Information Sheet 1: Device Driver

Information sheet 1 Introduction to Computer Hardware peripherals
1.1. Definitions of Peripheral Devices
External or tangible devices which are attached to the external part of the computer system unit. Any
device connected internally or externally to a computer system unit and used in the transfer of data as
well as processing information. A personal computer or workstation processes information and, strictly
speaking, that is all the computer does. Data (unprocessed information) must get into the computer, and
the processed information must get out /displayed from the system. Entering and displaying
information is carried out on a wide variety of accessory devices called peripherals, also known as
input/output (I/O) devices. Any input, output or external storage device connected externally or
internally communicate with the computer's processors is termed as peripherals examples, monitor,
keyboard, printer, disk, tape, graphics tablet, scanner, joy stick, paddle or mouse etc.
Device driver
 It is a small program that tells the computer how to communicate with input/output (peripheral) devices.
 Every peripheral device needs device driver to communicate with the computer system.
Computer peripherals were grouped into several categories: The Input Devices, The Output Devices, the
Processors, and The Storage Devices.
1.2 The Input device

Define peripheral Input devices
An input device is any device that provides input to a computer. There are many input devices, but the two most
common ones are a keyboard and mouse.
1. Keyboard
 The computer key board is used to input, or enter, letters, numbers, symbols, punctuations and commands
into the computer.
 The standard keyboard layout is sometimes called QWERTY layout and it is the most common layout.
 Types of Keyboard
I. 101-Key Enhanced Keyboards
 IBM introduced this keyboard in 1986 as part of the IBM PC/AT Model 339.
 Enhanced keyboards with 101 keys are also used today.
The major changes that were introduced in the keyboard layout were:
 Additional Ctrl and Alt keys.

 Extra keys in the numeric keypad - Introduced the Enter and / keys.
 Additional function keys: - Featured the F11 and F12 keys.
Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

Author: MJMBPTC Page 1 of 88
 Movement of function keys: - In the previous version, the function keys were on the left of the keyboard. In
this version, the function keys were shifted to the top.
 Separate Cursor and navigation keys: - Introduced dedicated cursor and navigation keys for the first time.
The previous version of the keyboard had the cursor keys as part of the numeric keypad.
 Movement of Esc and Caps Lock keys
II. 102-key Enhanced keyboards

 These keyboards were introduced to make the usage of keyboards easier for non-English users.
 There are several versions of this layout.
 There are almost identical to the 101-key enhanced keyboard.
III. 104-key windows keyboard

 Windows keyboard as an improvement over the 101-key enhanced keyboard.
 These two keyboards are almost identical.
 Windows keyboard only had an addition of three special keys that initiated Windows related functions.
 These two keys (Start menu and right-click).
 How keyboard works
 The keys are arranged in rows and columns.
 When a key is pressed, a unique row-and-column signal is generated and sent to the keyboard interface IC
on the keyboard.
 The keyboard interface then converts the row-and-column signal into single byte code called a Key code or
scan code.
 When the key is released, a second signal is sent to the keyboard interface IC, which generates a break
code.
 The keyboard interface IC then sends the scan codes by means of serial connection through the keyboard
interface to the computer.
 The keyboard controller, located on the motherboard, converts the signals to parallel data.
2. Mouse
 Mouse is any human interface device that allows a user to input spatial data to a computer.
 A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen.
 A mouse is a small object you can roll along a hard, flat surface.
 Mouse contain at least two button and sometimes as many as three, which have different functions
depending on what program is running.
 Some newer mice also include a scroll wheel for scrolling through long documents.
 Types of mouse
I. Opt mechanical mouse
 The optical-mechanical or Opt mechanical mouse consists of a ball that rolls one of two wheels inside the
mouse.

II. Optical mouse
 Computer mouse that utilizes light-emitting diodes (LED) or laser as a method of tracking movement.
 This mouse is much more accurate than the ordinary optical mechanical mouse.
 One drawback to an optical mouse is they can have problems in bright lights.
 The Optical is a much better solution for a computer mouse.
3. Scanner
 Scanner is a device that can scan or digitize images on paper and convert them to data that the computer can
use.
 They can then be stored in a file, displayed on the screen, added to documents, or manipulated.
Other input devices

 Input devices, such as buttons and joysticks, can be combined on a single physical device that could be
thought of as a composite device.
 Game controller
 Gamepad (or joy pad)
 Paddle (game controller)
Image and Video Input device

 Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer.
 The information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending on the user's requirement.
 E.g. digital camera, Webcam, Image scanner, Fingerprint scanner and etc...
Medical Imaging
 E.g. computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Positron emission, tomography and etc...
Audio input device

 Audio devices are used to either capture or create sound.
 In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device.
 E.g. Microphone, MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument
1.3 The Output Device

Define peripheral Output devices
Any device that outputs information from a computer is called, an output device.

Monitor
 The monitor, which connects to the video card, is the computer’s primary output device. It is sometimes
referred to as a display, Screen, Visual display Terminal or video.
 Like television, the size of the monitor is measured diagonally across the screen. The most popular size for
monitors are 14”, 15”, 17’’, and 21”
Type of monitor
There two of type of monitor:
I, Cathode ray tube (CRT)

Traditional computer monitors and televisions. The image on a CRT display is created by firing electrons from
the back of the tube to phosphors located towards the front of the display.
The color you see on the screen is produced by a blend of red, blue, and green light, often referred to as RGB.
Cathode ray tube monitor

II, Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Stands for "Liquid Crystal Display." LCDs are super-thin displays that are used in laptop computer screens and
flat panel monitors. Smaller LCDs are used in handheld TVs, PDAs, and portable video game devices.
Liquid crystal display
Printers
A printer is an output device that prints paper documents. This includes text documents, images, or a
combination of both.

Type of Printers
I, Ink jet printer
 Inkjet printers are the most common type of consumer printers. The inkjet technology works by spraying
very fine drops of ink on a sheet of paper.
 Ink-jet printers are excellent to print graphs, charts, drawings and diagrams.
Ink-jet printer
II, Dot-matrix printer
 A dot matrix is a 2D matrix of dots that can represent images, symbols, or characters.
 These printers are cheap and relatively fast but they are noisy and they do not produce high quality output.
Dot-Matrix printer
III, Laser printers

 Laser printers work similarly to a copying machine by converting data from the computer into a beam of
light.
 Laser printers are the best and the most expensive printer. They are fast in printing and have high quality
print output.

Laser printers
1.4 The Processor

 Stands for "Central Processing Unit." This is the pretty much the brain of your computer.
 It processes everything from basic instructions to complex functions.
 Any time something needs to be computed, it gets sent to the CPU.
Central processing unit (CPU)
E.g. Pentium 4, Core Duo, Dual Core, Core i3, Core i5, Corei7
CPU Components
Centeral Prosesing Unit can be divaded into Three parts.
I, Arithmetic logic unit (ALU):
 Is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations.

 Arithmetic instructions include addition, subtraction and shifting operations.
 while logic instructions include boolean comparisons, such as AND, OR, XOR, and NOT operations.
II, Control unit (CU)
 control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the
ALU when necessary.
III, Registry
 Registray is a small amount of storage available as part of a CPU or other digital processor.

 load data from a larger memory into registers where it is used for arithmetic, manipulated, or tested, by
CPU.
1.5 The Storage devices

 Computer data storage, often called storage or memory.
 A computer storage device is any type of hardware that stores data.
 The most common type of storage device, which nearly all computers have, is a hard drive.
 The computer's primary hard drive stores the operating system, applications, and files and folders for users
of the computer.
 There are olse several storage divase like Flash Disk, CD Disk, DVD Disk and ets.
 There are 3 types of storage devices
1. Primary Storage devices:

 is also known as the main memory or a temporary storage device.
 According to other media it is fast in nature but can accommodate only few data.
 Those are Randam access memory and Read only memory
Random Access Memory (RAM):
 RAM is made up of small memory chips that form a memory module.

 These modules are installed in the RAM slots on the motherboard of your computer.
 Every time you open a program, it gets loaded from the hard drive into the RAM.
 This is because reading data from the RAM is much faster than reading data from the hard drive.
 The more RAM your computer has, the more data can be loaded from the hard drive into the RAM, which
can effectively speed up your computer.
 It is volatil memory.
Random access memory (RAM)
Read only memory (ROM):
 ROM is memory containing hardwired instructions that the computer uses when it boots up, before the
system software loads.
 In PCs, the instructions are read from a small program in the ROM, called the BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System).

Read Only Memory(ROM)
2. Secondary Storage – Secondary storage:

 also known as external memory or auxiliary storage, differs from primary storage in that it is not directly
accessible by the CPU.
 Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile.
 The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired
data using intermediate area in primary storage.
 E.g. Internal Hard drive, external Hard Drive, Flash Disk, CD/DVD, Floppy disk, Memory card.
Hard Drive:
 The hard drive is whech stores all your data on the computer system permanently.
 It houses the hard disk, where all your files and folders are physically located.
 The data is stored on a stack of disks that are mounted inside a solid encasement.
 These disks spin extremely fast so that data can be accessed immediately from anywhere on the drive.
 The data is stored on the hard drive magnetically, so it stays on the drive even after the power supply is
turned off.
 The term "hard drive" is actually short for "hard disk drive." The term "hard disk" refers to the actual disks
inside the drive.
Hard Drive or Hard Disk
CD (Compact disk):

 The CD standard was proposed by Sony and Philips in 1980 and the technology was introduced to the U.S.
Market in 1983.
 CDs can hold up to 700 MB of data or 80 minutes of audio.
 The data on a CD is stored as small notches on the disc and is read by a laser from an optical drive.
 The drives translate the notches (which represent 1's and 0's) into usable data.
 Accesed by CD-ROM
DVD (Digital Vidio Disk):
 Stands for "Digital Versatile Disc." It can also stand for "Digital Video Disc," but with the mulitple uses of
DVDs, the term "Digital Versatile Disc" is more correct.
 A DVD is a high-capacity optical disc that looks like a CD, but can store much more information.
 While a CD can store 650 to 700 MB of data, a single-layer, single-sided DVD can store 4.7 GB of data.
 The advanced DVD formats are even more amazing. There is a two-layer standard that doubles the single-
sided capacity to 8.5 GB.
 Accesed by DVD-ROM.
3. Tertiary Storage
 Tertiary storage or tertiary memory provides a third level of storage.
 computer storage devices, usually consisting of magnetic tape transports and mass storage tape systems,
which have slower access times, larger capacity, and lower cost than main storage or secondary storage.
1.6 Connectivity devices

 The majority of external peripheral devices connect to the back of the computer’s system unit with cables.
 The computer’s system unit has a variety of ports available for use by different peripheral device cables.
 A port is a socket that is used to connect the cables from peripheral devices to the computer.
 Computer connectivity devices were grouped into several categories:
Ports:
Ports at the back of a computer

There exist several types of ports like serial port, parallel port, USB port, Expansion port, power supply port
serial port:
 The serial port is a type of connection on PCs that is used for peripherals such as mice, gaming controllers,
modems, and older printers.
 There are two types of serial ports -- DB9 and DB25. DB9 is a 9-pin connection, and DB25 is, you guessed
it, a 25-pin connection.
 A serial port can only transmit one bit of data at a time, whereas a parallel port can transmit many bits at
once.
 The serial port is typically the slowest port you'll find on a PC, if you find one at all.
 Most newer computers have replaced serial ports with much faster and more compatible USB ports
Serial port
Parallel port:
 This interface is found on the back of older PCs and is used for connecting external devices such as printers
or a scanners.
 Parallel ports can send or receive a byte (8-bit) at a time.
 It uses a 25-pin connector (DB-25) and is rather large compared to most new interfaces.
 Sometimes also referred to as a printer port because the printer is the device most commonly attached to the
parallel port.
Parallel port
USB port:

 Stands for "Universal Serial Bus." USB is the most common type of computer port used in today's
computers.
 It can be used to connect keyboards, muse, game controllers, printers, scanners, digital cameras, and
removable media drives, just to name a few.
 With the help of a few USB hubs, you can connect up to 127 peripherals to a single USB port and use them
all at once (though that would require quite a bit of dexterity).
 USB is also faster than older ports, such as serial and parallel ports. The USB 1.1 specification supports
data transfer rates of up to 12Mb/sec and USB 2.0 has a maximum transfer rate of 480 Mbps.
USB port
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) port:
 AGP is a type of expansion slot designed specifically for graphics cards.

 Since the AGP interface provides a dedicated bus for graphics data, AGP cards are able to render graphics
faster than comparable PCI graphics cards.
 Like PCI slots, AGP slots are built into a computer's motherboard.
 It can only be used for graphics cards.
LAN port (Ethernet
 It allows a computer to connect to a network using a wired connection.

 LAN port looks like for a network cable using an RJ-45 connector.
 The two led lights will blink when that port is active and receiving activity.
LAN port
PS/2 connector:
 PS/2 is a type of port used by older computers for connecting input devices such as keyboards and muse.
 The port was introduced with IBM's Personal System/2 computer in 1987 (which was abbreviated "PS/2").
 The PS/2 port has six pins and is roughly circular in shape.
 Since each PS/2 port is designed to accept a specific input, the keyboard and mouse connections are
typically color-coded.
 For example, the keyboard port on the back of the computer is often purple, while the mouse port is usually
green.
PS/2 Port
VGA Port:
 Stands for "Video Graphics Array." It is the standard monitor or display interface used in most PCs.
 The VGA standard was originally developed by IBM in 1987 and allowed for a display resolution of
640x480 pixels.
 The most common is Super VGA (SVGA), which allows for resolutions greater than 640x480, such as
800x600 or 1024x768.
 A standard VGA connection has 15 pins and is shaped like a trapezoid.
VGA port
power supply:
 A power supply is a hardware component that supplies power to an electrical device.

 It receives power from an electrical outlet and converts the current from AC (alternating current) to DC
(direct current), which is what the computer requires.
 It also regulates the voltage to an adequate amount, which allows the computer to run smoothly without
overheating.
 The power supplies an integral part of any computer and must function correctly for the rest of the
components to work.
 Since the power supply is the first place an electronic device receives electricity, it is also the most
vulnerable to power surges and spikes.
 Therefore, power supplies are designed to handle fluctuations in electrical current and still provide a
regulated or consistent power output.
Power supply
Terminals:
 The word "terminal" comes from early computer systems that were used to send commands to other
computers.
 Terminals often consist of just a keyboard and monitor, with a connection to another computer.
 The purpose of a terminal is not to process information (like a typical computer), but to send commands to
another system.
 For example, a network administrator may use a terminal to log in to a network and manage devices
connected to the network.
 With modern computers, the word "terminal" usually refers to a terminal program, or emulator, which
provides a text-based interface for typing commands.
Types of text terminals:
 The System console is a text terminal used to operate a computer.

 Modern computers have a built-in keyboard and display for the console.
 Some Unix-like operating systems such as Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X have virtual consoles to provide
several text terminals on a single computer.
Connectors
 CAT5 NETWORK CABLE - This cable allows the computer to communicate to other computers
over a network. It also provides networked computers access to the Internet
 MONITOR CABLE - This cable

in place.
 USB CABLE - Most

PC's now have these fast and versatile ports on the front and back. They can be used for portable storage devices,
digital cameras, scanners, video cameras, printers, keyboards and mice - just about everything!

 POWER CORD - This is a standard "kettle cord" that connects the computer to the AC outlet on the wall
and the power supply of the computer. This MUST be unplugged if you are ever doing any maintenance work
inside the computer.
 PRINTER CABLE - This is a 25-pin “D” shaped connector that connects printers to the parallel port on a
computer. (Newer printers may connect with a USB plug.)
PS2 CABLE - On most computers these days, this connection is used for both the Mouse and the keyboard.
This plug has 6 pins-
 VGA CABLE – This is use to connect the monitor to the VGA port.
 AUDIO CABLE – This is use to connect the speaker to the Audio port.

Self-Check 1 Written Test
Name:____________________ Date:_________________
Instruction: Answer all the questions listed below, if you have some clarifications- feel free to ask your teacher.
1. What do you call the external or tangible devices which are attached to the external part of the computer? (1
point)
2. What is the small program that tells the computer how to communicate with input/output (peripheral)
devices? (1 point)
3. Given the different computer peripherals, group them by writing each of it where categories they belong on
the table below: (1 point each)
a. Mouse e. Serial cable i. LCD Monitor
b. Monitor f. Printer j. PS2 cable
c. Core i3 chip g. Scanner k. Dual Core chip
d. Printer Cable h. Speaker l. Keyboard
Input Output Internal Storage Internal Storage

Devices Devices devices devices
Note: Satisfactory rating – 12 points above / Unsatisfactory - below 12 points.
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ___________

Operation Sheet – 1 Steps to Connect Hardware Peripherals
This procedure provides basic instructions for connecting the computer's external peripheral devices to the
system unit. You will use these procedures /steps when interconnecting new computer peripheral device
components that you have/had either assembled or purchased. I do not attempt to cover the connection of every
conceivable peripheral, but the more common peripherals are as follows: -
1. Connect power to monitor: Attach the power cord to the back of the monitor and connect it to your power
protection device.
2. Connect monitor to case: Attach the video cable to the monitor and to the system case. On modern
systems the cable will have a male connector on both ends, each of which has 15 pins. Note that on some
monitors, the data cable is integrated into the monitor itself instead of there being a detached cable. Some newer
high-end monitors also may use five round BNC connectors to attach to the monitor instead of a D-shell 15-pin
connector.
3. Connect power to case: Attach the power cord to the back of the PC and plug it into your power protection
device.
4. Connect keyboard: Attach the keyboard to the back of the system case using the round connector.
Depending on your system you will have either a large-diameter five-pin connector or a smaller six-pin
connector. The connector is keyed and can only be inserted one way. On ATX systems, make sure you use the
correct connector, because the keyboard and mouse connectors are the same size and shape.
5. Connect mouse: Attach the mouse to the back of the system case. Depending on your mouse you will have
either a D-shaped 9-pin connector (serial mouse) or a small, round, six-pin connector (PS/2 mouse). If using a
PS/2 mouse, make sure you use the correct case connector, because the keyboard and mouse connectors are the
same size and shape.
6. Connect phone line to modem (if applicable): If your system has an internal modem in it, connect the
phone cord to the appropriate jack. Most modems have two jacks; one is to connect the modem to the wall and
the other is a "pass-through" for you to attach a phone to. You want to attach to the one that is normally labeled
"Line" or "Wall" and connect the other end to your phone jack on the wall.
7. Connect sound devices to sound card (if applicable): If you have a sound card in your system, you will
want to attach either your home stereo or your computer speakers to it, depending on which you are using.
8. Connect printer (if applicable): If you have a printer, connect the printer cable to it and then the other end
to the parallel port on the back of the PC. This connector is D-shaped and will only go in one way.
9. Connect other peripherals (if applicable): Depending on your system you may have other peripherals you
will want to hook up as well.

LAP Test Practical Demonstration
Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the following
tasks within --- hour.
A. Connecting Hardware Peripherals to System Unit

1. Set the keyboard directly in front of where you'll be working and set the mouse to the right if you
are right-handed or to the left if you are left-handed. Run the keyboard and mouse cables to the back of
the computer and plug them into the PS/2 ports, with the keyboard going into the left port and the
mouse going into the right port. If the ports are placed vertically, there will be a keyboard icon and a
mouse icon next to each port. If the keyboard and/or mouse are USB, plug them into the USB ports.
2. Set the monitor on your desk in front of the keyboard and plug the power cable into an electrical outlet.
Plug the monitor cable into your video output port located on the back of your video card. If you have an
integrated video card (the video output chip is part of the motherboard), then the video port will be located below
the USB and PS/2 ports.
3. Plug the network cable end into the jack on the back of your network card, which should be
located below your video card. The network cable end looks like a wide telephone line end, and the
network port resembles a wide phone jack. The network cable end can only be inserted one way; with
the push-to-release tab side going into the same side as the notch on the network jack.
4. Plug the phone line into your modem, if necessary:- the modem will have two ports that both fit
the phone cable, but one will be marked "PHONE" and one will be marked "LINE." You want to plug
the phone line into the "LINE" port. The "PHONE" port enables you to connect a phone into your
computer, which you can use when not using the modem to connect to the Internet. If you have an
external modem instead of an internal unit, you can plug the external modem cable into the serial port
on your computer.
5. Plug your printer into a free USB port or, if your printer connects via a parallel plug, insert the
parallel plug into the parallel port. The parallel port is a 25-pin trapezoidal plug that will be located near
the PS/2 ports and serial port.
6. Plug your speakers' power cable into an electrical outlet and plug the sound cable into the
speaker-out port on the back of your sound card. There will be up to three sound ports on the back of
the sound card. These ports are commonly color coded, with the speaker-out port being green, the
headphone or line-out port being orange or yellow, and the microphone input port being pink.
7. Plug your webcam, camera, external storage device and other assorted USB-interface peripherals into the
USB ports, which will likely be located in several places on the exterior of your computer. USB ports can handle
a wide variety of devices and are small and rectangular. The plug for a USB device is flat and rectangular and is
about 12 millimeters in length. USB plugs can only be inserted into a USB port one way, so if it can't be inserted
in one direction, flip the plug over and try again.
Information Sheet 2 Identifying and Confirming Client

Peripherals
1.7. System development life cycle
 To determine appropriate hardware peripheral devices needed within an organization, it is important to
clearly understand what your client needs.
 Often clients don’t have a clear idea of what they want.
 Working out clients’ needs requires careful planning and organization.
 The first three stages of the system development life cycle are:
1. Planning
2. Analysing
3. Designing
Planning:
 This stage involves identifying the client’s current technology.

 During the planning phase it is necessary to find out information including:
 system specifications
 connections available
 budget constraints
 available timeframe
 Availability of physical space.
A feasibility study can be performed to provide a preliminary report to the client about benefits, costs and
impact to the organisation. Additionally, a project request form allows a client to document their initial request.
System specifications:
 It is important to find out the specifications of the computer system you are planning to connect the
peripheral device to.
 Many newer types of peripheral devices require a specific memory size, CPU speed, Hard disk space, may
also compatible with certain operating systems.
Computer peripherals requirement considerations
The processor:
 Processors are usually differentiated by speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz).
 The higher the GHz, the faster the computer will run.
 But a 3 GHz processor will normally be enough for most business functions.
The Memory (RAM):

 Memory is used by the processor to run programs.

 The more RAM your computer has, the more data can be loaded from the hard drive into the RAM, which
can effectively speed up your computer.
 In fact, adding RAM can be more beneficial to your computer's performance than upgrading the CPU.
 For a 3 GHz processor, for example, you should have around 2-3 gigabytes (GB) of RAM.
The hard disk:

 Is used to store the data you create in your business, as well as the programs you use.
 Its capacity is much greater than the RAM.
 An office computer with a 3 GHz processor should have at least 200 GB of hard disk space.
External plug-ins, such as rewritable DVD, DVD-Read Only Memory (ROM), or CD-RW (rewritable)
drives can be used to supplement your computer's memory.
The monitor:
 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is lower power consumption, relative to cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor.
 Monitors are normally measured diagonally in inches - typically 19, 22 or 24.
 Larger or wide-screen monitors allow you to compare two documents on-screen.
Display adapter
 Software requiring a better than average computer graphics display, like graphics editors and high-
end games .
Software requirements
 Software Requirements deal with defining software resource requirements and pre-requisites that need to be
installed on a computer to provide optimal functioning of an application.
1. Plat form
 In computing, a platform describes some sort of framework, either in hardware or software, which allows
software to run.
 Typical platforms include a computer's architecture, operating system, or programming languages and
their run time libraries.
 Operating system is one of the first requirements mentioned when defining system requirements (software).
2. APIs and drivers
 Software making extensive use of special hardware devices, like high-end display adapters, needs
special API or newer device drivers.
 A good example is DirectX, which is a collection of APIs for handling tasks related to multimedia,
especially game programming, on Microsoft platforms.
3. Web browser

 Most web applications and software depending heavily on Internet technologies make use of the default
browser installed on system.
 Microsoft Internet Explorer is a frequent choice of software running on Microsoft Windows, which makes
use of ActiveX controls, despite their vulnerabilities.
Other Requirement
 Some software also has other requirements for proper performance.
 Internet connection (type and speed) and resolution of the display screen are notable examples.
Examples
 Another factor is what operating system are you going to use? Below are the hardware requirements for
installing Windows XP and Windows 7:
Hardware Requirements for Windows 7 system

If you want to run Windows 7 on your PC, here's what it takes:
1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor

1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)
16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)
DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver
Hardware Requirements for Windows XP Home Edition and Windows XP Professional.
 These are the minimum requirements for basic functionality.

 If you are installing Windows XP over a network, you may need additional available hard-disk space.
The minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP Home Edition are:
 Pentium 233-megahertz (MHz) processor or faster (300 MHz is recommended)

 At least 64 megabytes (MB) of RAM (128 MB is recommended)
 At least 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk
 CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive
 Keyboard and a Microsoft Mouse or some other compatible pointing device
 Video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher resolution
 Sound card
 Speakers or headphones
 After you have determined your organization needs, you can now start documenting your hardware needs.
 There were several sites in the net where you can browse and compare the price of the different medium
range to high end computer peripherals.
 One by one you can list down the hardware specs for your client. list below will help you in documenting
your chosen hardware:
 Processor
 RAM or Memory
 Hard Disk size
 Video Card
 Lan Card
 DVD drive
 Sound Card
 Mouse
 Keyboard
 Monitor
 One deciding factor to consider in buying computer peripherals is the warranty and after sales support
service.
 After you have finalized your hardware specifications, you can now forward it to the right person
for budget considerations and finally for procurement.
Budget constraints
 While planning the connection of hardware peripheral devices, it is important to be aware of the client’s
available budget.
 A client needs to determine whether the benefits that will be gained from the peripheral device justify the
financial outlay.
 Factors including the organization’s size, the necessity of the peripheral device to the organization, number
of people requiring the device, will all contribute to the organization’s allocation of a budget.
 Another cost to consider is ongoing maintenance.
Example:
A laser printer, for example, may initially be more expensive to purchase than an inkjet printer. However when
you consider that some inkjet cartridges can cost nearly as much as an inkjet printer, it may be more practical to
choose a laser printer, where toner costs are more reasonable.
Available timeframe
 The time available to complete a task also needs to be considered when identifying client requirements.
 If, for example, a peripheral device is needed urgently, it will be necessary to quickly find out which
suppliers can immediately provide the peripheral equipment.
Physical space restrictions

 Before considering acquiring any peripheral device, planning needs to be done to work out where and how
the peripheral will reside.
The following questions need to be considered:
 What physical space is available to accommodate the device?

 Are power points in a near proximity if the device needs them?
 Will the installation of the device mean other equipment needs to be relocated?
 Could the device cause disruption or impact on the safety of users?
Self-Check 2 Written Test

Name:-________________________________________ Date: - _________________
Instruction: Answer all the questions listed below, if you have some clarifications- feel free to ask your
teacher.
1. What are the three (3) stages of the system development life cycle? (3 points)
2. In planning phase, what five (5) information is necessary to find out? (5 points)
3. The processor’s speed has been measured in what? (1 point)
4. How many processors speed in Ghz is needed for most business functions, e.g. word processing and
spreadsheets, together with some multimedia? (1 point)
5. If you have 3 Ghz processor’s speed, how much ideal memory (RAM) size you must have? (1 point)
6. An office computer with a 3 GHz processor should have at least how many GB of hard disk space? (1
point)
7. What can we use to supplement your computer's memory? (1 point)
8. Which monitor is better in terms of electric consumption? (1 point)
9. What are the 3 Software requirements needed in before buying a PC? (3 points)
10. What are the Hardware Requirements for Windows 7 operating systems in terms of: (4 Point)
 Processor
 RAM or Memory
 Hard Disk size
 Video Card
Note: Satisfactory rating – 18 points above / Unsatisfactory - below 18 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ___________
LAP Test2 Practical Demonstration

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _____________________
Time started: ______________________________ Time finished: ______________
Instructions: You are required to perform the following individually with the presence of your teacher.
o Showing the ports below, demonstrate what peripheral was needed for each port
2. Name 3 ports where mouse can possibly be connected to.
3. Give at least 4 peripherals that can be connected via USB ports.
4. What is the difference between Serial and Parallel ports?
Note: - Your teacher will evaluate your output either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If Unsatisfactory, your
teacher shall advice you on additional work. But if satisfactory, you can proceed to the next topic.

Information Sheet – 3 Documenting and Reporting Client Requirements and Peripherals
3.1. Feasibility study

A feasibility study can be carried out to show the client benefits, approximate costs of the new
equipment and the impact on the organisation when documenting and reporting client requirements
needs. Several hardware devices can also be recommended to the client. The aim of the feasibility study
is to recognise the best solution under the circumstances by identifying the effects of this solution on
the organisation. After undertaking a feasibility study, it may be discovered that a simple solution is
possible. Take the example of an organisation that would like to update their monitors so that they can
have better screen resolution. Changing the monitors’ internal settings could be a very simple solution
to obtain an improved resolution.
A feasibility study can also reveal that a client’s peripheral requirements are not achievable. The
requirements may exceed budget, or the requested peripheral devices may not be compatible with the
current computer system. The results of a feasibility study can be determine whether or not an
organisation proceeds with the purchase and installation of the peripheral devices based on client needs
and organizational guidelines and standards.
 Client Request Form
An initial request for hardware peripheral devices can be documented using a project request form.
This form documents information from both the client and the computer consultant in order to
document preliminary requirements. Typical information requested on a project request form includes:-
 Project title
 Date received
 Completion date
 Project number
 Description of problem
 Objectives
 Anticipated benefits
 Person requesting
 Constraints.

 Sample Client request form
Request date: Required

Request information:
First name: Last name:
Department or division: Telephone:
Email:
Client title:
Client information:
What is the purpose of the proposed client needs?
What are the benefits of the client requirements?
Other information or comments:

3.2. Analyzing
In the analysis phase, the client’s requirements are investigated in more depth. It is important to try to
gain as much information from the client as possible, in order to obtain an accurate understanding of
the situation. Detailed client requirements, such as:-
 Specific features of the device required
 The number of people who will need to use device
 Support expectations
 Training requirements can all be obtained during this phase through, interviews, questionnaires,
checklists and observations are some methods that consultants use to gather information. If a device is
to be used by a large group of users, a questionnaire or checklist could be constructed to find out what
features are required by the majority of users. Interviewing users can provide a better way of finding
out specific information.
 Interviews
A well-prepared interview can help provide you with valuable information about your client
requirements. Information that has been collected during the planning stage can also give you some
useful background information when preparing questions.
Questions asked of a client may be specific or open ended. Specific questions generally mean that the
client will give a yes/no response or a specific answer. Open-ended questions, however, generally
commence with ‘how’ or ‘why’. These types of questions help to discuss and clarify issues and
establish a firmer understanding of client requirements. For example, some questions you may want to
ask during an interview to replace an existing printer could include:-
 How will a new printer solve existing printer issues?
 Who will be using the new printer the majority of the time?
 What will be the new printer key purposes? Eg. Letters, Advertising brochures, Information
from the internet.
 Questionnaires
Questionnaires are helpful when you need to gather information from a number of clients. A number
of questions incorporating short answers, multiple choice and true/false choices can help you quickly
determine what kinds of features the majority of clients are requiring.

 Checklists
In a similar manner to questionnaires, checklists that ask clients to choose what features they would
like from a specific peripheral device can also provide an efficient way to determine a set of popular
requirements.
 Observations
Even informal observations of current business procedures can provide another way of determining
client needs. Observing users as they go about their day-to-day tasks can confirm, if current peripheral
devices are not working properly or assessing the need for a new peripheral device.
3.3. Designing
The design phase enables you to figure out an effective solution. All the information you have
gathered via questionnaires, interviews, observations and during planning can be assessed to determine
the best way of satisfying client requirements.
There will often be several peripheral devices that are capable of performing the job satisfactorily. An
evaluation grid can be created to show the client each device’s functionality.
Table3.1. the example below illustrates an evaluation grid that could be used for appraising scanners.
Specifications Scanner 1 Scanner 2 Scanner 3

Price
Optical resolution (dpi)
Dimensions
Operating system
Software included
Comments
Once client requirements have been clarified, all requests for hardware peripherals need to be
documented clearly in a concise form. An organisation will often have its own organizational standards
(for example, report templates, guidelines) to which you will need to adhere. The documentation will
also need to be checked and confirmed by the client before a request for purchase in sent to the
preferred supplier.

Information Sheet 4 Verifying Client Requirements
4.1. Demonstrate client requirements in line with organizational standards
Verifying client requirements with appropriate person in line with organizational standards, guidelines and
reporting procedures when demonstrating client requirement needs of hardware peripheral devices within
different organization.
All users can test hardware peripherals, confirm client satisfaction and make amendments as required for client,
in line with procedures and guidelines to demonstrate client requirements.
 Ensure client support expectations

When it comes to client support, your clients have certain expectations which they expect you to meet
consistently. They see you as a single point of contact for assistance in the utilization of the organization’s
computing resources, and to provide that assistance in a timely and professional manner. They expect you to
provide:-
 Connectivity
 Hardware and software support
 Consultation and training
 General information and technology recommendations
 Web-accessible information etc.
Your client expects that where equipment become defective that they will be fixed promptly. One way to fulfill
this requirement is to know which pieces of equipment are under warranty so that the appropriate action may be
taken.

Self-Check – 4 Written Test
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next page: -
1. Ensure client support expectations when connecting hardware peripherals? (4 points)
2. Demonstrate client requirements while connecting hardware peripherals? (4 points)
Note: Satisfactory rating - 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 4 points
You can ask your teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Information Sheet 5 Taking Action to Ensure Client Support Expectations
5.1. Agreements for Warranties and Support
Before acquiring hardware peripheral devices, it is vital to assess what kind of warranties, service and
support, prospective suppliers will provide.
 Warranties
A warranty is an agreed upon term which covers a computer or computer component. Generally, most
computers have a 1 or 3 year warranty. This warranty may or may not cover the service, repair and
replacement of computer parts.
An extended warranty is an available option provided by manufacturers or third-party companies that
provides additional support and/or repair of a computer or other hardware devices beyond its standard
warranty.
 Service and support
It is important to know what kind of support services are offered by the prospective suppliers. There
are many questions to consider such as:
 If a device requires repairs does it have to be sent back to the supplier (called ‘Return to base’)
or will they provide on-site visits?
 What is the average response time if service is required?
 What kinds of maintenance and repair costs could be incurred during the duration of use of the
device?
 Will the device require regular servicing? If so, how many services will be necessary over a
one-year period?

 Summary
There are a large variety of peripheral devices that can be connected to a computer for input, output,
storage or communication purposes. Before acquiring any hardware peripheral device it is fundamental
that you have a clear understanding of what the client requires and/or needs. This requires a
considerable amount of planning and analysis of needs. Examining system specifications, checking
availability of ports, physical space, and confirming budgets and time frames are just some
considerations that need to be taken into account. Methods such as interviewing, questionnaires and
observation can all assist gathering this information.
Once client requirements have been clarified, suggested solutions need to be documented to the client
in accordance with organisational standards. A solution can comprise a suggested list of products. Once
the product has been chosen this needs to be verified by the client. Before proceeding with the
purchase, it is also important that the warranty and support agreements of the supplier will be
satisfactory for the client’s needs.

Self-Check – 5 Written Test
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next page: -
Instruction: - Say true or false for the following question
1. It is important to know that support services are offered for the prospective suppliers of the equipment’s. (4
points)
2. Standard warranty and support services are not necessary for the users of hardware peripherals devices. (4
points)
Note: Satisfactory rating - 8 points Unsatisfactory - below 4 points
You can ask your teacher for the copy of the correct answers.


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Information sheet 1 Introduction to Computer Hardware peripherals

1.1. Definitions of Peripheral Devices

1.2 The Input device

 Additional Ctrl and Alt keys.

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

II. 102-key Enhanced keyboards

III. 104-key windows keyboard

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

Other input devices

Image and Video Input device

Audio input device

1.3 The Output Device

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

I, Cathode ray tube (CRT)

Cathode ray tube monitor

Liquid crystal display

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

I, Ink jet printer

II, Dot-matrix printer

III, Laser printers

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

1.4 The Processor

Central processing unit (CPU)

I, Arithmetic logic unit (ALU):

 Is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations.

II, Control unit (CU)

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

1.5 The Storage devices

 There are 3 types of storage devices

1. Primary Storage devices:

Random Access Memory (RAM):

 RAM is made up of small memory chips that form a memory module.

Random access memory (RAM)

Read only memory (ROM):

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

2. Secondary Storage – Secondary storage:

Hard Drive or Hard Disk

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

DVD (Digital Vidio Disk):

1.6 Connectivity devices

Ports at the back of a computer

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) port:

 AGP is a type of expansion slot designed specifically for graphics cards.

LAN port (Ethernet

 It allows a computer to connect to a network using a wired connection.

 A power supply is a hardware component that supplies power to an electrical device.

Types of text terminals:

 The System console is a text terminal used to operate a computer.

 MONITOR CABLE - This cable

 USB CABLE - Most

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

Input Output Internal Storage Internal Storage

Note: Satisfactory rating – 12 points above / Unsatisfactory - below 12 points.

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

Learning Guide for # Connecting hardware Peripherals Date: Jan.2020

Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Name: _____________ Date:

Time started: ________ Time finished:

Time started: ________________ Time finished: