Designation: C 666 – 97

Standard Test Method for

Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 666; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This specification has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope C 490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for Determination of

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis- Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and
tance of concrete specimens to rapidly repeated cycles of Concrete2
freezing and thawing in the laboratory by two different C 494 Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete2
procedures: Procedure A, Rapid Freezing and Thawing in C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
Water, and Procedure B, Rapid Freezing in Air and Thawing in for Test Methods for Construction Materials2
Water. Both procedures are intended for use in determining the C 823 Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened
effects of variations in the properties of concrete on the Concrete in Constructions2
resistance of the concrete to the freezing-and-thawing cycles 3. Significance and Use
specified in the particular procedure. Neither procedure is
intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of 3.1 As noted in the scope, the two procedures described in
service that may be expected from a specific type of concrete. this test method are intended to determine the effects of
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded variations in both properties and conditioning of concrete in the
as the standard. resistance to freezing and thawing cycles specified in the
1.3 All material in this test method not specifically desig- particular procedure. Specific applications include specified
nated as belonging to Procedure A or Procedure B applies to use in Specification C 494, Test Method C 233, and ranking of
either procedure. coarse aggregates as to their effect on concrete freeze-thaw
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the durability, especially where soundness of the aggregate is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the questionable.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.2 It is assumed that the procedures will have no signifi-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- cantly damaging effects on frost-resistant concrete which may
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. be defined as (1) any concrete not critically saturated with
water (that is, not sufficiently saturated to be damaged by
2. Referenced Documents freezing) and (2) concrete made with frost-resistant aggregates
2.1 ASTM Standards: and having an adequate air-void system that has achieved
C 157 Test Method for Length Change of Hardened appropriate maturity and thus will prevent critical saturation by
Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete2 water under common conditions.
C 192 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Speci- 3.3 If as a result of performance tests as described in this
mens in the Laboratory2 test method concrete is found to be relatively unaffected, it can
C 215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitu- be assumed that it was either not critically saturated, or was
dinal, and Torsional Frequencies of Concrete Specimens2 made with “sound” aggregates, a proper air-void system, and
C 233 Test Method for Testing Air-Entraining Admixtures allowed to mature properly.
for Concrete2 3.4 No relationship has been established between the resis-
C 295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates tance to cycles of freezing and thawing of specimens cut from
for Concrete2 hardened concrete and specimens prepared in the laboratory.
C 341 Test Method for Length Change of Drilled or Sawed
4. Apparatus
Specimens of Hydraulic–Cement Mortar and Concrete2
4.1 Freezing-and-Thawing Apparatus:
4.1.1 The freezing-and-thawing apparatus shall consist of a
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-9 on Concrete suitable chamber or chambers in which the specimens may be
and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.67 on subjected to the specified freezing-and-thawing cycle, together
Resistance of Concrete to Its Environment.
Current edition approved June 10, 1997. Published June 1998. Originally with the necessary refrigerating and heating equipment and
published as C 666 – 71. Last previous edition C 666 – 92.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 C 666
controls to produce continuously, and automatically, reproduc- length provided for in Specification C 490 are used for freeze-
ible cycles within the specified temperature requirements. In thaw tests, use an appropriate length reference bar, which
the event that the equipment does not operate automatically, otherwise meets the Specification C 490 requirements. Dial
provision shall be made for either its continuous manual gage micrometers for use on these longer length change
operation on a 24-h a day basis or for the storage of all comparators shall meet the gradation interval and accuracy
specimens in a frozen condition when the equipment is not in requirements for Specification C 490 for either the inch or
operation. millimetre calibration requirements. Prior to the start of mea-
4.1.2 The apparatus shall be so arranged that, except for surements on any specimens, fix the comparator at an appro-
necessary supports, each specimen is: (1) for Procedure A, priate length to accommodate all of the specimens to be
completely surrounded by not less than 1⁄32 in. (1 mm) nor monitored for length change.
more than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) of water at all times while it is being 4.5 Scales, with a capacity approximately 50 % greater than
subjected to freezing-and-thawing cycles, or (2) for Procedure the weight of the specimens and accurate to at least 0.01 lb (4.5
B, completely surrounded by air during the freezing phase of g) within the range of 610 % of the specimen weight will be
the cycle and by water during the thawing phase. Rigid satisfactory.
containers, which have the potential to damage specimens, are 4.6 Tempering Tank, with suitable provisions for maintain-
not permitted. Length change specimens in vertical containers ing the temperature of the test specimens in water, such that
shall be supported in a manner to avoid damage to the gage when removed from the tank and tested for fundamental
studs. transverse frequency and length change, the specimens will be
maintained within − 2°F and + 4°F (−1.1°C and + 2.2°C) of
NOTE 1—Experience has indicated that ice or water pressure, during
freezing tests, particularly in equipment that uses air rather than a liquid the target thaw temperature for specimens in the actual
as the heat transfer medium, can cause excessive damage to rigid metal freezing-and-thawing cycle and equipment being used. The use
containers, and possibly to the specimens therein. Results of tests during of the specimen chamber in the freezing-and-thawing appara-
which bulging or other distortion of containers occurs should be inter- tus by stopping the apparatus at the end of the thawing cycle
preted with caution. and holding the specimens in it shall be considered as meeting
4.1.3 The temperature of the heat-exchanging medium shall this requirement, provided the specimens are tested for funda-
be uniform within 6°F (3.3°C) throughout the specimen cabinet mental transverse frequency within the above temperature
when measured at any given time, at any point on the surface range. It is required that the same target specimen thaw
of any specimen container for Procedure A or on the surface of temperature be used throughout the testing of an individual
any specimen for Procedure B, except during the transition specimen since a change in specimen temperature at the time of
between freezing and thawing and vice versa. length measurement can affect the length of the specimen
4.1.3.1 Support each specimen at the bottom of its container significantly.
in such a way that the temperature of the heat-exchanging
medium will not be transmitted directly through the bottom of 5. Freezing-and-Thawing Cycle
the container to the full area of the bottom of the specimen, 5.1 Base conformity with the requirements for the freezing-
thereby subjecting it to conditions substantially different from and-thawing cycle on temperature measurements of control
the remainder of the specimen. specimens of similar concrete to the specimens under test in
which suitable temperature-measuring devices have been im-
NOTE 2—A flat spiral of 1⁄8-in. (3-mm) wire placed in the bottom of the
bedded. Change the position of these control specimens fre-
container has been found adequate for supporting specimens.
quently in such a way as to indicate the extremes of tempera-
4.1.4 For Procedure B, it is not contemplated that the ture variation at different locations in the specimen cabinet.
specimens will be kept in containers. The supports on which 5.2 The nominal freezing-and-thawing cycle for both pro-
the specimens rest shall be such that they are not in contact cedures of this test method shall consist of alternately lowering
with the full area of the supported side or end of the specimen, the temperature of the specimens from 40 to 0°F (4.4
thereby subjecting this area to conditions substantially different to − 17.8°C) and raising it from 0 to 40°F (−17.8 to 4.4°C) in
from those imposed on the remainder of the specimen. not less than 2 nor more than 5 h. For Procedure A, not less
NOTE 3—The use of relatively open gratings, metal rods, or the edges than 25 % of the time shall be used for thawing, and for
of metal angles has been found adequate for supporting specimens, Procedure B, not less than 20 % of the time shall be used for
provided the heat-exchanging medium can circulate in the direction of the thawing (Note 4). At the end of the cooling period the
long axis of the rods or angles. temperature at the centers of the specimens shall be 06 3°F
4.2 Temperature-Measuring Equipment, consisting of ther- (−17.8 6 1.7°C), and at the end of the heating period the
mometers, resistance thermometers, or thermocouples, capable temperature shall be 40 6 3°F (4.4 6 1.7°C), with no specimen
of measuring the temperature at various points within the at any time reaching a temperature lower than − 3°F (−19.4°C)
specimen chamber and at the centers of control specimens to nor higher than 43°F (6.1°C). The time required for the
within 2°F (1.1°C). temperature at the center of any single specimen to be reduced
4.3 Dynamic Testing Apparatus, conforming to the require- from 37 to 3°F (2.8 to − 16.1°C) shall be not less than one half
ments of Test Method C 215. of the length of the cooling period, and the time required for
4.4 Optional Length Change Test Length Change Compara- the temperature at the center of any single specimen to be
tor, conforming to the requirements of Specification C 490. raised from 3 to 37°F (−16.1 to 2.8°C) shall be not less than
When specimens longer than the nominal 111⁄4 in. (286 mm) one half of the length of the heating period. For specimens to

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 C 666
be compared with each other, the time required to change the from hardened concrete shall be moisture-conditioned by
temperature at the centers of any specimens from 35 to 10°F immersing in saturated lime water at 73.4 6 3°F (23 6 1.7°C)
(1.7 to − 12.2°C) shall not differ by more than one sixth of the for 48 h prior to testing unless otherwise specified.
length of the cooling period from the time required for any 8.2 Immediately after the specified curing or conditioning
specimen and the time required to change the temperature at period, bring the specimen to a temperature within − 2°F
the centers of any specimens from 10 to 35°F (−12.2 to 1.7°C) and + 4°F (−1.1°C and + 2.2°C) of the target thaw temperature
shall not differ by more than one third of the length of the that will be used in the freeze-thaw cycle and test for
heating period from the time required for any specimen. fundamental transverse frequency, weigh, determine the aver-
NOTE 4—In most cases, uniform temperature and time conditions can
age length and cross section dimensions of the concrete
be controlled most conveniently by maintaining a capacity load of specimen within the tolerance required in Test Method C 215,
specimens in the equipment at all times. In the event that a capacity load and determine the initial length comparator reading (optional)
of test specimens is not available, dummy specimens can be used to fill for the specimen with the length change comparator. Protect
empty spaces. This procedure also assists greatly in maintaining uniform the specimens against loss of moisture between the time of
fluid level conditions in the specimen and solution tanks. removal from curing and the start of the freezing-and-thawing
The testing of concrete specimens composed of widely varying mate- cycles.
rials or with widely varying thermal properties, in the same equipment at
the same time, may not permit adherence to the time-temperature 8.3 Start freezing-and-thawing tests by placing the speci-
requirements for all specimens. It is advisable that such specimens be mens in the thawing water at the beginning of the thawing
tested at different times and that appropriate adjustments be made to the phase of the cycle. Remove the specimens from the apparatus,
equipment. in a thawed condition, at intervals not exceeding 36 cycles of
5.3 The difference between the temperature at the center of exposure to the freezing-and-thawing cycles, test for funda-
a specimen and the temperature at its surface shall at no time mental transverse frequency and measure length change (op-
exceed 50°F (27.8°C). tional) with the specimens within the temperature range
5.4 The period of transition between the freezing-and- specified for the tempering tank in 4.6, weigh each specimen,
thawing phases of the cycle shall not exceed 10 min, except and return them to the apparatus. To ensure that the specimens
when specimens are being tested in accordance with 8.3. are completely thawed and at the specified temperature place
them in the tempering tank or hold them at the end of the thaw
6. Sampling cycle in the freezing-and-thawing apparatus for a sufficient
time for this condition to be attained throughout each specimen
6.1 Constituent materials for concrete specimens made in
to be tested. Protect the specimens against loss of moisture
the laboratory shall be sampled using applicable standard
while out of the apparatus and turn them end-for-end when
methods.
returned. For Procedure A, rinse out the container and add
6.2 Samples cut from hardened concrete are to be obtained
clean water. Return the specimens either to random positions in
in accordance with Practice C 823.
the apparatus or to positions according to some predetermined
7. Test Specimens rotation scheme that will ensure that each specimen that
continues under test for any length of time is subjected to
7.1 The specimens for use in this test method shall be conditions in all parts of the freezing apparatus. Continue each
prisms or cylinders made and cured in accordance with the specimen in the test until it has been subjected to 300 cycles or
applicable requirements of Practice C 192 and Specification until its relative dynamic modulus of elasticity reaches 60 % of
C 490. the initial modulus, whichever occurs first, unless other limits
7.2 Specimens used shall not be less than 3 in. (76 mm) nor are specified (Note 5). For the optional length change test,
more than 5 in. (127 mm) in width, depth, or diameter, and not 0.10 % expansion may be used as the end of test. Whenever a
less than 11 in. (279 mm) nor more than 16 in. (406 mm) in specimen is removed because of failure, replace it for the
length. remainder of the test by a dummy specimen. Each time the
7.3 Test specimens may also be cores or prisms cut from specimen is tested for fundamental frequency (Note 6) and
hardened concrete. If so, the specimens should not be allowed length change, make a note of its visual appearance and make
to dry to a moisture condition below that of the structure from special comment on any defects that develop (Note 7). When it
which taken. This may be accomplished by wrapping in plastic is anticipated that specimens may deteriorate rapidly, they
or by other suitable means. The specimens so obtained shall be should be tested for fundamental transverse frequency and
furnished with gage studs in accordance with Test Method length change (optional) at intervals not exceeding 10 cycles
C 341. when initially subjected to freezing and thawing.
7.4 For this test the specimens shall be stored in saturated
lime water from the time of their removal from the molds until NOTE 5—It is not recommended that specimens be continued in the test
the time freezing-and-thawing tests are started. All specimens after their relative dynamic modulus of elasticity has fallen below 50 %.
to be compared with each other initially shall be of the same NOTE 6—It is recommended that the fundamental longitudinal fre-
nominal dimensions. quency be determined initially and as a check whenever a question exists
concerning the accuracy of determination of fundamental transverse
frequency, and that the fundamental torsional frequency be determined
8. Procedure initially and periodically as a check on the value of Poisson’s ratio.
8.1 Molded beam specimens shall be cured for 14 days prior NOTE 7—In some applications, such as airfield pavements and other
to testing unless otherwise specified. Beam specimens sawed slabs, popouts may be defects that are a concern. A popout is characterized

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 C 666
by the breaking away of a small portion of the concrete surface due to where:
internal pressure, thereby leaving a shallow and typically conical spall in Lc 5 length change of the test specimen after C cycles of
the surface of the concrete through the aggregate particle. Popouts may be
observed as defects in the test specimens. Where popouts are a concern,
freezing and thawing, %,
the number and general description should be reported as a special l1 5 length comparator reading at 0 cycles,
comment. The aggregates causing the popout may be identified by l2 5 length comparator reading after C cycles, and
petrographic examination as in Practice C 295. Lg 5 the effective gage length between the innermost ends
of the gage studs as shown in the mold diagram in
8.4 When the sequence of freezing-and-thawing cycles must Specification C 490.
be interrupted store the specimens in a frozen condition.
10. Report
NOTE 8—If, due to equipment breakdown or for other reasons, it
becomes necessary to interrupt the cycles for a protracted period, store the
10.1 Report the following data such as are pertinent to the
specimens in a frozen condition in such a way as to prevent loss of variables or combination of variables studied in the tests:
moisture. For Procedure A, maintain the specimens in the containers and 10.2 Properties of Concrete Mixture:
surround them by ice, if possible. If it is not possible to store the 10.2.1 Type and proportions of cement, fine aggregate, and
specimens in their containers, wrap and seal them, in as wet a condition coarse aggregate, including maximum size and grading (or
as possible, in moisture-proof material to prevent dehydration and store in designated grading indices), and ratio of net water content to
a refrigerator or cold room maintained at 0 6 3°F (−17.8 6 1.7°C).
cement,
Follow the latter procedure when Procedure B is being used. In general,
for specimens to remain in a thawed condition for more than two cycles 10.2.2 Kind and proportion of any addition or admixture
is undesirable, but a longer period may be permissible if this occurs only used,
once or twice during a complete test. 10.2.3 Air content of fresh concrete,
10.2.4 Unit weight of fresh concrete,
9. Calculation 10.2.5 Consistency of fresh concrete,
9.1 Relative Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity—Calculate the 10.2.6 Air content of the hardened concrete, when available,
numerical values of relative dynamic modulus of elasticity as 10.2.7 Indicate if the test specimens are cut from hardened
follows: concrete, and if so, state the size, shape, orientation of the
specimens in the structure, and any other pertinent information
Pc 5 ~n1 2/n 2! 3 100 (1) available, and
where: 10.2.8 Curing period.
Pc 5 relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, after c cycles 10.3 Mixing, Molding, and Curing Procedures—Report any
of freezing and thawing, percent, departures from the standard procedures for mixing, molding,
n 5 fundamental transverse frequency at 0 cycles of and curing as prescribed in Section 7.
freezing and thawing, and 10.4 Procedure—Report which of the two procedures was
n1 5 fundamental transverse frequency after c cycles of used.
freezing and thawing. 10.5 Characteristics of Test Specimens:
10.5.1 Dimensions of specimens at 0 cycles of freezing and
NOTE 9—This calculation of relative dynamic modulus of elasticity is thawing,
based on the assumption that the weight and dimensions of the specimen
remain constant throughout the test. This assumption is not true in many
10.5.2 Weight of specimens at 0 cycles of freezing and
cases due to disintegration of the specimen. However, if the test is to be thawing,
used to make comparisons between the relative dynamic moduli of 10.5.3 Nominal gage length between embedded ends of
different specimens or of different concrete formulations, Pc as defined is gage studs, and
adequate for the purpose. 10.5.4 Any defects in each specimen present at 0 cycles of
9.2 Durability Factor—Calculate the durability factor as freezing and thawing.
follows: 10.6 Results:
10.6.1 Values for the durability factor of each specimen,
DF 5 PN/M (2)
calculated to the nearest whole number, and for the average
where: durability factor for each group of similar specimens, also
DF 5 durability factor of the test specimen, calculated to the nearest whole number, and the specified
P 5 relative dynamic modulus of elasticity at N values for minimum relative dynamic modulus and maximum
cycles, %, number of cycles (Note 9),
N 5 number of cycles at which P reaches the specified 10.6.2 Values for the percent length change of each speci-
minimum value for discontinuing the test or the men and for the average percent length change for each group
specified number of cycles at which the exposure is of similar specimens (Note 10),
to be terminated, whichever is less, and 10.6.3 Values of weight loss or gain for each specimen and
M 5 specified number of cycles at which the exposure is average values for each group of similar specimens, and
to be terminated. 10.6.4 Any defects in each specimen which develop during
9.3 Length Change in Percent (optional)—Calculate the testing, and the number of cycles at which such defects were
length change as follows: noted.
~ l2 2 l1 ! NOTE 10—It is recommended that the results of the test on each
Lc 5 Lg 3 100 (3)
specimen, and the average of the results on each group of similar

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 C 666
specimens, be plotted as curves showing the value of relative modulus of statements are based cover maximum N’s from 100 to 300 cycles, and
elasticity or percent length change against time expressed as the number minimum P’s from 50 to 70 percent of E0. The indexes of precision are
of cycles of freezing and thawing. thus valid at least over these ranges.
11.1.1.1 The different specimen sizes represented by the
11. Precision and Bias
data include the following: 3 by 3 by 16-in; 3 by 3 by 161⁄4-in.;
11.1 Dynamic Modulus: 3 by 4 by 16-in.; 31⁄2 by 41⁄2 by 16-in.; 3 by 3 by 11-in.; and 31⁄2
11.1.1 Within-Laboratory Precision (Single Beams)— by 4 by 16-in.; and 4 by 3 by 16-in. The first dimension given
Criteria for judging the acceptability of durability factor results represents the direction in which the specimens were vibrated
obtained by the two procedures in the same laboratory on in the test for fundamental transverse frequency. The most
concrete specimens made from the same batch of concrete or commonly used size was 3 by 4 by 16-in.
from two batches made with the same materials are given in 11.1.2 Within-Laboratory Precision (Averages of Two or
Table 1. Precision data for length change (optional) are not More Beams)—Specifications sometimes call for comparisons
available at this time. between averages of two or more beams. Tables 2 and 3 give
NOTE 11—The between-batch precision of durability factors has been appropriate standard deviations and acceptable ranges for the
found to be the same as the within-batch precision. Thus the limits given two procedures for two averages of the number of test beams
in this precision statement apply to specimens from different batches made shown.
with the same materials and mix design and having the same air content 11.1.3 Multilaboratory Precision—No data are available for
as well as to specimens from the same batch. evaluation of multilaboratory precision. It is believed that a
NOTE 12—The precision of this method for both procedures has been
found to depend primarily on the average durability factor and not on the
multilaboratory statement of precision is not appropriate be-
maximum N or minimum P specified for terminating the test nor on the cause of the limited possibility that two or more laboratories
size of the beams within limits. The data on which these precision will be performing freezing-and-thawing tests on the same
concretes.
TABLE 1 Within-Laboratory Durability Factor Precision for Single
11.2 Length Change:
Beams 11.2.1 Within-Laboratory Precision—The single operator
coefficient of variation has been determined to be 29.9 %.
NOTE 1—The values given in Columns 2 and 4 are the standard
Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by the same
deviations that have been found to be appropriate for Procedures A and B,
respectively, for tests for which the average durability factor is in the operator on samples from the same batch of concrete, using the
corresponding range given in Column 1. The values given in Columns 3 same freeze-thaw apparatus and the same length comparator,
and 5 are the corresponding limits that should not be exceeded by the should not differ from each other by more than 84.6 % of the
difference between the results of two single test beams. average.
Procedure A Procedure B 11.2.2 Multilaboratory Precision—No data are available for
Range of Av-
erage Durability Standard De- Acceptable Acceptable multilaboratory precision. It is believed that a multilaboratory
Standard De-
Factor viationA Range of Two
viation A Range of Two statement of precision is not appropriate because of the limited
ResultsA ResultsA possibility that two or more laboratories will be performing
0 to 5 0.8 2.2 1.1 3.0 freezing-and-thawing tests on the same concretes.
5 to 10 1.5 4.4 4.0 11.4
10 to 20 5.9 16.7 8.1 22.9
11.3 Bias—This test method has no bias because the values
20 to 30 8.4 23.6 10.5 29.8 determined can be defined only in terms of this test method.3
30 to 50 12.7 35.9 15.4 43.5
50 to 70 15.3 43.2 20.1 56.9 12. Keywords
70 to 80 11.6 32.7 17.1 48.3 12.1 accelerated testing; concrete-weathering tests; condi-
80 to 90 5.7 16.0 8.8 24.9
90 to 95 2.1 6.0 3.9 11.0 tioning; freezing and thawing; resistance-frost
Over 95 1.1 3.1 2.0 5.7
A 3
These numbers represent the (1S) and (D2S) limits as described in Practice Supporting data for the precision statement for length change have been filed at
C 670. ASTM Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting C9:1017.

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 C 666
TABLE 2 Within-Laboratory Durability Factor Precision for Averages of Two or More Beams—Procedure A
Number of Beams Averaged
Range of Average 2 3 4 5 6
Durability Factor
Standard Acceptable Standard Acceptable Standard Acceptable Standard Acceptable Standard Acceptable
DeviationA RangeA DeviationA RangeA DeviationA RangeA DeviationA RangeA DeviationA RangeA
0 to 5 0.6 1.6 0.5 1.3 0.4 1.1 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.9
5 to 10 1.1 3.1 0.9 2.5 0.8 2.2 0.7 2.0 0.6 1.8
10 to 20 4.2 11.8 3.4 9.7 3.0 8.4 2.7 7.5 2.4 6.8
20 to 30 5.9 16.7 4.8 13.7 4.2 11.8 3.7 10.6 3.4 9.7
30 to 50 9.0 25.4 7.4 20.8 6.4 18.0 5.7 16.1 5.2 14.7
50 to 70 10.8 30.6 8.8 25.0 7.6 21.6 6.8 19.3 6.2 17.6
70 to 80 8.2 23.1 6.7 18.9 5.8 16.4 5.2 14.6 4.7 13.4
80 to 90 4.0 11.3 3.3 9.2 2.8 8.0 2.5 7.2 2.3 6.5
90 to 95 1.5 4.2 1.2 3.5 1.1 3.0 0.9 2.7 0.9 2.4
Above 95 0.8 2.2 0.6 1.8 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.4 0.4 1.3
A
These numbers represent the (1S) and (D2S) limits as described in Practice C 670.

TABLE 3 Within-Laboratory Durability Factor Precision for Averages of Two or More Beams—Procedure B
Number of Beams Averaged
Range of Average 2 3 4 5 6
Durability Factor
Standard Acceptable Standard Acceptable Standard Acceptable Standard Acceptable Standard Acceptable
DeviationA RangeA DeviationA RangeA DeviationA RangeA DeviationA RangeA DeviationA RangeA
0 to 5 0.8 2.1 0.6 1.8 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.4 0.4 1.2
5 to 10 2.9 8.1 2.3 6.6 2.0 5.7 1.8 5.1 1.7 4.7
10 to 20 5.7 16.2 4.7 13.2 4.1 11.5 3.6 10.3 3.3 7.4
20 to 30 7.4 21.0 6.1 17.2 5.3 14.9 4.7 13.3 4.3 12.2
30 to 50 10.9 30.8 8.9 25.1 7.7 21.8 6.9 19.5 6.3 17.8
50 to 70 14.2 40.2 11.6 32.9 10.1 28.5 9.0 25.5 8.2 23.2
70 to 80 12.1 34.2 9.9 27.9 8.5 24.2 7.6 11.6 7.0 19.7
80 to 90 6.2 17.6 5.0 14.4 4.4 12.5 3.9 11.1 3.6 10.2
90 to 95 2.8 7.8 2.3 6.4 2.0 5.5 1.7 4.9 1.6 4.5
Above 95 1.4 4.1 1.2 3.3 1.0 2.9 0.9 2.6 0.8 2.3
A
These numbers represent the (1S) and (D2S) limits as described in Practice C 670.

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