ACTIVITYNO.

A-13

AIM
To assemble a householil circuit comprising three bulbs, three (onlofJ) switches, a fuse and a power source'

APPARATUS
2 Three bulb holders 3 . Three on-off switches
1. Three electric bulbs
5 A safety fuse holder 6 . A mains switch
4. A fuse wire
8 The a.c. mains 9. A three-pin plug
7. An a.c. ammeter
11 A line tester 12 . Stripper
10. Step-down transformer
(battery eliminator)
13. Wire-cutter 14. Drill 15. Screw driver
16. Flexible red and black
P.V.C. connecting wires.

THEORY
circuit, all appliances are
Household circuit functions on the main supply of 22o v, 50 Hz. In the household
voltage and will work at its fuIl potential'
connected in parallel with the mains. so, each appliance gets the rated
appliances like bulbs' fluorescent
Switch is connected in series with each appliance in live supply line. For normal
tubes, fans etc., 5 A switches are."qo;r"d. For heavy load appliances like
refrigerator, air conditioner, geyser, hot
plate etc., 15A sockets and switches are required.
All electrical appliances must have three wires called live, neutral and the earth'
Total power consumption at any time is given by
P=Pt+P2+P3+.........
where P1, Pz , Pz, ......... are the powers drawn by various appliances'
Inordertosafeguardtheelectricalappliancesftomdamagewhenundulyhighcurrentsaredrawn,fuseofl0
in series with the appliance'
to 2O 1o higher rating than the current normally drawn by the appliance is connected
supply source' The fuse is a safety
For further safety, a MAINS FUSE of 32 A is connected in series with the
fuse is an alloy of lead (31Vo) nd
device. Never use a fuse of higher rating than the one recommended. The safety
tin (637o). It has a low melting point and a high resistance'
made of copper. Three wires are used in house wiring: live
(I)'
wires used in electrical circuits are generally
-colour
neutral (1O and earth wire (E). The old conventions toi f, lg and E are red, black and green respectively'
respectively'
The new colour conventions for L, N and E are brown, blue and green/yellow
74 Physics-Xll

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

B
s2

9.

a.c. ammeter

- t i, S Safety fuse F
o.o
|
-_-0 "orr""
tol0 V
Fig. 3.01

PROCEDURE (Stepzoise)

1. Connect the bulbs By 82 and. 83 in series with switches 51, 52 and 53 respectively. Connect the bulb-switch
combinations in parallel to each other.
2. Connect main supply to a step-down transformer (battery eliminator) to get required voltage from 0 to
l0 V. Connect the main switch, safety fuse and a.c. ammeter in series with the power supply i.e., in the live
wire line.
3. Ensure that each switch is connected between the live wire (red flexible wire) and the bulb holder. The
other end of the bulb holder should be connected to the black flexible wire.
4. Switch on and off each switch separately and check that the three bulbs can be sbparately switched on or
off.
5. Gradually increase the current. The fuse must burn off at appropriate value of current.

RESULT
With controlled power supply, all the bulbs and switches work properly.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Switches and the safety fuse must be connected to the live wire.
2. We should not touch any exposed part of the circuit.
3. The insulations should be kept intact.
4. The safety fuse should be suitably selected.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The circuit may not be complete.
2. The safety fuse and on-off switches may not be connected to the live wire.
3. The safety fuse may not be of proper rating.
 Frequency of A.C. Mains

ACTryITYNO.A-14

AIM
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

APPARATUS
1. Resistor 2. Ammeter 3. Voltmeter
4. One-way key 5. Battery 6. Rheostat
7. Connecting wires 8. A piece of sandpaper.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Battery KeyAmmeter Rheostat

[.] F1. +

Resistor

+
Voltmeter

Fig. 4.01

PROCEDURE (Stepuise)
1. Connect battery, key, arnmeter and rheostat in series with the resistor as shown in circuit diagram (Fig. 4.01).
2. Connect a voltmeter in parallel with the given resistor.
3. Insert the plug in key. Adjust the rheostat so that ammeter and voltmeter show some deflections.
RESULT
Assembly of all the components in the electric circuit is complete.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Ammetff should in series in the circuit.
be connected
2. Voltmeter should be connected in parallel with the given resistor.
3. Connections should be neat, clean and tight.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Connections may be loose.
2. The ammeter and voltmeter may not be of proper range.
 ACTIVITYNO. A.-16

AIM
To draw the diagram of a given
wn circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostar, key, ammeter and
voltmeter' Mark the components ihot orc
oot ,rin""rrZlo'prrper order and correct the circait
circuit diagram. and arso the

APPARATUS
I . A battery (0 to 6 V) or battery eliminator .,
D.C. anmeter (0-3 A)
3 . D.C. volrmeter (0-3 V)
4. Resistor
. Rheostat 6. A one-way key
7 . Connecting wires
8. A piece of sandpaper.

tlX-sctsAt-ld
80 Physics-Xll

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM of given open circuit

Voltmeter
I F(
Battery
Key

Rheostat

Resistor

Ammeter

Fig. 6.01

PROCEDURE (Stepzoise)

The given circuit diagram suffers from the following drawbacks :

1. The ammeter is connected in parallel. Actually, the ammeter should be connected in series.
2. The voltmeter is connected in series. Actually, the voltmeter should be connected in parallel.
3. The positive terminal of battery is connected to -ve of the voltmeter. Actually, the positive terminal of the
battery should be connected to the +ve of the voltmeter.
4. The +ve of the battery is connected to the -ve terminal of ammeter. Actually, the +ve of the battery should
be connected to the +ve terminal of ammeter.
i
5. Redraw the circuit diagram by and ammeter. Change the polarities
also such that the +ve of the battery and ammeter. The circuit diagram
of this corrected circuit is shown in Fig. 6.O2.

I r-t.

Fig. 6.02
RESULT
When the key of the corrected circuit is closed, the circuit will respond to changing positions of rheostat slider.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Ammeter and voltmeter of suitable range should be chosen.
2. The ends of the connecting wires should be cleaned by rubbing with a piece of sandpaper.
3. The plug key should be closed only when required.
4. Ammeter should be connected in series.
5. Voltmeter should be connected in parallel.