how to:
Describe characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative

research (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1)
Moreover, in this lesson, you will learn concepts and do practice activities
that will help you do the following:
1. define quantitative research;

2. identify the characteristics of qualitative research;
3. compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative
research; and
4. determine the kinds of quantitative research.
What I Know
Before you proceed to the different activities inside the module, answer
first the short pre-assessment activity below.
Select your answer from the options provided after each item. Choose
and encircle the letter of the correct answer. If there are no options provided,
do as directed.
1. Which of the following best defines a quantitative research?
A. It is a research design in which findings are based on observations.
B. It is a simple investigation which hardly uses statistical treatment in
stating generalizations.
C. It is a step-by-step process of investigation without quantifiable
data.
D. It is a systematic investigation of something that exists by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical techniques.
2. Which of the following best explains the good characteristic of

quantitative research?
A. Quantitative research always does not need a bigger sample of

population to arrive at a valid result.
B. Quantitative research can be utilized without the use of standardized

instruments.
C. Quantitative research is the most reliable and valid way of

concluding results, giving way to a new hypothesis or to disproving
it.
D. Quantitative research puts emphasis on discovery.

3. Which statement below describes a weakness of quantitative research?
A. Quantitative research can be costly, difficult and time consuming as

most researchers are non-mathematicians.
B. Quantitative research does not need a lot of investment in time and
resources when polishing results.
C. Quantitative research emphasizes objective measurements and

statistical analysis of data which can be manipulated.
D. Quantitative research leaves a big grey area on the given results.
4. What is a research design?
A. A research design emphasizes the objective measurements and the

statistical analysis of data collected in various ways.
B. A research design is the comparison of the pretest and the posttest

within one group to come up with the needed data.
C. It is the research problem of the study.
D. It refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order to integrate

the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way
to effectively address the problem.
5. Using at least 5-10 sentences, write a paragraph explaining the

importance of research in today’s world.
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Lesson Characteristics of Quantitative
1 Research
What’s In
In your Practical Research 1, you have studied about the differences
between qualitative and quantitative research. Can you still remember
the differences of these two research methods?
Below is a table of the two research methods. The characteristics of
qualitative research method are given, whereas, some characteristics of
quantitative research method are not given. Fill in the blank with the
characteristic of quantitative research based on the given characteristics of
qualitative research method.
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
Focuses on exploring ideas and Focuses on testing theories and

formulating a theory or hypothesis hypotheses
Is analyzed by summarizing,
categorizing and interpreting
Mainly expressed in words
Requires few respondents
Open-ended questions
Key terms are: understanding, Key terms are: testing,

context, complexity, subjectivity measurement, objectivity, replicability
What’s New
Let us start our lesson on the characteristics of quantitative research
by analyzing the sample research titles below.
Research Title A: A Study of the Perceptions of Selected Grade 11 Students

Regarding Technology and Senior High School Readiness
Research Title B: Socio-economic Status and Academic Performance of
Selected Students of Concepcion Integrated School-
Secondary Level
Let’s Analyze:

1. Which of the titles above is a quantitative research? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What key words in the title give you the idea that the research is
quantitative? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What is It
One of the given research titles above is an example of a quantitative
research.
A quantitative research is a research design that uses numbers in
stating generalizations about a given problem or inquiry. These numbers are
the results of objective scales of measurements of the units of analysis called
variables. Furthermore, research findings are subjected to statistical
treatment to determine significant relationships or differences between
variables, the results of which are the bases for generalization about the
problem.
Let us look at the sample titles above. Which is qualitative, and which
is quantitative?
In the given sample titles, Research Title A is qualitative while
Research Title B is quantitative. If you look at the key words, you would
easily find out that a title is quantitative or not. In the given quantitative
research title, we have the key words _________________________________ that
help us determine that the research is quantitative.
The characteristics of quantitative research according to Prieto, et al.
are as follows:
1. Methods or procedures of data gathering include items like age,
gender, educational status, among others, that call for measurable
characteristics of the population.
2. Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus, ensuring the
accuracy, reliability and validity of data.
3. Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collected in
order to show trends, relationships or differences among variables. The charts
and tables allow you to see the evidence collected.

4. A large population yields more reliable data, but principles of random
sampling must be strictly followed to prevent researcher’s bias.
5. Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another
setting, thus, reinforcing validity of findings.
6. Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.
What characteristics in the given quantitative research title above can
you identify? ________________________________________________
What variables in the title can you identify?

_____________________________________________________________________
What’s More
Answer the activities that will follow to practice your knowledge and
skill about the characteristics of quantitative research.
Activity 1
Answer the questions below about quantitative research and its
characteristics. Use your own words in answering the questions and do not
copy word for word from the lecture above.
1. What is quantitative research?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Activity 2
Study the quantitative research title below.
Title: Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic in the Shoe Industry of
Marikina City
What makes it a quantitative research?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Activity 3
On the blank space before each item, write Quantitative if the
statement defines quantitative research and Qualitative if it describes
qualitative research.
____________ 1. A structured method is used to collect data.

____________ 2. It is conducted to understand the social reality of individuals,
groups and cultures as nearly as possible as its participants
feel it or live it.
____________ 3. It seeks to explain the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of a particular
phenomenon or behavior.
____________ 4. The research is objective, elaborate and investigational.
____________ 5. The results are logical, statistical and unbiased.
What I What I Have Learned
In this lesson, we focused on the characteristics of quantitative

research.
What is a quantitative research? ______________________________
What are its characteristics? ________________________________
What I Can Do
Compile reports on Covid-19 cases in Marikina City for a week. Make

a table based on the sample table from the Marikina City PIO below. Take
note of the data from Day 1 to Day 7.

https://web.facebook.com/search/top/?q=marikina%20pio
Your table may look like this:
Daily Covid – 19 Cases per Barangay in Marikina City

From_____ ____ to ____, 2020
Days Barangka Concepcion 1 Concepcion 2 Fortune IVC

Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Day 7
Remember to be accurate with your data as it is a basic characteristic

of a quantitative research.
Assessment
Put the statement in each proper column. If the statement
describes qualitative research, put it in Column A, if it describes
quantitative research, put it in Column B.
COLUM A (Qualitative) COLUMN B (Quantitative)

Statements:
1. Structured tools such as surveys, polls, or questionnaires are used to
gather data.
2. Open-ended questions are created per objective of the research.
3. Data is represented by tables, charts, graphs, or any other non-
numerical form.
4. More reliable results are taken from a large population in which
principles of random sampling are strictly followed.
5. Researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make
sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring
to them.
Additional Activities
Research additional information on the characteristics of quantitative

research using books or internet sources. You can also watch YouTube videos
regarding the topic. Take note of the characteristics given. Take note also of
the links or your sources as this is a sign of a responsible researcher.
1. What additional information did you get from your research?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What can you say about quantitative research based from your
sources?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Lesson Strengths and Weaknesses of
2 Quantitative Research
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you studied about the characteristics of
quantitative research.
Using the table below, complete each column with the needed
information. Write at least 5 strengths and 5 weaknesses of yours as a
researcher.
Strengths Weaknesses
What’s New
Let us start our lesson on the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative
research by doing the activity below. On the space before each number, write
S if the statement is a strength of quantitative research, write W if it is a
weakness. Then, explain your answer.
_____ 1. The experiment filters out external factors, if properly designed

and so, the results gained can be seen as real and unbiased.
Explanation: _______________________________________________
_____ 2. Quantitative studies require extensive statistical treatment,
requiring stringent standards, more so with confirmation of
results.
Explanation: _____________________________________________
_____ 3. Findings can be generalized if selection process is well-designed
and sample is representative of study population.
Explanation: ______________________________________________
_____ 4. Related secondary data is sometimes not available or accessing
available data is difficult/impossible.

Explanation: ____________________________________________
_____ 5. The results or generalizations are more reliable and valid.
Explanation: ____________________________________________
What is It
The given statements above describe the strengths and weaknesses of
A lot of authors describe the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative
research. In the internet, you could read these descriptions of the strengths
of quantitative research by Better Thesis:
As to weaknesses or limitations, the same site gives this information:
To explain further the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative

research, Prieto et al. had given these valuable descriptions which are put in
a table for your better understanding of the topic:
1. Quantitative research design is 1. Quantitative research can be
the most reliable and valid way of costly, difficult and time-consuming
concluding results, giving way to a because most researchers are non-
new hypothesis or to disproving it. mathematicians.
2. Quantitative experiments filter 2. Quantitative studies require
out external factors, if properly extensive statistical treatment,
designed, and so the results gained requiring stringent standards, more
can be seen, as real and unbiased. so with confirmation of results. When

Quantitative experiments are useful ambiguities in some findings surface,
for testing the results gained by retesting and refinement of the design
a series of qualitative experiments, call for another investment in time
leading to a final answer, and a and resources to polish the results.
narrowing down of possible
directions to follow.
3. Because of a bigger number of the 3. Quantitative methods also tend to
sample of a population, the results turn out only proved or unproved
or generalizations are more reliable results, leaving little room for
and valid. uncertainty, or grey areas.
What’s More
Answer the activities that follow to practice your knowledge and skill
about the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research.
Activity 1
Answer the following questions.
1. What are the strengths of quantitative research?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What are the weaknesses of quantitative research?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Activity 2
Review the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research given
by Prieto et al. then make the statements short by paraphrasing each.
1. 1.
2. 2.

3. 3.
Activity 3
Go back to the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research by
Better Thesis and Prieto et al. Using your own words, compare and contrast
these by writing a paragraph of at least 10 sentences.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
In this lesson, we focused on the strengths and weakness of

What are the strengths and weaknesses of a quantitative
research? ________________________________________________________
What is the importance of knowing these concepts?

__________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
Apply what you have learned on strengths and weaknesses of

quantitative research by doing the activity that follows.
Watch news reports about Covid-19 pandemic and the actions done
by the government on the problem. Get a report on the topic from the two
different networks. Using a table, compare and contrast the report.
News Title:
Network ____________ Network _____________
Strengths Weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses
1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5. 5.
Assessment
Showcase the knowledge and skills you have learned in this
lesson by answering the assessment activity.
Put the statement in each proper column. If the statement is a

strength of quantitative research, write it under Column A. If it a
weakness, write it in Column B.
COLUMN A (Strengths) COLUMN B (Weaknesses)

Statements:
1. Because the data in is in a numeric form, we can apply statistical tests in
making statements about the data.
2. Providing data that is descriptive allows researchers to capture a snapshot

of a user population.
3. Interpretation of data is difficult and data deficiency can lead to critical

errors in the research.
4.Only someone with a firm grasp of how they should use and interpret
quantitative statistics should conduct quantitative study.
5.Statistical analysis lets us derive important facts from research data,

including preference trends, differences between groups, and
demographics.
Research additional information on the strengths and weaknesses of

quantitative research using books or internet sources. You can also watch
YouTube videos regarding the topic. List down the strengths and weakness
that you find that are not presented in this lesson.
1. What additional information did you get from your research?
Title 1:
_______________________________________________________________________
Source: _________________________________________________________________
Additional Information:

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Title 2:
_________________________________________________________________________
Source: _________________________________________________________________
Additional Information:
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Lesson
Kinds of Quantitative Research
3
What’s In
In the previous lessons, you have studied about the characteristics,
strengths and weakness of quantitative research. Can you still remember
the characteristics, strengths and, weaknesses of quantitative research
without turning the pages and looking back at the lessons?
What is quantitative research? Quantitative research is
__________________________________________________________________________.

. Quantitative research has strengths and these are
____________________________________________________. It also has
weaknesses. The weaknesses of quantitative research are
__________________________________________________________________________.
What’s New
Let us start our lesson on the kinds of quantitative research design by
doing the activity below. Inside the box are key terms. Read these key terms
and put them under the proper column.
KEY TERMS
Discourse analysis Evaluative Experimental Focus group discussion
Grounded theory Participant observation Phenomenology
Pre-test design Quasi-experimental True experimental
Write the key terms here:
Quantitative Design Qualitative Design

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
What is It
The key terms above are terms used in research designs. We have two
research designs, namely, quantitative design and qualitative design. We will
focus our lesson on the quantitative design.
Let us first define research design. What is research design? Do you
have an idea?
Research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order
to integrate or put together the different components or parts of the study in
a coherent and logical way. This will ensure you to effectively address the
research problem. Just like constructing a building in which the architect
needs to have a blueprint of the project, research design constitutes the
blueprint for the selection, measurement and analysis of data. The research
design that you use should be determined from the research problem.

You need to remember always that quantitative methods emphasize
objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical
analysis of data collected through various means like polls, questionnaires,
and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using
computational techniques.
Quantitative research is data-based, remember? And it is objective.
Remember that the function of a research design is to ensure that the

evidence obtained enables you to effectively address the research problem as
clearly as possible.
Take note also that any sound design will do the following things:
1. Identify the research problem clearly and justify its selection.
2. Review previously published literature associated with the problem

area.
3.Clearly and explicitly specify hypotheses [i.e., research questions]

central to the problem selected.
4.Effectively describe the data which will be necessary for an adequate

test of the hypotheses and explain how such data will be obtained.
5.Describe the methods of analysis which will be applied to the data in
determining whether or not the hypotheses are true or false.
There are two kinds of quantitative research designs, namely,

experimental and non-experimental.
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unpAhWjGqYKHRz8AMMQ9QEwC3oECAgQBQ

Looking at the matrix, what can you say about the two quantitative
research designs? ____________________________________________________
Experimental Research Design
Experimental research design allows you to control the situation. This

allows you to answer the question, “What causes something to occur?” With
this, you are able to identify the cause and effect relationships between
variables and to distinguish the placebo effects from treatment effects. To
explain further, this research design supports the ability to limit alternative
explanations and to infer direct causal relationships in the study.
Experimental research design is of three types – true experimental,

quasi-experimental and pre-experimental.
Below are the characteristics of true experimental design:
1. It describes how participants are allocated to experimental groups. A

common method is completely randomized design, where participants are
assigned to groups at random. A second method is randomized block design,
where participants are divided into homogeneous blocks (for example, age
groups) before being randomly assigned to groups.
2. It minimizes or eliminates confounding variables, which can offer
alternative explanations for the experimental results.
3. It allows you to make inferences about the relationship between

independent variables and dependent variables.
4. It reduces variability to make it easier for you to find differences in

treatment outcomes.
You also need to remember that design of experiments involves: 1.) The
systematic collection of data, 2.) A focus on the design itself, rather than the
results, 3.) Planning changes to independent (input) variables and the effect
on dependent variables or response variables, and 4.) Ensuring results are
valid, easily interpreted, and definitive.
Furthermore, you bear in mind these most important principles:
• Randomization: the assignment of study components by a completely

random method, like simple random sampling. Randomization eliminates bias
from the results
• Replication: the experiment must be replicated by other researchers.

This is usually achieved with the use of statistics like the standard error of
the sample mean or confidence intervals.
• Blocking: controlling sources of variation in the experimental results.

Quasi-experimental Research design
In a quasi-experimental research design, you can collect more data,

either by scheduling more observations or finding more existing measures.
A quasi-experimental design has almost the same components as a

regular experiment, but there is one or more missing key components. The
three key components of a traditional experiment are:
1. Pre-post-test design.
2. Treatment and control groups.
3. Random assignment of subjects to groups.
You may want to deliberately leave out one of these key components.
This could be for ethical or methodological reasons. For example:
• It would be unethical to withhold treatment from a control group. This

is usually the case with life-threatening illness, like cancer.
• It would be unethical to treat patients; for example, you might want
to find out if a certain drug causes blindness.
• A regular experiment might be expensive and impossible to fund.
• An experiment could technically fail due to loss of participants, but

potentially produce useful data.
• It might be logistically impossible to control all variables in a regular

experiment.
These types of issues crop up frequently, leading to the widespread

acceptance of quasi-experimental designs — especially in the social sciences.
Quasi-experimental designs are generally regarded as unreliable and
unscientific in the physical and biological sciences.
Some experiments naturally fall into groups. For example, you might
want to compare educational experiences of first, middle and last born
children. Random assignment isn’t possible, so these experiments are quasi-
experimental by nature.
Now, do you know the general form of a quasi-experimental design

thesis statement? The general form of a quasi-experimental design thesis
statement is “What effect does (a certain intervention or program) have on a
(specific population)”?
Let us have these examples:
Example 1: Does smoking during pregnancy lead to low birth weight?
Note that it would be unethical for you to randomly give one group of

mother’s packs of cigarettes to smoke. You instead asks the mothers if they
smoked during pregnancy and assigns them to groups after the fact.
Example 2: Does thoughtfully designed software improve learning

outcomes for students?
In this study, you use a pre-posttest design and multiple classrooms
to show how technology can be successfully implemented in schools.
I hope that you are getting the points now. Let us then tackle pre
experimental research design.
Pre-experimental Research Design
Pre-experiments are the simplest form of research design. You have to

remember that in pre-experiment either a single group or multiple groups are
observed subsequent to some agent or treatment presumed to cause change.
Pre-experiment research design are of three types. These are: 1.) One-
shot case study design, 2.) One-group pretest-posttest design, and 3.) Static-
group comparison.
What is a one-shot case design?
In a one-shot case study design, a single group is studied at a single

point in time after some treatment that is presumed to have caused change.
The carefully studied single instance is compared to general expectations of
what the case would have looked like had the treatment not occurred and to
other events casually observed. No control or comparison group is employed.
In a one-group pretest-posttest design, a single case is observed at two

time points, one before the treatment and one after the treatment. Changes
in the outcome of interest are presumed to be the result of the intervention or
treatment. No control or comparison group is employed.
In a static-group comparison, a group that has experienced some

treatment is compared with one that has not. Observed differences between
the two groups are assumed to be a result of the treatment.
Non-Experimental Research Design
Aside from the experimental research design, we also have the non-
experimental research design.
Non-experimental research is the label given to a study when you cannot

control, manipulate or alter the predictor variable or subjects, but instead,
rely on interpretation, observation or interactions to come to a conclusion.
Typically, this means that you must rely on correlations, surveys or case

studies, and cannot demonstrate a true cause-and-effect relationship. Non-
experimental research tends to have a high level of external validity, meaning
it can be generalized to a larger population.
Experimental research is appropriate when the researcher has a

specific research question or hypothesis about a causal relationship between
two variables—and it is possible, feasible, and ethical to manipulate the
independent variable and randomly assign participants to conditions or to
orders of conditions. It stands to reason, therefore, that non-experimental
research is appropriate—even necessary—when these conditions are not met.
The following can be the cases in choosing non-experimental research.
1. The research question or hypothesis can be about a single variable

rather than a statistical relationship between two variables
(Example: How accurate are people’s first impressions?).
2. The research question can be about a non-causal statistical

relationship between variables (Example: Is there a correlation between
verbal intelligence and mathematical intelligence?).
3. The research question can be about a causal relationship, but the

independent variable cannot be manipulated or participants cannot be
randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions (Example: Does
damage to a person’s hippocampus impair the formation of long-term
memory traces?).
4. The research question can be broad and exploratory, or it can be about

what it is like to have a particular experience (Example: What is it like
to be a working mother diagnosed with depression?).
There are six (6) descriptive research designs.
1. Survey
This is a research design that you use when you intend to provide
a quantitative or numerical description of trends, attitudes or opinions of
a population by studying a sample of the population
(Creswell, 2003). How do you think this is done? To illustrate, let us

have an example. For example, colleges and universities regularly float
surveys to determine customer satisfaction, that is, the students’
attitudes toward or opinions regarding student services like the
canteen, clinic, security, the guidance and counselling service, and the
like.

2. Correlational – Correlational Research has three types:
Bivariate correlational studies in which you obtain scores from two

variables for each subject, then use them to calculate a correlation
coefficient. You have to always remember that the term bivariate implies
that the two variables are correlated (variables are selected because
they are believed to be related).
An example of this is the presumption that children of wealthier,

better educated parents earn higher salaries as adults. That is, children
of wealthier (variable #1), better educated (variable #2) parents earn
higher salaries as adults.
Prediction studies where you use correlation co-efficient to show

how one variable (the predictor variable) predicts another (the criterion
variable).
For example: Which high school applicants should be admitted to

college?
In this example, we are talking about senior high school students

like you who are applying for college. What do you think is one
requirement for admission to college? One predictor for admission is
________________________________________________________________.
Multiple Regression Prediction Studies – suppose the high school

GPA is not the sole predictor of college GPA, what might be other good
predictors? All of these variables can contribute to the over-all
prediction in an equation that adds together the predictive power of
each identified variable.
3. Ex-Post Facto Research Design
These are non-experimental designs that you use to investigate

causal relationships. You use these when you examine whether one or
more pre-existing conditions could possibly have caused subsequent
differences in groups of subjects. Here, you attempt to discover whether
differences between groups have results in an observed difference in the
independent variables.
For example: What are the effects of home schooling on the social
skills of adolescents? As a researcher, you want to find out in this study
the effects of schooling to the social skills, like communication, using
good manners, being assertive, and the likes, to the student.

4. Comparative Design
This involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of

study subjects on one or more variables, often at a single point of time.
Specifically, you use this design to compare two distinct groups on the
basis of selected attributes such as the knowledge level, perceptions,
and attitudes, physical or psychological symptoms.
For example, a comparative study on the health problems among

rural and urban older people from district Mehsana, Gujarat.
(www.dryayeshpatidat.blogspot.com).
5. Evaluative Research
You use this kind of research design when you seek to assess or
judge in some way providing information about something other than
what might be gleaned or seen in mere observation or investigation of
relationships.
For example, you use a test in school to assess the effectiveness

of teaching or the deployment of a curriculum.
You always have to remember that evaluation research is

conducted to elicit or get useful feedback from a variety of respondents
from various fields to aid in decision making or policy making.
To explain further, there are various types of evaluation

depending on the purpose of the study. The most commonly used in
research are the formative and summative evaluation types. Formative
evaluation is used when you determine the quality of implementation
of a project, the efficiency and effectiveness of a program, assessment
of organizational processes like procedures, policies, guidelines, human
resource development and the like.
6. Methodological
In this approach, the implementation of a variety of

methodologies forms a critical part in achieving the goal of developing a
scale-matched approach where data from different disciplines can be
integrated.

What’s More
Activity 1
Answer the following questions.
1. What is a research design? How important is this in doing research?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Compare and contrast experimental and non-experimental research

designs.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Activity 2
Go over the lesson on types of descriptive research designs. Using the
table below, write the salient points of each.
Survey Correla- Ex-Post Compara- Evaluat- Methodolog-

tional Facto tive ive ical
Activity 3
Answer the following questions below. Select your answers from the
options provided after each item. Choose and encircle the letter of the correct
answer. If there are no options provided, do as directed.
1. Which of the following BEST describes a research design?

A. It is the blueprint of a would-be study that you plan to conduct
which you use to integrate its components.
B. Research design is determined on the problem of your interest.
C. Research design is the blueprint and the overall strategy a
researcher use to put together in a coherent way the different
components of the study.
D. Research design is the topic that you choose to conduct a
research about.
2. A sound research design has the following things EXCEPT

A. Clearly and explicitly specified hypotheses unimportant to the
problem selected.
B. Effectively describe the data which will be necessary for an
adequate test of the hypotheses and explain how such data
will be obtained.
C. Identify the research problem clearly and justify its selection,
D. Review previously published literature associated with the
problem area.
3.What research design is used when you intend to give a quantitative

or numeric description of trends, attitudes or opinions of a
population in studying its sample?
A. Correlational
B. Evaluative Research
C. Methodological
D. Survey
4. You use the non-experimental research design when ___

A. the phenomena occur naturally and there is no external
variables.
B. you compare the pre-test and the post-test within one
group
C. you want to control both time-related and group-related
threats.
D. you want to control the situation.
5. Earl observes that most of his classmates are addicted in playing

online games and are not focused on their studies. He wants to know
the effects of this behavior to his classmates’ academic performance.
What kind of research design should be used in the given

situation? Why? Indicate the type of research design to be used and
explain your answer in your own words. Have at least 10 sentences for
your explanation.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

In this lesson, we focused on the kinds of quantitative research.

What are the experimental research designs? Explain each.
____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
What are the types of descriptive research designs? Explain each.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Apply what you have learned on quantitative research designs by doing

the activity.
Communities are put to lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic. If you

were to conduct a research on this situation, what will you research about?
How would you go on with your study? What type of research will you do and
what research design are you going to apply?
Write your answer below. Provide examples in your discussion using at

least 15-20 sentences.
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
On the space provided, write Survey or Experiment, indicating the
kind of quantitative research you will use as a researcher on the given problem
inquiries below.
__________ 1. How many senior high school students use the school
library in a week.
__________ 2. How many hours adolescents do Facebook in a day?
__________ 3. The results of a prescribed daily diet on the sugar count
of diabetic patients.
__________ 4. The impact of blended learning on senior high school
students during the Covid-19 pandemic.
__________ 5. The top 3 academic tracks chosen by senior high school
students in your school.
Do an online survey of how many senior high school enrollees there are
in the following academic tracks in one private school and in one public
school.
a. ABM
b. Arts and Design
c. General Academic Strand (GAS)
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on this and be ready to present it
through video call. You can also have it written and have it submitted to your
teacher.

References
Books:
Prieto, Nelia G. et al, Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing House, Inc., 2017
Internet Sources:
Experimental Design. Retrieved June 2020 from https://www.statisticshow

to.com/experimental-design
Non-Experimental and Experimental Research: Differences, Advantages &

Disadvantages. Retrieved June 2020 from https://study.com/academ
y/lesson/non-experimental-and-experimental-rresearch-differences-
advantages-disadvantages.html
Organizing Academic Research Papers: Types of. Retrieved June

2020 from https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185902
Overview of Nonexperimental Research. Retrieved June 2020 from https://

opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/overview-of-nonexexperimen
tal-research/
Picture on Marikina Covid-19 Report. Retrieved June 2020 from https://web.

facebook.com/search/top/?q=marikina%20pio
Picture/clipart of classification of research design. Retrieved June 2020 from

https://www.google.com/search?q=quantitative+research+design+by+
polit+and+hungler&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=Ce9kVpwwsTuF
sM%253A%252CJJq5jdDn2kOWsM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-

kRR8dM7yCbI0&ikrR4mwrtNpQvJAw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUoMHY5unpAh
WjGqYKHRz8AMMQ9QEwC3oECAgQBQ
Pre-experimental Designs. Retrieved June 2020 from https://www.research

connections.org/childcare/datamethods/preexperimental.jsp
Qualitative vs. quantitative research. Retrieved June 2020 from https://

betterthesis.dk/research-methods/lesson-1different-approaches-to-
research/strengths-and-limitations
Qualitative vs. quantitative research. Retrieved June 2020 from https://

www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html
Quantitative Research Definition. Retrieved June 2020 from https://www.

questionpro.com/blog/quantitativeresearch/#:~:text=Quantitative%20
research%20is%20defined%20as,%2C%20mathematical%2C%20or%2
0computational%20techniques.
Quantitative Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples. Retrieved

June 2020 from https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-
research/
Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Retriev-

ed June 2020 from https://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2012/0
09/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-quantitative-and-qualitative-
research.php

Development Team of the Module
Writer: Victor P. Rebosada, MAT (CIS-SL)

Editors: Nieves T. Salazar, Ph. D. (PHS)
Nida P. Andrada, Ed. D. (PSDS)
Internal Reviewer: Janet S. Cajuguiran (EPS-English)

External Validator:
Illustrator: Marexcza Z. Salinas (PHS)
Layout Artist: Arneil A. Pagatpatan (NHS)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent
Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Janet S. Cajuguiran
EPS-English
Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – LRMS
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: [email protected]
191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines
Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989


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12 Department of Education

National Capital Region

Writer: Victor P. Rebosada, MAT

City of Good Character 1

Describe characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative

1. define quantitative research;

2. Which of the following best explains the good characteristic of

A. Quantitative research always does not need a bigger sample of

B. Quantitative research can be utilized without the use of standardized

C. Quantitative research is the most reliable and valid way of

D. Quantitative research puts emphasis on discovery.

City of Good Character 1

A. Quantitative research can be costly, difficult and time consuming as

C. Quantitative research emphasizes objective measurements and

D. Quantitative research leaves a big grey area on the given results.

4. What is a research design?

A. A research design emphasizes the objective measurements and the

B. A research design is the comparison of the pretest and the posttest

C. It is the research problem of the study.

D. It refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order to integrate

5. Using at least 5-10 sentences, write a paragraph explaining the

City of Good Character 2

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Focuses on exploring ideas and Focuses on testing theories and

Mainly expressed in words

Requires few respondents

Key terms are: understanding, Key terms are: testing,

Research Title A: A Study of the Perceptions of Selected Grade 11 Students

City of Good Character 3

City of Good Character 4

What variables in the title can you identify?

1. What is quantitative research?

2. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?

City of Good Character 5

____________ 1. A structured method is used to collect data.

What I What I Have Learned

In this lesson, we focused on the characteristics of quantitative

What are its characteristics? ________________________________

Compile reports on Covid-19 cases in Marikina City for a week. Make

City of Good Character 6

Your table may look like this:

Daily Covid – 19 Cases per Barangay in Marikina City

Days Barangka Concepcion 1 Concepcion 2 Fortune IVC

Remember to be accurate with your data as it is a basic characteristic

COLUM A (Qualitative) COLUMN B (Quantitative)

City of Good Character 7

Research additional information on the characteristics of quantitative

City of Good Character 8

_____ 1. The experiment filters out external factors, if properly designed

City of Good Character 9

As to weaknesses or limitations, the same site gives this information:

To explain further the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative

City of Good Character 10

Answer the following questions.

1. What are the strengths of quantitative research?

2. What are the weaknesses of quantitative research?

City of Good Character 11

What I What I Have Learned

In this lesson, we focused on the strengths and weakness of