Criminal Interrogation and Confessions: Fourth Edition

Criminal Interrogation
and Confessions
Fourth Edition
Fred E. Inbau
The Late John Henry Wigmore Professor of Law Emeritus
Northwestern University
Chicago, Illinois
John £. Reid
Late President
John E. Reid and Associates
Chicago, Illinois
Joseph P. Buckley
President
Chicago, Illinois
Brian C. Jayne
Director
Research and Development
Chicago, Illinois
AN ASPEN PUBLICATION®
Aspen Publishers, Inc.
Gaithersburg, Maryland
2001
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Introduction xi
SECTIONI
INTERVIEWING AND INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES . . . 1
PART 1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 3
Chapter 1 — Distinctions between Interviews

and Interrogations 5
Characteristics of an Interview 5
Characteristics of an Interrogation 7
Benefits of Conducting an Interview before
an Interrogation 9
Conclusion 10
Chapter 2 — Obtaining and Evaluating Factual Information . . . 11

Developing the Case Facts 11
Conclusion 23
Chapter 3 — Case Solution Possibilities 25

Evaluating Possible Motives 26
Evaluating Characteristics of the Crime 28
in
iv CRIMINAL INTERROGATION AND CONFESSIONS
Conclusion 39
Chapter 4 — Initial Precautionary Measures for the

Protection of the Innocent 41
Eyewitness Identifications and Motivations
for False Accusations 41
Repressed Memories 44
Intent Issues 46
Circumstantial Evidence 48
Chapter 5 — Privacy and the Interview Room 51

Privacy 51
Minimize Reminders of Consequences 56
Suggestions for Setting Up the Interview Room 57
Chapter 6 — Qualifications, Attitüde, and General

Conduct of the Investigator 65
Interviewer Qualifications 66
Initial Interview Procedures 67
Investigator Demeanor during an Interview 70
Interviewing Approaches for Difficult Suspects 75
Interrogator Qualifications 78
Investigator Conduct during an Interrogation 79
Conclusion 84
PART 2 INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUES 85
Chapter 7 — Preparation and Starting the Interview 87

Formal versus Informal Interviews 87
Arranging the Formal Interview 89
Preparing for the Interview 91
Establishing Rapport 93
The Use of an Introductory Statement 94
Conclusion 99
Chapter 8 — Formulating Interview Questions 101

Asking an Initial Open Question 102
Contents
Asking Direct Questions 111

Asking Follow-Up Questions 116
Conclusion 119
Chapter 9 — Behavior Symptom Analysis 121
Overview 121
Underlying Principles of Behavior Analysis 125
Evaluating the Subject's Attitudes 128
Evaluation of Verbal Behavior 130
Evaluation of Paralinguistic Behavior 138
Evaluation of Nonverbal Behavior 143
Chapter 10—Precautions when Evaluating Behavior
Symptoms of Truthful and Untruthful
Subjects 155
Initial Assessment of the Subject 155
Behaviors Common to Both Truthful and
Deceptive Subjects 158
Factors That May Lead to Misinterpretation
of Behavior Symptoms 160
Conclusion 171
Chapter 11—The Behavior Analysis Interview 173
Response Models for Behavior-Provoking
Questions 173
Actual Case Presentation 184
Analyzing the Suspect's Responses 189
Chapter 12—The Use of Specialized Questioning
Techniques 193
The Use of the Baiting Technique 193
Other Specialized Questioning Techniques 199
PART 3 INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES 207
Chapter 13—The Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation 209

General Classification of Offenders 209
vi CRIMINAL INTERROGATION AND CONFESSIONS
Brief Analysis of the Nine Steps of Interrogation . . . 212

Preliminary Preparations for Applying the
Nine Steps 216
Step 1—Direct, Positive Confrontation 218
Step 2—Theme Development 232
Step 3—Handling Denials 303
Step 4—Overcoming Objections 330
Step 5—Procurement and Retention of a
Suspect's Attention 337
Step 6—Handling the Suspect's Passive Mood 345
Step 7—Presenting an Alternative Question 352
Step 8—Having the Suspect Orally Relate
Various Details of the Offense 365
Step 9—Converting an Oral Confession into
a Written Confession 374
Chapter 14—Recommendations for Interrogators 399

The Exercise of Patience and Persistence 399
Interrogation of Witnesses and Other
Prospective Informants 405
Chapter 15—Distinguishing between True and False

Confessions 411
Categories of False Confessions 412
Confession Voluntariness 417
Confession Trustworthiness 424
Confession Corroboration 432
Interrogation Research 441
Conclusion 446
Chapter 16—Testifying on a Confession 449

Testimony Preparation 450
The Court's View of the Witness 453
The Witness's Behavioral Responses to
Questions 457
Direct Testimony 463
Cross-Examination 467
Conclusion 472
Contents vii
SECTION II
THE LAW ON CRIMINAL INTERROGATION
AND CONFESSIONS 475
Chapter 17—Interrogation Law 477

"Picking Up" a Suspect for Interrogation 477
Permissible Interrogation Tactics and
Techniques 484
Constitutional Rights and the Responsibüities
of the Interrogator 489
Required Elements for Invocation
ofMiranda Rights 498
The Nature, Form, and Requirements of a
Waiver of Rights 500
The Interrogation of Juvenile Suspects 518
Chapter 18—Confession Law 523

Historical Review of the Tests of Confession
Admissibility 523
Legal Obligations before Conducting an
Interrogation 542
Warnings of Constitutional Rights to Custodial
Suspects 552
Confession Voluntariness 594
Appendix A—The Behavior Analysis Interview in a

Homicide Case 619
Index 627

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Criminal Interrogation

PART 1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 3

Chapter 1 — Distinctions between Interviews

Chapter 2 — Obtaining and Evaluating Factual Information . . . 11

Chapter 3 — Case Solution Possibilities 25

Chapter 4 — Initial Precautionary Measures for the

Chapter 5 — Privacy and the Interview Room 51

Chapter 6 — Qualifications, Attitüde, and General

PART 2 INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUES 85

Chapter 7 — Preparation and Starting the Interview 87

Chapter 8 — Formulating Interview Questions 101

Asking Direct Questions 111

PART 3 INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES 207

Chapter 13—The Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation 209

Brief Analysis of the Nine Steps of Interrogation . . . 212

Chapter 14—Recommendations for Interrogators 399

Chapter 15—Distinguishing between True and False

Chapter 16—Testifying on a Confession 449

Chapter 17—Interrogation Law 477

Chapter 18—Confession Law 523

Appendix A—The Behavior Analysis Interview in a

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