Designation: C1252 – 06

Standard Test Methods for

Uncompacted Void Content of Fine Aggregate (as
Influenced by Particle Shape, Surface Texture, and
Grading)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1252; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the loose bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
uncompacted void content of a sample of fine aggregate. When 2. Referenced Documents
measured on any aggregate of a known grading, void content
provides an indication of that aggregate’s angularity, spheric- 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
ity, and surface texture compared with other fine aggregates B88 Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube
tested in the same grading. When void content is measured on B88M Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube (Met-
an as-received fine-aggregate grading, it can be an indicator of ric)
the effect of the fine aggregate on the workability of a mixture C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)
in which it may be used. and Voids in Aggregate
1.2 Three procedures are included for the measurement of C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-µm (No. 200)
void content. Two use graded fine aggregate (standard grading Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
or as-received grading), and the other uses several individual C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
size fractions for void content determinations: gregates
1.2.1 Standard Graded Sample (Test Method A)—This test C128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
method uses a standard fine aggregate grading that is obtained Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
by combining individual sieve fractions from a typical fine C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
aggregate sieve analysis. See the section on Preparation of Test Aggregates
Samples for the grading. C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
1.2.2 Individual Size Fractions (Test Method B)—This test for Test Methods for Construction Materials
method uses each of three fine aggregate size fractions: (a) C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Test-
2.36 mm (No. 8) to 1.18 mm (No. 16); (b) 1.18 mm (No. 16) ing Size
to 600 µm (No. 30); and (c) 600 µm (No. 30) to 300 µm (No. C778 Specification for Sand
50). For this test method, each size is tested separately. D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
1.2.3 As-Received Grading (Test Method C)—This test 2.2 ACI Document:
method uses that portion of the fine aggregate finer than a ACI 116R Cement and Concrete Terminology3
4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. 3. Terminology
1.2.4 See the section on Significance and Use for guidance
on the method to be used. 3.1 Terms used in these test methods are defined in Termi-
1.3 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the nology C125 or ACI 116R.
standard. 4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.1 A nominal 100-mL calibrated cylindrical measure is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- filled with fine aggregate of prescribed grading by allowing the

1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
C09.20 on Normal Weight Aggregates. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C1252 – 03. DOI: Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
10.1520/C1252-06. Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 C1252 – 06
sample to flow through a funnel from a fixed height into the 5.3.4 The dry relative denstiy (specific gravity) of the fine
measure. The fine aggregate is struck off and its mass is aggregate is used in calculating the void content. The effec-
determined by weighing. Uncompacted void content is calcu- tiveness of these test methods of determining void content and
lated as the difference between the volume of the cylindrical its relationship to particle shape and texture depends on the
measure and the absolute volume of the fine aggregate col- relative density (specific gravity) of the various size fractions
lected in the measure. Uncompacted void content is calculated being equal, or nearly so. The void content is actually a
using the dry relative density (specific gravity) of the fine function of the volume of each size fraction. If the type of rock
aggregate. Two runs are made on each sample and the results or minerals, or its porosity, in any of the size fractions varies
are averaged. markedly it may be necessary to determine the specific gravity
4.1.1 For a graded sample (Test Method A or Test Method of the size fractions used in the test.
C) the percent void content is determined directly, and the 5.4 Void content information from Test Methods A, B, or C
average value from two runs is reported. will be useful as an indicator of properties such as: the mixing
4.1.2 For the individual size fractions (Test Method B), the water demand of hydraulic cement concrete; flowability, pum-
mean percent void content is calculated using the results from pability, or workability factors when formulating grouts or
tests of each of the three individual size fractions. mortars; or, in bituminous concrete, the effect of the fine
aggregate on stability and voids in the mineral aggregate; or the
5. Significance and Use stability of the fine-aggregate portion of a base course aggre-
gate.
5.1 Test Methods A and B provide percent void content
determined under standardized conditions which depends on 6. Apparatus
the particle shape and texture of a fine aggregate. An increase
6.1 Cylindrical Measure—A right cylinder of approxi-
in void content by these procedures indicates greater angular-
mately 100-mL capacity having an inside diameter of approxi-
ity, less sphericity, or rougher surface texture, or combination
mately 39 mm and an inside height of approximately 86 mm
thereof. A decrease in void content results is associated with
made of drawn copper water tube meeting the requirements of
more rounded, spherical, or smooth-surfaced fine aggregate, or
Specification B88, Type M or B88M, Type C. The bottom of
a combination thereof.
the measure shall be metal at least 6 mm thick, shall be firmly
5.2 Test Method C measures the uncompacted void content sealed to the tubing, and shall be provided with means for
of the minus 4.75-mm (No. 4) portion of the as-received aligning the axis of the cylinder with that of the funnel. See
material. This void content depends on grading as well as Fig. 1.
particle shape and texture. 6.2 Funnel—The lateral surface of the right frustum of a
5.3 The void content determined on the standard graded cone sloped 60 6 4° from the horizontal with an opening of
sample (Test Method A) is not directly comparable with the
average void content of the three individual size fractions from
the same sample tested separately (Test Method B). A sample
consisting of single size particles will have a higher void
content than a graded sample. Therefore, use either one method
or the other as a comparative measure of shape and texture, and
identify which test method has been used to obtain the reported
data. Test Method C does not provide an indication of shape
and texture directly if the grading from sample to sample
changes.
5.3.1 The standard graded sample (Test Method A) is most
useful as a quick test which indicates the particle shape
properties of a graded fine aggregate. Typically, the material
used to make up the standard graded sample can be obtained
from the remaining size fractions after performing a single
sieve analysis of the fine aggregate.
5.3.2 Obtaining and testing individual size fractions (Test
Method B) are more time consuming and require a larger initial
sample than using the graded sample. However, Test Method B
provides additional information concerning the shape and
texture characteristics of individual sizes.
5.3.3 Testing samples in the as-received grading (Test
Method C) may be useful in selecting proportions of compo-
nents used in a variety of mixtures. In general, high void
content suggests that the material could be improved by
providing additional fines in the fine aggregate or more
cementitious material may be needed to fill voids between
particles. FIG. 1 Nominal 100-mL Cylindrical Measure

2
 C1252 – 06
12.7 6 0.6-mm diameter. The funnel section shall be a piece of 6.6 Metal Spatula, with a blade approximately 100 mm
metal, smooth on the inside and at least 38 mm high. It shall long, and at least 20 mm wide, with straight edges. The end
have a volume of at least 200 mL or shall be provided with a shall be cut at a right angle to the edges. The straight edge of
supplemental glass or metal container to provide the required the spatula blade is used to strike off the fine aggregate.
volume. See Fig. 2. 6.7 Scale or Balance, accurate and readable to 60.1 g
within the range of use, capable of weighing the cylindrical
NOTE 1—Pycnometer top C94554 is satisfactory for the funnel section,
except that the size of the opening has to be enlarged and any burrs or lips measure and its contents.
that are apparent should be removed by light filing or sanding before use.
This pycnometer top must be used with a suitable glass jar with the bottom 7. Sampling
removed (Fig. 2). 7.1 Obtain the sample(s) used for this test in accordance
6.3 Funnel Stand—A three- or four-legged support capable with Practices D75 and Practice C702, or from sieve analysis
of holding the funnel firmly in position with the axis of the samples used for Test Method C136, or from aggregate
funnel colinear (within a 4° angle and a displacement of 2 mm) extracted from a bituminous concrete specimen. For Methods
with the axis of the cylindrical measure. The funnel opening A and B, wash the sample over a 150-µm (No. 100) or 75-µm
shall be 115 6 2 mm above the top of the cylinder. A suitable (No. 200) sieve in accordance with Test Method C117 and then
arrangement is shown in Fig. 2. dry and sieve into separate size fractions in accordance with the
6.4 Glass Plate—A square glass plate approximately 60 by procedures of Test Method C136. Maintain the necessary size
60 mm with a minimum 4-mm thickness used to calibrate the fractions obtained from one (or more) sieve analysis in a dry
cylindrical measure. condition in separate containers for each size. For Method C,
6.5 Pan—A metal or plastic pan of sufficient size to contain dry a split of the as-received sample in accordance with the
the funnel stand and to prevent loss of material. The purpose of drying procedure in Test Method C136.
the pan is to catch and retain fine aggregate particles that
overflow the measure during filling and strike off. 8. Calibration of Cylindrical Measure
8.1 Apply a light coat of grease to the top edge of the dry,
empty cylindrical measure. Weigh the measure, grease, and
4
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
glass plate. Fill the measure with freshly boiled, deionized
is Hogentogler and Co., Inc., 9515 Gerwig, Columbia, MD 21045. If you are aware water at a temperature of 18 to 24 °C. Record the temperature
of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International of the water. Place the glass plate on the measure, being sure
Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the that no air bubbles remain. Dry the outer surfaces of the
responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.
measure and determine the combined mass of measure, glass
plate, grease, and water by weighing. Following the final
weighing, remove the grease and determine the mass of the
clean, dry, empty measure for subsequent tests.
8.2 Calculate the volume of the measure as follows:
1000 M
V5 D

where:
V = volume of cylinder, mL,
M = net mass of water, g, and
D = density of water, kg/m3(see table in Test Method
C29/C29M for density at the temperature used.)
Determine the volume to the nearest 0.1 mL.
NOTE 2—If the volume of the measure is greater than 100.0 mL, it may
be desirable to grind the upper edge of the cylinder until the volume is
exactly 100.0 mL to simplify subsequent calculations.

9. Preparation of Test Samples

9.1 Test Method A—Standard Graded Sample—Weigh out
and combine the following quantities of fine aggregate which
have been dried and sieved in accordance with Test Method
C136.
Individual Size Fraction Mass, g
2.36 mm (No. 8) to 1.18 mm (No. 16) 44
1.18 mm (No. 16) to 600 µm (No. 30) 57
600 µm (No. 30) to 300 µm (No. 50) 72
300 µm (No. 50) to 150 µm (No. 100) 17
190

FIG. 2 Suitable Funnel Stand Apparatus with Cylindrical Measure

in Place The tolerance on each of these amounts is 60.2 g.

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 C1252 – 06
9.2 Test Method B—Individual Size Fractions—Prepare a to compact the sample to make it easier to transfer the container to the
separate 190-g sample of fine aggregate, dried and sieved in scale or balance without spilling any of the sample.
accordance with Test Method C136, for each of the following 10.3 Recombine the sample from the retaining pan and
size fractions: cylindrical measure and repeat the procedure. Average the
Individual Size Fraction Mass, g results of two runs. See Section 11.
2.36 mm (No. 8) to 1.18 mm (No. 16) 190 10.4 Record the mass of the empty measure. Also, for each
1.18 mm (No. 16) to 600 µm (No. 30) 190
600 µm (No. 30) to 300 µm (No. 50) 190 run, record the mass of the measure and fine aggregate.

The tolerance on each of these amounts is 61 g. Do not mix 11. Calculation

these samples together. Each size is tested separately. 11.1 Calculate the uncompacted voids for each determina-
9.3 Test Method C—As Received Grading—Pass the sample tion as follows:
(dried in accordance with Test Method C136) through a V2~F/G!
4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. Obtain a 190 6 1-g sample of the U5 V 3100
material passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve for test.
9.4 Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Fine where:
Aggregate—If the dry relative density (specific gravity) of fine V = volume of cylindrical measure, mL,
aggregate from the source is unknown, determine it on the F = net mass of fine aggregate in measure, g (gross mass
minus 4.75-mm (No. 4) material in accordance with Test minus the mass of the empty measure),
Method C128. Use this value in subsequent calculations unless G = dry relative density (specific gravity) of fine aggregate,
some size fractions differ by more than 0.05 from the relative and
U = uncompacted voids in the material, %.
density (specific gravity) typical of the complete sample, in
11.2 For the standard graded sample (Test Method A)
which case the relative density (specific gravity) of the fraction
calculate the average uncompacted voids for the two determi-
(or fractions) being tested must be determined. An indicator of
nations and report the results as Us.
differences in relative density (specific gravity) of various
11.3 For the individual size fractions (Test Method B)
particle sizes is a comparison of relative densities (specific
calculate as follows:
gravities) run on the fine aggregate in different gradings.
11.3.1 First, the average uncompacted voids for the deter-
Relative density (specific gravity) can be run on gradings with
minations made on each of the three size-fraction samples:
and without specific size fractions of interest. If relative density
U1 = uncompacted voids, 2.36 mm (No. 8) to 1.18 mm (No. 16), %,
(specific gravity) differences exceed 0.05, determine the rela- U2 = uncompacted voids, 1.18 mm (No. 16) to 600 µm (No. 30), %, and
tive density (specific gravity) of the individual 2.36-mm (No. U3 = uncompacted voids, 600 µm (No. 30) to 300 µm (No. 50), %.
8) to 150-µm (No. 100) sizes for use with Method A or the
individual size fractions for use with Test Method B either by
11.3.2 Second, the mean uncompacted voids (Um) including
direct measurement or by calculation using the relative density
the results for all three sizes:
(specific gravity) data on gradings with and without the size
fraction of interest. A difference in relative density (specific Um5~U11U21U3!/3
gravity) of 0.05 will change the calculated void content about 11.4 For the as-received grading (Test Method C) calculate
1 %. the average uncompacted voids for the two determinations and
report the result as UR.
10. Procedure
10.1 Mix each test sample with the spatula until it appears to 12. Report
be homogeneous. Position the jar and funnel section in the 12.1 Report the following information for the standard
stand and center the cylindrical measure as shown in Fig. 2. graded sample (Test Method A):
Use a finger to block the opening of the funnel. Pour the test 12.1.1 Uncompacted voids (Us), % to the nearest one tenth
sample into the funnel. Level the material in the funnel with the of a percent (0.1 %), and
spatula. Remove the finger and allow the sample to fall freely 12.1.2 Relative density (specific gravity) value used in the
into the cylindrical measure. calculations.
10.2 After the funnel empties, strike off excess heaped fine 12.2 Report the following percent voids to the nearest one
aggregate from the cylindrical measure by a single rapid pass tenth of a percent (0.1 %) for the individual size fractions (Test
of the spatula with the width of the blade vertical keeping the Method B):
straight part of its edge horizontal and in light contact with both 12.2.1 Uncompacted voids for size fractions: (a) 2.36 mm
sides of the top of the measure. Until this operation is (No. 8) to 1.18 mm (No. 16) (U1); (b) 1.18 mm (No. 16) to 600
complete, exercise care to avoid vibration or any disturbance µm (No. 30) (U2); and (c) 600 µm (No. 30) to 300 µm (No. 50)
that could cause compaction of the fine aggregate in the (U3),
cylindrical measure (Note 3). Brush adhering grains from the 12.2.2 Mean uncompacted voids (Um), and
outside of the container and determine the mass of the 12.2.3 Relative density (specific gravity) value(s) used in
cylindrical measure and contents to the nearest 0.1 g. Retain all the calculations, and whether the relative density (specific
fine aggregate particles for a second test run. gravity) value(s) were determined on a graded sample or the
NOTE 3—After strike-off, the cylindrical measure may be tapped lightly individual-sized fractions used in the test.

4
 C1252 – 06
A
12.3 Report the following information for the as-received These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s) and (d2s) limits as described
in Practice C670.
sample (Test Method C): B
These estimates of precision are based on “graded standard sand” as
12.3.1 Uncompacted voids (UR), % to the nearest one tenth described in Specification C778, which is considered rounded, and is graded from
of a percent (0.1 %). 600 µm (No. 30 sieve) to 150 µm (No. 100 sieve), and may not be typical of other
fine aggregates.
12.3.2 Relative density (specific gravity) value used in the C
These estimates of precision are based on results from the AASHTO Materials
calculation. Reference Laboratory (AMRL) Proficiency Sample Program. The data are based
on the analyses of 103 paired test results from 103 laboratories. The tests were
conducted in accordance with Method C—As Received Grading on a manufac-
13. Precision and Bias tured fine aggregate.
13.1 Precision—Criteria for judging the acceptability of test NOTE 5—Additional precision information using multiple aggregate
types, versus one material above, is available in Research Report
results obtained by this test method are given as follows: RR: C09-10195, prepared by the Georgia Department of Transportation
NOTE 4—The figures in Column 2 are the standard deviations that have and titled Fine Aggregate Angularity Round Robin Testing—Precision
been found to be appropriate for the materials and conditions of test Statements.
described in Column 1. The figures given in Column 3 are the limits that 13.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
should not be exceeded by the difference between the results of two
suitable for determining the bias for the procedures in these test
properly conducted tests.
methods, bias has not been determined.
Material and Type Index Standard Acceptable Range of
DeviationA Two ResultsA
Single-operator precision:
14. Keywords
Graded standard sandB 0.13 % 0.37 % 14.1 angularity; fine aggregate; particle shape; sand; surface
Manufactured fine aggregateC 0.33 % 0.94 %
Multilaboratory precision:
texture; void content
Graded standard sandB 0.33 % 0.93 %
Manufactured fine aggregateC 1.1 % 3.1 %
5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: C09-1019.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to these test methods since the last issue,
C1252 – 03, that may impact the use of these test methods. (Approved November 1, 2006)

(1) Revised 10.2.

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