SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

Energy Efficiency - IV
DR AVLOKITA AGRAWAL
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

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ECBC Requirements

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 Opaque Walls
 Maximum U−factor is prescribed for the complete wall assembly

 Minimum R−value is prescribed for insulation alone (excluding air films)

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 Roofs
 Maximum U−factor is prescribed for the complete roof assembly

 Minimum R−value is prescribed for insulation alone (excluding air films)

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 U-Value Calculation
 Calculate the U−factor for a roof assembly made up of a RCC roof slab insulated with 5.00 cm
thick expanded polystyrene (density of 24 kg/m3), and finished with 4.00 cm thick brick tiles
(density of 1760 kg/m3) on the top, and 1.00 cm thick cement plaster on the bottom.

NOTE: Refer to ECBC Appendix C for thermal properties of materials

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 U-Value Calculation
• Layer 1: L1= 0.04 m of brick tile k1= 0.79 W/m·K (Range 0.71−0.85)

• R1 = L1/k1= 0.04/ 0.79 = 0.051 K·m2/W

• Layer 2: L2=0.05 m of insulation k2= 0.035 W/(m·K)

• R2 = L2/k2= 0.05/ 0.035 = 0.7 K·m2/W

• Layer 3: L3=0.15 m RCC slab (Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco) k3= 1.40 W/(m·K)

• R3 = L3/k3 = 0.15/ 1.4 = 0.11 K·m2/W

• Layer 4: L4 = 0.01 m plaster K4 = 0.72 W/(m·K)

• R4 = L4/k4 = 0.01/ 0.72 = 0.014 K·m2/W

• Rroof = Rlayer1 + Rlayer2 + Rlayer3 + Rlayer4

• = 0.051 + 0.7 + 0.11 + 0.014 = 0.875 W/m2·K
• Uroof = 1/ Rroof = 1.14 W/m2·K

NOTE: This calculation does not take into csideration thermal resistance of air films for reasons of simplicity.

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 Cool Roofs
For roofs with slope less than 20 degree
» Initial solar reflectance of no less than 0.70 Initial reflectance/emittance may decrease over time,
depending on the product, due to aging, dirt, and
» Initial emittance no less than 0.75 microbial accumulation.

Eficiency Recommendation for Cool Roofing Products (U.S. DOE)

Eficiency Recommendationa
Recommended Solar Reflectance Best Available Solar Reflectance b
Roof slope
Initial 3 Years a†er Installation Initial 3 Years a†er Installation

Low−slope (<2:12) 65% or greater 50% or greater 87% 85%

High−slopec (<2:12) 25% or greater 15% or greater 77% 60%

a) Following this recommendation will provide the greatest benefit where cooling energy costs exceed heating costs
b) Roof products must be tested when new and a/e r three years of exposure, according to ASTM E−903
c) For products that can be installed on both low− and high−slope roofs, “Low−slope” guidelines should be
followed.

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 Vertical Fenestration
• Vertical fenestration shall comply with the maximum Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
and U-factor requirements of Table 4-10. Vertical fenestration on non-cardinal direction,
shall be categorized under a particular cardinal direction if its orientation is within ± 22.5° of
that cardinal direction.

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 Daylighting
• Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) is defined as the annual occurrence of daylight
between 100 lux to 2,000 lux on a work plane. This daylight is most useful to
occupants, glare free and when available, eliminates the need for artificial lighting.
Daylight extent factor provides a ratio of window sizes to floor area receiving UDI
in accordance to window orientation.

Above grade floor areas shall meet or exceed the useful daylight illuminance (UDI) for
specified minimum area (40% for ECBC) for 90% of the potential daylit time in a year.

Compliance shall be demonstrated either through daylighting simulation method or the

manual method.

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• This typical floor has a rectangular
layout (33 m x 38 m) of 1,254 m2.
Visible light transmission (VLT) of
glazing in all orientations is 0.39.
Windows have light shelves and
external shading devices with
Projection Factor (PF) ≥ 0.4. Head
height of fenestrations is 3.0 m.
• For compliance at least 502 m2
(40% of 1,254 m2) of floor area
shall fulfil the UDI requirements.

UDI Analysis with a Daylighting Analysis Software

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 Daylighting: Manual calculation method
• This method can be used for demonstrating compliance with day lighting requirements
without simulation. Daylight extent factors (DEF) mentioned in Table (Given in ECBC) shall
be used for manually calculating percentage of above grade floor area meeting the UDI
requirement for 90% of the potential day light time in a year.

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 Daylighting: Manual calculation method
1. From Table 4.3 determine the daylight extent factor (DEF) for each
orientation.
– For a building located in Delhi (latitude > 15 degrees), with glazing of
VLT ≥ 0.39, shading PF ≥0.4 and light shelves in windows, DEFs for
windows in North = 3.5, in South = 3.0, in East = 2.1, and in West =
1.8. Head height is 3.0 m.
2. For fenestration clear of any opaque obstructions calculate daylit
floor area (AxB).
A:In the direction perpendicular to the fenestration, daylit area
extends to head height of the fenestration multiplied by the daylight
extent factor (DEF) or distance till an opaque partition higher than
head height of the fenestration, which ever is less.
B:In the direction parallel to the fenestration daylit area extends a
horizontal dimension equal to the width of the fenestration plus
either one meter on each side of the aperture or the distance to an
opaque partition, or one-half the distance to an adjacent fenestration,
whichever is least.

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 Daylighting: Manual calculation method
• As per the calculations 616.5 m2
of floor area will meet the UDI
requirements during 90% of the
year. This is 49.2 % of the total
above grade floor area of 1,254
m2. Thus, the building floor will
comply with UDI requirement.
Following Tables shows calculated
Daylight Area Meeting UDI
Requirement.

UDI Analysis with manual calculations

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 Shading Devices – Projection Factor
• The ratio of the distance the overhang projects from the window surface to its height above the sill of
the window it shades.
• Projection Factor is required to determine Coefficient of shading Factor
• PF = H (Horizontal) / V (vertical)
• Projection factor (PF) for the external permanent projection, shall be calculated as per the applicable
applicable shading type listed in §8.2. The range of projection factor for using the SEF is 0.25 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹
0.25 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹 ≥ 1.0.

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 Shading Equivalent Factor (SEF)
• Coefficient of shading Factor - factor captures the effectiveness of
shading devices to provide solar protection.
• Varies according to latitude of site, choice of shading option and projection

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 Example – Equivalent SHGC
• A 5,400 m2 two story office building in Delhi is
trying to achieve ECBC level compliance. It has a
rectangular layout (90 m x 30 m) with floor to
floor height of 4.0 m and floor area is evenly
distributed over the two floors. Windows are
either east or west facing and equally
distributed on the two floors. The windows are
all 1.85m in length and 2.165m in height with
an overhang of 0.85 m.
Sill level is 1.385 m above floor level. The overall
glazing area is 384 m2.
SHGC of the glazing in the East/West
Fenestration is 0.30; area wighted U-Factor is
3.0 W/m2.K. VLT of the glazing in all orientation
is 0.5.
Will the vertical fenestration comply with the
ECBC from the prescriptive approach?

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Example – Equivalent SHGC

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Equivalent SHGC Calculations

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 Sky lights
• Skylights shall comply with the maximum U-factor and maximum SHGC requirements of Table 4-15.
• Skylight roof ratio (SRR), defined as the ratio of the total skylight area of the roof, measured to the
outside of the frame, to the gross exterior roof area, is limited to a maximum of 5% for ECBC Building.

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 Envelope Trade-off
The building envelope complies with the code if the Envelope Performance Factor (EPF) of the Proposed Building is less than the
EPF of the Standard Building, where the Standard Building exactly complies with the prescriptive requirements of building
envelope.

• This method shall not be used for

buildings with WWR>40%.
• Trade-off is not permitted for
skylights.
• The envelope performance factor
shall be calculated using the
following equations.

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 Envelope Trade-off Calculations
• A 600 m2 single story daytime use office building in Roorkee is trying to achieve ECBC level
compliance. Each side has a band of windows, with shading. The materials for the envelope have
already been selected, prior to opting for ECBC compliance. Their thermal properties are: roof
assembly U- value= 0.4 W/m².K, external wall assembly U-value = 0.5 W/m².K, glazing SHGC = 0.6
with a horizontal shading projection of 0.6 m on all the four sides, VLT = 0.50, area weighted U-
value for glazing = 1.8 W/m².K.Dimensions of the building envelope are as follows:

30m

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Envelope Trade-off Calculations
Solution:
Projection factor is h/v => 0.6/1.2 => PF= 0.5
SEF calculation, to be used for calculating Eff SHGC (Eff SHGC = SHGC/SEF)
𝑺𝑺𝑬𝑬𝑭𝑭 = (𝐶𝐶3 ×𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹^3) + (𝐶𝐶2 ×𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹^2) + (𝐶𝐶1 × 𝑃𝑃𝐹𝐹) +𝐶𝐶0
C0, c1, c2,c3 are given in the coefficient table for >15 degree north latitude.
C-Factor for EPF calculation is taken from the coefficient table for >15 degree north latitude.

PF SHGC c3 c2 c1 c0 SEF
SEF 0.5 0.6 -0.02 -0.1 0.43 0.99 1.1775
North
SEF 0.5 0.6 -1.01 1.91 0.24 1.12 1.59125
South
SEF 0.5 0.6 -0.05 0.42 0.66 1.02 1.44875
East
SEF 0.5 0.6 1.52 -2.51 2.3 0.76 1.4725
West

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 Propsoed case Base case EPF Coeff

Eff SHGC U Values SHGC C Factor C Factor

Areas U Values SHGC SEF = (SHGC/SEF) Base case Base case U Value SHGC

wall 180 0.5 0.63 5.39

Roof 600 0.4 0.33 14.93
Window North 24 1.8 0.6 1.1775 0.50955414 0.3 0.5 0.33 81.08
South 24 1.8 0.6 1.59125 0.377062058 0.3 0.27 -2.33 221.07
East 36 1.8 0.6 1.44875 0.414150129 0.3 0.27 -1.17 182.64
West 36 1.8 0.6 1.4725 0.407470289 0.3 0.27 -0.74 182.11
C-factor is taken from tables given in ECBC Code

EPF Proposed EPF Proposed EPF Base EPF Base

U value SHGC U Value SHGC

wall 485.1 611.226

Roof 3583.2 2956.14
Window North 14.256 991.5515924 2.376 972.96
South -100.656 2000.570621 -16.776 1432.5336
East -75.816 2723.053667 -12.636 1775.2608
West -47.952 2671.358913 -7.992 1770.1092

EPF Proposed EPF Base

12244.7 9483.2

Since EPF proposed is more than EPF base case, the building is not ECBC compliant.

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Thank you

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