Discrete Time Systems - Properties
Discrete Time Systems - Properties
Properties
Discrete Time Systems
• Both Ip and Op are discrete signals.
• Common System Properties:
– Static vs. dynamic
– Time-invariant vs. time-variant
– Linear vs. nonlinear
– Causal vs. non-causal
– Stable vs. unstable systems
Static vs. dynamic
𝑛 𝑘
• Y(n) = an+1y(-1) + 𝑘=0 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘 ,𝑛 ≥ 0
Zero state response
• Lets take y(-1) = 0 ie the system is relaxed or
zero initial conditions.
• Only Second term remains and is called zero-
state response.
• Zero state also refers the fact that system is at
zero state, where state also has a connotation
of memory.
• Also called as forced response as it is forced by
an input.
Zero input response
• Suppose that the system is non-relaxed ie y(-
1) is non-zero, and the input x(n) = 0.
• Then the output of the system is called zero
input response.
• First term is zero input response.
• Also called natural or free response.
• Nth order LCCDE
• 𝑁 𝑘=0 𝑘 𝑎 𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑘) = 𝑀
𝑘=0 𝑏𝑘 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘)
• Initial
conditions: 𝑦(−1); 𝑦(−2); 𝑦(−3); 𝑦(−𝑁).
• Solution – y(n) = yh(n) + yp(n)
Homogenous solution
• 𝑁𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑘 = 0
• Put yh(n)=𝜆𝑛
• 𝑁𝑘=0 𝑎𝑘 𝜆
𝑛−𝑘 = 0
• Yp(n) = Kn4nu(n)
• Determine y(n), n>=0 of the system y(n) –
4y(n-1) + 4y(n-2) = x(n) – x(n-1)
when input is x(n) = (-1)nu(n), and the system
is relaxed ie zero initial conditions.
Impulse response of LTI system using
zero state response
• Compute homogenous solution as particular solution is
zero.
𝑁 𝑀
• 𝑦 𝑛 =− 𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 𝑦 𝑛−𝑘 + 𝑘=0 𝑏𝑘 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘)
𝑀
• Output 1: 𝑣 𝑛 = 𝑘=0 𝑏𝑘 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘) (nonrecursive)
𝑁
• Output 2: 𝑦 𝑛 = − 𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑘 + 𝑣(𝑛)
(recursive)
Direct Form I IIR Filter
Implementation
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑥(𝑛 – 𝐷) + 𝑤(𝑛)
w(n) = noise
x(n) = transmitted signal
D = round trip delay
a = attenuation
Crosscorrelation
• Define crosscorrelation for energy signals as –
rxy (l ) x(n) y(n l ) x(n l ) y(n),
n n
l 0,1,2,...
(Put 𝑛 = 𝑙 + 𝑚)