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Department of Mathematics MAL 110 (Mathematics I) Tutorial Sheet No. 5 Differential Equations of Higher Order

This document provides tutorial problems for differential equations of higher order. It includes problems about solving higher order differential equations, determining whether solutions are linearly independent, solving boundary value problems, solving initial value problems, finding series solutions, and properties of Legendre polynomials. The problems cover various methods for solving higher order linear and non-linear differential equations, including finding characteristic roots and using the method of variation of parameters.

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Kushagra Gupta
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62 views2 pages

Department of Mathematics MAL 110 (Mathematics I) Tutorial Sheet No. 5 Differential Equations of Higher Order

This document provides tutorial problems for differential equations of higher order. It includes problems about solving higher order differential equations, determining whether solutions are linearly independent, solving boundary value problems, solving initial value problems, finding series solutions, and properties of Legendre polynomials. The problems cover various methods for solving higher order linear and non-linear differential equations, including finding characteristic roots and using the method of variation of parameters.

Uploaded by

Kushagra Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Mathematics

MAL 110 (Mathematics I)


Tutorial Sheet No. 5
Differential Equations of Higher Order
1. Find all the solutions of the following equations:

(a) y ′′ − 4y = 0
(b) y ′′ + 16y = 0
(c) y ′′ − 4y ′ + 5y = 0

2. Consider the equation y ′′ + a1 y ′ + a2 y = 0, where the constants a1 , a2 are real. Suppose α + iβ is a complex
root of the characteristic equation, where α, β are real, β ̸= 0.

(a) Show that α − iβ is also a root.


−a1 a21
(b) Show that α = 2 ; β 2 = a2 − 4

3. Show that every solution of the constant coefficient equation y ′′ + a1 y ′ + a2 y = 0 tends to zero as x → ∞
if and only if, the real parts of the roots of the characteristic polynomial are negative.
4. Consider the equation y ′′ + k 2 y = 0, where k is a non-negative constant. For what values of k will there
exist non-trivial solutions ϕ satisfying:

ϕ(0) = 0, ϕ(π) = 0

5. The functions ϕ1 , ϕ2 defined below exist for −∞ < x < ∞. Check whether the two functions ϕ1 and ϕ2
solutions of 2nd order linear ODE for linear independence.

(a) ϕ1 (x) = cos x; ϕ2 (x) = sin x


(b) ϕ1 (x) = x2 , ϕ2 (x) = x|x|

6. Find all solutions of the following equations:

(a) y ′′ + y = sec x
(b) y ′′ + 4y = 8x2
(c) y ′′ + 4y = cos x
(d) y ′′ + 4y ′ + 3y = x
(e) y ′′ + 2y ′ + 5y = 2 cos x
(f) y ′′ − y = 3e2x cos x

7. Solve

(a) x2 y ′′ − 2.5xy ′ − 2.0y = 0


(b) x2 y ′′ + 7xy ′ + 13y = 0

8. Find the particular solution y ∗ of the equation

y ′′ − 4y = x + 3ex

9. Solve

(a) y ′′ − 7y ′ + 6y = (x − 2)ex

1
(b) Find the general solution of the equation
y ′′ + 9y = (x2 + 1)e3x
(c) y ′′′′ − y = 5 cos x
(d) y ′′′ − 6y ′′ + 11y ′ − 6y = e−x
(e) y ′′′′ − 5y ′′ + 4y = 0
10. Find the non-trivial solution of the boundary value problem

y (iv) − w4 y = 0; y(0) = 0, y ′′ (0) = 0, y(e) = 0, y ′′ (e) = 0


11. Solve the IVP
(a) 4y ′′ − 4y ′ + 4y = 0; y(0) = 3, y ′ (0) = 1
(b) y ′′ + y ′ − 2y = 0; y(0) = 4, y ′ (0) = −5
(c) y ′′′ − y ′′ + 100y ′ − 100y = 0; y(0) = 4, y ′ (0) = 11, y ′′ (0) = −299
12. Find basis solutions for the following second order homogeneous linear equation for positive x.

x2 y ′′ − xy ′ + y = 0
13. Solve using method of variation of parameters-

x3 y ′′′ − 3x2 y ′′ + 6xy ′ − 6y = x4 lnx


14. Find the general solution of the equation
′
(a) y ′′ − yx = x
(b) x3 y ′′′ − 3xy ′ + 3y = 16x + 9x2 lnx, x > 0
15. Find the general solution of the homogeneous linear system

y1′ = − 2y1 + y2
y2′ = y1 − 2y2
16. Find the general solution of the linear system of equations
[ ] [ ]
′ 5 −7 2
y = Ay + h = y− et
2 −4 4
17. Find the radius and convergence of the series:
∑∞ m x+5 m
(a) m=0 (−1) ( 2 )
∑∞ (−1)m 3m
(b) m=0 8m x

18. Find the series solution of the following equation


(a) y ′′ + (x − 1)y ′ + y = 0; x0 = 2
(b) (1 − x2 )y ′′ − 4xy ′ + 2y = 0, x0 = 0
19. If Pn (x) is a Legendre’s polynomial of degree n, prove that
(a) Pn (−x) = (−1)n Pn (x)
{
∫1 0, m ̸= n
(b) −1 Pm (x)Pn (x)dx = 2
2n+1 , m=n

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