10/5/2020 G.R. No.

L-43530

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Republic of the Philippines

EN BANC

G.R. No. L-43530 August 3, 1935

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, plaintiff-appellee,

Honesto K. Bausa for appellant.

RECTO, J.:

The defendant Aurelio Lamahang is before this court on appeal from a decision of the Court of First Instance of
Iloilo, finding him guilty of attempted robbery and sentencing him to suffer two years and four months of prision
correccional and to an additional penalty of ten years and one day of prision mayor for being an habitual delinquent,
with the accessory penalties of the law, and to pay the costs of the proceeding.

At early dawn on March 2, 1935, policeman Jose Tomambing, who was patrolling his beat on Delgado and C.R.
Fuentes streets of the City of Iloilo, caught the accused in the act of making an opening with an iron bar on the wall
of a store of cheap goods located on the last named street. At that time the owner of the store, Tan Yu, was sleeping
inside with another Chinaman. The accused had only succeeded in breaking one board and in unfastening another
from the wall, when the policeman showed up, who instantly arrested him and placed him under custody.

The fact above stated was considered and declared unanimously by the provincial fiscal of Iloilo, the trial judge and
the Solicitor-General, as constituting attempted robbery, which we think is erroneous.

It is our opinion that the attempt to commit an offense which the Penal Code punishes is that which has a logical
relation to a particular, concrete offense; that, which is the beginning of the execution of the offense by overt acts of
the perpetrator, leading directly to its realization and consummation. The attempt to commit an indeterminate
offense, inasmuch as its nature in relation to its objective is ambiguous, is not a juridical fact from the standpoint of
the Penal Code. There is no doubt that in the case at bar it was the intention of the accused to enter Tan Yu's store
by means of violence, passing through the opening which he had started to make on the wall, in order to commit an
offense which, due to the timely arrival of policeman Tomambing, did not develop beyond the first steps of its
execution. But it is not sufficient, for the purpose of imposing penal sanction, that an act objectively performed
constitute a mere beginning of execution; it is necessary to establish its unavoidable connection, like the logical and
natural relation of the cause and its effect, with the deed which, upon its consummation, will develop into one of the
offenses defined and punished by the Code; it is necessary to prove that said beginning of execution, if carried to its
complete termination following its natural course, without being frustrated by external obstacles nor by the voluntary
desistance of the perpetrator, will logically and necessarily ripen into a concrete offense. Thus, in case of robbery, in
order that the simple act of entering by means of force or violence another person's dwelling may be considered an
attempt to commit this offense, it must be shown that the offender clearly intended to take possession, for the
purpose of gain, of some personal property belonging to another. In the instant case, there is nothing in the record
from which such purpose of the accused may reasonably be inferred. From the fact established and stated in the
decision, that the accused on the day in question was making an opening by means of an iron bar on the wall of Tan
Yu's store, it may only be inferred as a logical conclusion that his evident intention was to enter by means of force
said store against the will of its owner. That his final objective, once he succeeded in entering the store, was to rob,
to cause physical injury to the inmates, or to commit any other offense, there is nothing in the record to justify a
concrete finding. 1avvphil.ñet

It must be borne in mind (I Groizard, p. 99) that in offenses not consummated, as the material damage is
wanting, the nature of the action intended (accion fin) cannot exactly be ascertained, but the same must be
inferred from the nature of the acts executed (accion medio). Hence, the necessity that these acts be such
that by their very nature, by the facts to which they are related, by the circumstances of the persons
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performing the same, and by the things connected therewith, they must show without any doubt, that they are
aimed at the consummation of a crime. Acts susceptible of double interpretation , that is, in favor as well as
against the culprit, and which show an innocent as well as a punishable act, must not and can not furnish
grounds by themselves for attempted nor frustrated crimes. The relation existing between the facts submitted
for appreciation and the offense which said facts are supposed to produce must be direct; the intention must
be ascertained from the facts and therefore it is necessary, in order to avoid regrettable instances of injustice,
that the mind be able to directly infer from them the intention of the perpetrator to cause a particular injury.
This must have been the intention of the legislator in requiring that in order for an attempt to exist, the
offender must commence the commission of the felony directly by overt acts, that is to say, that the acts
performed must be such that, without the intent to commit an offense, they would be meaningless.

Viada (Vol. I, p. 47) holds the same opinion when he says that "the overt acts leading to the commission of the
offense, are not punished except when they are aimed directly to its execution, and therefore they must have an
immediate and necessary relation to the offense."

Considering — says the Supreme Court of Spain in its decision of March 21, 1892 — that in order to declare
that such and such overt acts constitute an attempted offense it is necessary that their objective be known
and established, or that said acts be of such nature that they themselves should obviously disclose the
criminal objective necessarily intended, said objective and finality to serve as ground for the designation of
the offense: . . . .

In view of the foregoing, we are of the opinion, and so hold that the fact under consideration does not constitute
attempted robbery but attempted trespass to dwelling (People vs. Tayag and Morales, 59 Phil., 606, and decisions
of the Supreme Court of Spain therein cited). Under article 280 of the Revised Penal Code, this offense is
committed when a private person shall enter the dwelling of another against the latter's will. The accused may be
convicted and sentenced for an attempt to commit this offense in accordance with the evidence and the following
allegation contained in the information: "... the accused armed with an iron bar forced the wall of said store by
breaking a board and unfastening another for the purpose of entering said store ... and that the accused did not
succeed in entering the store due to the presence of the policeman on beat Jose Tomambing, who upon hearing the
noise produced by the breaking of the wall, promptly approached the accused ... ." Under the circumstances of this
case the prohibition of the owner or inmate is presumed. (U.S. vs. Ostrea, 2 Phil., 93; U.S. vs. Silvano, 31 Phil., 509'
U.S. vs. Ticson, 25 Phil., 67; U.S. vs. Mesina, 21 Phil., 615; U.S. vs. Villanueva, 18 Phil., 215; U.S. vs. Panes, 25
Phil., 292.) Against the accused must be taken into consideration the aggravating circumstances of nighttime and
former convictions, — inasmuch as the record shows that several final judgments for robbery and theft have been
rendered against him — and in his favor, the mitigating circumstance of lack of instruction. The breaking of the wall
should not be taken into consideration as an aggravating circumstance inasmuch as this is the very fact which in this
case constitutes the offense of attempted trespass to dwelling.

The penalty provided by the Revised Penal Code for the consummated offense of trespass to dwelling, if committed
with force, is prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods and a fine not exceeding P1,000 (art. 280,
par. 2); therefore the penalty corresponding to attempted trespass to dwelling is to degrees lower (art. 51), or,
arresto mayor in its minimum and medium periods. Because of the presence of two aggravating circumstances and
one mitigating circumstance the penalty must be imposed in its maximum period. Pursuant to article 29 of the same
Code, the accused is not entitled to credit for one-half of his preventive imprisonment.

Wherefore, the sentence appealed from is revoked and the accused is hereby held guilty of attempted trespass to
dwelling, committed by means of force, with the aforesaid aggravating and mitigating circumstances and sentenced
to three months and one day of arresto mayor, with the accessory penalties thereof and to pay the costs.

Avanceña, C.J., Abad Santos, Hull, and Vickers, JJ., concur.

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