PROJECT APOLLO

FLIGHT MANUAL
PROJECT APOLLO
FLIGHT MANUAL

REENTRY
AN ORBITAL SIMULATOR
PROJECT APOLLO FLIGHT MANUAL

DRAFT
UPDATED: 11/12/2018

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
1. ABOUT........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
2. A BRIEF HISTORY.................................................................................................................................................... 9
3. MISSION PROFILES................................................................................................................................................ 9
4. CONTROLS ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
II. MAJOR COMPONENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 19
1. THE COMMAND MODULE .............................................................................................................................. 21
2. THE SERVICE MODULE...................................................................................................................................... 23
3. SPACECRAFT LM ADAPTER ............................................................................................................................. 25
4. MAIN DISPLAY CONSOLE ................................................................................................................................ 26
III. THE SATURN V ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
1. S-IC STAGE ............................................................................................................................................................ 30
2. S-II STAGE .............................................................................................................................................................. 32
3. S-IVB STAGE .......................................................................................................................................................... 34
4. INSTRUMENTATION UNIT............................................................................................................................... 35
IV. GUIDANCE & CONTROL ..................................................................................................................................... 37
1. GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 37
2. PRIMARY GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION & CONTROL SYSTEM ............................................................... 40
3. STABILIZATION & CONTROL SYSTEM ........................................................................................................ 46
4. ENTRY MONITOR SYSTEM .............................................................................................................................. 70
4.1 ENTRY FUNCTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 71
4.2 DELTA VELOCITY FUNCTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 74
4.3 OPERATING THE EMS ..................................................................................................................................... 75
4.4 ENTRY SCROLL .................................................................................................................................................. 77
4.5 EMS TEST MODES ............................................................................................................................................ 79
5. PERFORMING A REENTRY ............................................................................................................................... 83

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5.1 ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY FROM EARTH ORBIT ......................................................................................... 85

5.2 ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY FROM LUNAR TRAJECTORY .......................................................................... 86
5.3 REENTRY PROCEDURES ................................................................................................................................. 86
V. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................. 90
1. GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 90
2. ENERGY STORAGE .............................................................................................................................................. 92
3. POWER GENRATION ......................................................................................................................................... 96
4. POWER CONVERSION (A-C) ......................................................................................................................... 101
5. POWER DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................................................... 102
6. INTERIOR LIGHTING ........................................................................................................................................ 111
VI. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM ........................................................................................................ 114
1. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 114
VII. SERVICE PROPULSION SYSTEM .................................................................................................................... 116
1. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 116
2. PROPELLANT ...................................................................................................................................................... 117
3. OPERATION......................................................................................................................................................... 119
VIII. APOLLO GUIDANCE COMPUTER................................................................................................................. 126
1. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 126
2. DISPLAY AND KEYBOARD.............................................................................................................................. 126
3. VERBs ..................................................................................................................................................................... 129
4. NOUNS ................................................................................................................................................................. 130
5. OPERATION......................................................................................................................................................... 132
6. MAJOR MODES.................................................................................................................................................. 133
7. CHECKLIST REFERNECE (v50N25) ............................................................................................................... 134
8. ALARM CODES (v05N09) ............................................................................................................................... 134
9. PROGRAMS ......................................................................................................................................................... 135
P00 – CMC IDLING PROGRAM ......................................................................................................................... 135
P01 – PRELAUNCH OR SERVICE-INITIALIZATION PROGRAM .............................................................. 136
P02 – PRELAUNCH OR SERVICE-GYROCOMPASSING PROGRAM...................................................... 136
P06 – CMC POWER DOWN PROGRAM......................................................................................................... 137
P11 – EARTH ORBIT INSERTION MONITOR PROGRAM ......................................................................... 138
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P30 – EXTERNAL DELTA V PROGRAM ........................................................................................................... 139

P40 – SPS PROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 141
P61 – ENTRY-PREPARATION PROGRAM ...................................................................................................... 144
P62 – ENTRY-CM/SM SEPARATION AND PREENTRY MANEUVER PROGRAM .............................. 145
P63 – ENTRY-INITIALIZATION PROGRAM ................................................................................................... 148
P64 – ENTRY-POST 0.05 G PROGRAM .......................................................................................................... 150
P65 – ENTRY-UPCONTROL PROGRAM ......................................................................................................... 151
P66 – ENTRY-BALLISTIC PROGRAM ............................................................................................................... 153
P67 – ENTRY-FINAL PHASE PROGRAM......................................................................................................... 155
IX. CAUTION & WARNING SYSTEM .................................................................................................................... 161
1. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 161
2. OPERATION......................................................................................................................................................... 161
3. WARNINGS & CRITICAL PARAMETERS .................................................................................................... 164
X. DOCKING & TRANSFER ...................................................................................................................................... 169
1. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 169
2. OPERATION......................................................................................................................................................... 174
3. DOCKING PROCEDURES ................................................................................................................................ 175
XI. SEQUENTIAL SYSTEMS....................................................................................................................................... 184
1. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 184
2. OPERATION......................................................................................................................................................... 184
3. LAUNCH ESCAPE SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................. 186
3.1. OPERATING THE LES .................................................................................................................................... 187
2. EARTH LANDING SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................. 188
2.1. OPERATING THE ELS .................................................................................................................................... 188
3. PROCEDURES ..................................................................................................................................................... 190
3. PYROTECHNICS ................................................................................................................................................. 191
XII. TIMERS .................................................................................................................................................................... 194
1. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 194
2. MISSION ELAPSED TIMER.............................................................................................................................. 194
3. EVENT TIEMR ...................................................................................................................................................... 194

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I. INTRODUCTION

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I. INTRODUCTION
1. ABOUT
Project Apollo for REENTRY is one of the spacecrafts available for flight in the space simulator
REENTRY by Wilhelmsen Studios. It comes with a study level version modelled after the real
spacecraft.

The goal of the Apollo spacecraft is to mimic it to the real spacecraft flown by real astronauts,
both for educational use and simulation. The capsule is modelled after the SM2A-03-BK-II
APOLLO OPERATIONS HANDBOOK BLOCK II SPACECRAFT manual.

Almost all the training needed to fly the capsule is available in this manual and in-game. If you
want to study the spacecraft down to the lowest details, I highly recommended to read the
manual by NASA.

NOTE
Not all the components shown in the figures or is described have been simulated or is
implemented yet. They are described because they are needed or is useful for operation of the
systems, to complete the descriptions or for historical accuracy. Also, this is a software simulator
meant for the general user so some simplifications have been made. Some systems have not
been simulated or implemented, and some features are not yet implemented.

DOWNLOAD
The game can be downloaded from http://reentrygame.com/download/ - the Apollo Spacecraft
is included in this package.

JOIN THE COMMUNITY

Join the official “Astronauts of Reentry” club on the GameHub, accessible from the Windows
Store page for the game! Share clips, screenshots and meet fellow players! A similar thing will
also exist for Steam users, coming soon!

WHAT IS THIS MANUAL?

This manual contains most of the information you need to successfully master the Apollo
Spacecraft in REENTRY. This manual is specific to the Apollo Spacecraft. For generic REENTRY
information, please see the REENTRY User Manual.

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DONATE TO SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAME

If you wish to support the development of this game, or if you enjoy playing it, please consider
giving a small donation. Writing an application like this is a lot of fun and challenging, but also
this takes up a lot of my spare time and my limited resources to fund it.

Any donations will help me cover development costs, assets and asset creation, server hosting,
coffee for staying up all night as well as motivation.

You can donate from the Main Menu of the game, or online using PayPal on the following page:
http://reentrygame.com/donate/

You are also contributing by purchasing this simulator.

From once space enthusiast to another, thank you again for considering giving a
donation!

LEGAL
Images and information in the manual, as well as in the Project Apollo module for REENTRY is
based on information released by NASA. Also, images and references from NASA is used.

The images in this guide and game is using public domain images from NASA.
https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines

The information described here is tailored to the simulation and my implementation of the
spacecraft for REENTRY. Some systems are simplified or made different due to being used in a
computer software.

Both public documents released by NASA and Wikipedia has been used as a reference in my
implementation of Project Apollo, as well as writing the education material for the app,
including this manual, in-game academy, and mission flow.

This module is subject to change and/or removal at any time.

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2. A BRIEF HISTORY
Project Apollo was the third space program of the United States. It started in 1960,
with Apollo 7 as the first manned flight in 1968, and concluded with the last flight,
Apollo 17, in 1972.

The main objective was to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to
the Earth.

It was the first program (and the only at this time) to send manned missions beyond low Earth
orbit, and to another celestial body.

Apollo followed the success of Project Mercury and Project Gemini, building upon a lot of the
learnings from these programs. From attaining orbits in Project Mercury, to maneuvering in
orbit, EVAs, rendezvous and docking in Gemini, NASA had many of the tools needed to follow
the plan to build the powerful Saturn V rocket, and the high-tech Command and Service Module
acting as the Apollo Spacecraft.

Two spacecraft types were built. The first was Apollo Block I. Due to an issue with the design that
unfortunately cost the lives of the entire Apollo 1 crew during a fire on the launch pad in 1967,
another enhanced version was built. The Apollo Block II spacecraft was an enhanced version of
Block I with many improvements and modifications. The first manned mission was flown in 1968
(Apollo 7), and was to orbit Earth and test the spacecraft.

The Apollo spacecraft was operated by three astronauts, the Commander, the Pilot and the
Lunar Module Pilot. Two of them landed on the Moon, while the Pilot operated the Command
Module during lunar orbit.

3. MISSION PROFILES
There are two different types of missions for Project Apollo. The first is an orbital flight around
Earth where the capsule is tested. The other is a Lunar mission profile where the spacecraft is
sent to the Moon and back again, either just to Orbit the Moon or land on it.

Lunar Mission Profile

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Fig 1.3.1 – Lunar Mission Profile, Apollo 8, NASA.

The Lunar Mission consists of a few key milestones

1) Launch
A Saturn V rocket takes the spacecraft and it’s payload (ballast or Lunar Module) into
orbit after a +11 minute long ascent, the orbit is usually a circular orbit around 100 nm in
size.

2) Translunar Injection
The Translunar Injection (TLI) is a burn that lasts for about 6 minutes, taking the
spacecraft from Earth orbit to an orbit that will arrive at the Moon. The SIVB stage of the
Saturn V performs the burn.

3) Transposition and docking

After the burn, the spacecraft separates itself from the Saturn V/SIVB launch vehicle. It
then translates away from it before doing a 180-degree rotation. It will den dock with the
Lunar Module that still sits in the SIVB stage. After docking, the Lunar Module is ejected
and will follow the Apollo Spacecraft until leaving the Moon.

4) Lunar Orbit Insertion

The Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) happens after a long coasting period from Earth to the

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Moon (midcourse corrections can happen during coasting). The bell-shaped engine on
the spacecraft performs a burn that will slow down the spacecraft and enter the Lunar
orbit.

5) Powered descent
The Lunar Module is then entered and separated from the spacecraft. This now becomes
another spacecraft that will reduce the Orbit further and, in the end, land on the Moon
after a powered descent.

6) EVAs
EVAs are performed on the surface of the Moon

7) Ascent
When done with the EVAs on the Moon, the Lunar Module will launch from the surface
of the Moon using the ascent stage, and rendezvous and dock with the
Command/Service Module again.

8) Trans-Earth Injection
After docking with the CM, the LM is jettisoned. The Trans-Earth Injection (TEI) use the
main engine of the Service Module to bring it back to Earth.

9) Reentry
After arriving Earth, the SM is jettisoned and the CM is performing the last bit down to
Earth, and land in the ocean.

10) Recovery
The crew is recovered

4. CONTROLS
Use F5 to F12 to enter the cockpit views, or use the view menu by pressing [V] on the keyboard.
There are multiple controls you can interact with in the cockpit, as well as joysticks to orient and
translate the spacecraft. This section describes how you can use the mouse/keyboard to interact
with these controls.

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A switch can have two or three positions. Left,

middle and right, or up, middle and down. Left click
will move the switch leftwards, or upwards, while
right clock will move it rightwards or downwards.

The push button can be clicked using the left mouse

button to push it down. This will trigger the related
action to the push button

Some push buttons are covered. To push this, open

the cover using left click. Then push the button
normally using another left click. The cover can be
closed using the right mouse button.

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Some switches are covered for protection. Open the

cover using left mouse button, close it using right
mouse button. The switch works like a normal switch
when the cover is open.

Fuses can be closed using left mouse button, and

opened using the right mouse button. A closed fuse
means that the electrical loop is closed and
functional. An open fuse means the electrical loop is
open and disabled. An open fuse is identified by
being further out then closed ones, as well as a
white ring on the inner side.

A knob can be moved to each selection. Right click

moves the selection rightwards (counter-clockwise)
and left click moves it leftwards (clockwise).

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Circular gauges are an instrumentation unit that will

show the state of a system or a quantity.

Vertical gauges are used to read the state of a

system or a quantity.

Barberpole flags/checkboxes indicates is a valve or

system is open or closed. Gray means it is enabled,
while barberpoled means it is disabled.

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A thumb knob can me increased using right mouse

button, and decreased using left mouse button.

Numerical digits are used to show a value, either on

the computer or mission time.

Light indicators are used to show the status of a

system, or errors/warnings on the caution and
warning panel.

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The Master Alarm switch shows when a critical

warning or issue is detected. An alarm will sound.
The alarm can be disabled by clicking on it.

Analog numeric digits are shown using numbered

drumrolls. It will automatically rotate to the value a
system wants to display.

ORIENTATION

Maneuvering is done using the keyboard or joysticks. The input is configured through
the Reentry – An orbital simulator settings dialogue.

W: Pitch down

S: Pitch up

A: Yaw left

D: Yaw right

Q: Roll left

E: Roll right

TRANSLATION

U: Forward

O: Backwards

I: Upwards

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K: Downwards

J: Leftwards

L: Rightwards

TOOLS

T: Flashlight

C: Show/Hide Radio Communication menu

V: Show/Hide view menu

M: Mission Pad

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II. MAJOR COMPONENTS

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II. MAJOR COMPONENTS

The Apollo spacecraft is composed of three main parts. The first part is the Command Module. The
Command Module is where the three astronauts operate the spacecraft. The Command Module is also
the part of the spacecraft the reenters and lands back on Earth, the capsule.

The Service Module is attached to the Command Module during the

entire mission, until it is jettisoned right before reentry. The SM
contains many of the systems needed for a longer duration in space.
It also has a bell-shaped engine named the Service Propulsion
System, and is used to perform significant orbital maneuvers.

The last major part is the Lunar Module itself, used to land on the
Moon.

The combined spacecraft is usually referred to as the CSM, the

Command/Service Module.

The spacecraft is launched and inserted into an orbit on a Saturn V

launch vehicle. It is a three-stage vehicle consisting of an S-IC as the
first booster stage, then the S-II as the second booster stage, and
lastly the S-IVB as the third stage.

An instrumentation Unit is acting as a computer in the launch

vehicle, and SLA panels is acting as the adapter between the launch
vehicle and the spacecraft. When the spacecraft is separated from
the S-IVB, the SLA panels are jettisoned. The Lunar Module is
located inside this adapter and will be exposed when the SLA panels
are gone.

A Launch Escape Assembly sits on top of the spacecraft, and is used during an abort in the early stages
of the ascent.
The entire spacecraft can be seen in figure 2.0.1.

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Figure 2.0.1 – The entire spacecraft

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1. THE COMMAND MODULE

The Command Module is the control center of the spacecraft. It contains the equipment used to
control and monitor the spacecraft, as well as the necessary safety equipment for the crew. It
has a conical shape. It has three compartments, the forward compartment, the crew
compartment and the aft compartment.

Heat shields are protecting the command module during ascent and reentry.

The capsule as a whole can be seen in Figure 2.1.1

Figure 2.1.1 – The Command Module

The forward compartment is the top part of the capsule. It houses the recovery equipment used
during landing (Earth Landing System), docking equipment and a tunnel for access to the Lunar
Module. It also has two negative pitch reaction control system engines used to pitch the
spacecraft. A heat shield protects it from heat and dust.

The Launch Escape Tower is attached on top of the forward compartment heat shield.

The aft compartment is in the bottom of the capsule, below the crew compartment, and above
the aft heat shield. It has ten reaction control systems used for attitude control together with the

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negative pitch reaction controls on the forward compartment. It houses many of the important
systems and substances needed during the last part of the flight.

The forward and aft compartments can be seen in figure 2.1.2.

Figure 2.1.2 – The forward and aft compartment of the CM

The crew compartment is a sealed cabin. Its pressure is maintained by the Environmental
Control System, and is where the astronauts are sitting. It has the control panels, crew couches,
controls and displays etc.

Five windows are installed to let the astronauts see outside the spacecraft, and for photography.
Two forward viewing windows and two side observation windows, and a hatch window. The
hatch is used for access. This is typically where you will be spending most of the time while
flying an Apollo mission.

There are many control panels located in the crew compartment. All panels are numbered to be
able to find and memorize where switches are. Figure 2.1.3 shows the panel numbering system.

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Figure 2.1.3 – The Panel Numbering System

2. THE SERVICE MODULE

The Service Module is attached to the aft compartment of the Command Module. It is a
cylindrical structure that contains essential systems and equipment for survival in space, as well
as general operations throughout the mission.

The systems and equipment in the Service Module can be seen in Figure 2.2.1.

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Figure 2.2.1 – Service Module Equipment

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Please note that the primary oxygen and hydrogen tanks are stored in the SM, as well as the fuel
cell power plant. Once you separate from the SM, these systems will not function in the CM. The
CM is designed for this, and contains their own life-support systems used during reentry.

It’s generally a good practice to reenter as soon as possible after the SM is jettisoned.

The Service Propulsion System (SPS) is also located in the SM, and the big nozzle in the end is
part of the SPS. This can be configuring on the main CM panels, and is used to maneuver in
space.

The SM also has four identical Reaction Control System Quads used for attitude and
translational maneuvers.

3. SPACECRAFT LM ADAPTER
The SLA is the large truncated cone that connects the CSM with the S-IVB. The nozzle of the
Service Propulsion System is inside this, above the Lunar Module. The separation of the S-IVB
and the CSM is done manually through the CM panels.

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Figure 2.3.1 – The SLA

4. MAIN DISPLAY CONSOLE

The CM contains the main control panels and displays for spacecraft operation. There are
hundreds of switches and controls, where a majority of them are located on the Command
Module Main Display Console.

The main console will be your primary control surface, and allows you to control most of the
systems internally. There are other switches located elsewhere in the cabin, due to their
infrequent use. From the panels you control the switches, fuses, knobs, displays, instruments
that configures the internal systems.

There are so many switches so it can sometimes be hard to navigate them. It is a good practice
to at least learn the panel numbers so you know where they are. Then, you can use Figure 2.4.1
to learn where the switches for various categories are located.

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Figure 2.4.1 – The Command Module Main Display Console from CSM News Reference, NASA

The panels are arranged by different duties as seen in Figure 2.4.2.

Figure 2.4.2 – Flight crew duties

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Flight controls are located on the left-center and left side of the main display controls. The
commander is responsible for the stabilization and control, propulsion, crew safety, earth lading
and emergency detection.

The CM pilot is in the center, and can reach the flight controls as well as system controls. The
reaction control propellant management, caution and warning system, the environmental
control system and cryogenic storage are among the responsibilities.

The LM pilot has the responsibilities of the communications, electrical control, data storage, fuel
cell system and the service propulsion system.

Any of the crew must know all the systems to take control if needed. Also, as you are the single
player in the simulator, you are responsible to take the roles of all three astronauts.

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III. THE SATURN V

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III. THE SATURN V

The Saturn V launch vehicle is the most complex, powerful and the biggest
rocket compared to the previous U.S. launch vehicles. It has three stages and
an instrument unit. It is 111 meters high, including the spacecraft.

The Saturn V has three stages.

1) Stage 1: S-IC
2) Stage 2: S-II
3) Stage 3: S-IVB

The first stage, S-IC, lifts the entire Saturn V stack, including the spacecraft, off
the pad and to an altitude of 38 miles. It is designed to boost the spacecraft
and the other stages off the ground and above the areas of maximum dynamic
pressure, Max Q.

The second stage, S-II, takes over from the first stage and takes the rest of the
stack into space. The third stage, the S-IVB, accelerates the spacecraft the last
bit to orbit.

The S-IVB stays connected after cutoff, before being reignited for Trans-Lunar
Injection. After the TLI-burn, it is separated from the spacecraft. At this point,
the spacecraft extracts the Lunar Module from the S-IVB before heading
towards the Moon. This is the last time the Saturn V is part of the Lunar
mission profile.

1. S-IC STAGE
The S-IC stage is the first stage of the Saturn V. It is 138 feet long and is powered by five F-1
rocket engines. It used liquid oxygen as the oxidizer and RP-1 as the fuel. The five engines are
grouped so four outboard F-1 engines surrounds a middle center F-1 engine. The four outboard
engines can be gimballed for ascent attitude control and the center F-1 engine is fixed. The
center engine is shut down earlier than the other engines.

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After separation, it falls back to Earth and lands in the ocean.

The major components of the S-IC stage are the five Rocketdyne F-1 engines, a 345.000-gallon
lox tank, and a 216.000-gallon fuel tank.

The engines have a burning time of 150 second and are producing 7,500,000 LB of total thrust.

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After staging, a set of retrorockets are mounted in pairs in the fairings of the F-1 engines. These
retrorockets provide separation thrust after S-IC burnout.

2. S-II STAGE
The S-II stage is the second stage of the Saturn V. It is 81.5 feet long and is powered by five
liquid propellant J-2 rocket engines. They produce a total nominal vacuum thrust of 1.150.000
pounds of thrust. Again, the outboard engines are gimballed and the center is fixed. The center
engine will cut off earlier than the outboard engines due to oscillations.

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The five single start J-2 engines uses liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen for propellants.

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The S-II stage separate and retard from the launch vehicle after separation using retrograde
rockets.

3. S-IVB STAGE
The S-IVB stage is the third stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle. It has one single J-2 engine
designed to do two things, boost the spacecraft into orbit, and do the TLI burn.

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Prior to the second burn, the systems are readied for another engine start. It needs about 10
minutes of preparation time before being able to perform the second engine ignition.

4. INSTRUMENTATION UNIT
The Instrumentation Unit is a ring mounted on top of the S-IVB stage, just before the SLA. It
contains the guidance, navigation, and control equipment which will guide the vehicle from the
launchpad and into the mission trajectory.

The Launch Vehicle Digital Computer and the Launch Vehicle Data Adapter is a digital computer
system that operates many of the major components of the launch vehicle. They are located in
the IU.

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IV. GUIDANCE & CONTROL

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IV. GUIDANCE & CONTROL

1. GENERAL
The command module has two guidance and control modes, where both systems provides
attitude reference, attitude control and thurst control.

The first and primary mode is the Primary Guidance, Navigation, and Control System (PGNCS),
and the secondary is the Stabilization and Control System (SCS).

Both systems contains functions to execute attitude and translational contol using the reaction
control systems (RCS).

Major velocity changes are done through the service propulsion system.

Using the main display panels, you can confiure the spacecraft to use the PGNCS or the SCS, or
a mix between the two guidance and control modes.

The PGNCS is mostly controlled by the command module computer, as well as the attitude and
translation sticks. The SCS is mostly controlled by configuring the panels and the differen SCS
systems. In this chapter, we will look at how both these systems work. At the end of the chapter,
you should have a good understanding of these systems, how they work and how to operate
them. As mentioned, the PGNCS is mostly controlled through the computer, so the Apollo
Guidance Computer chapter will teach you how to use the PGNCS to navigate and control the
spacecraft.

1.1 ATTITUDE REFERENCE

A spacecraft located in space does not have a direct way of saying what direction is up, am I
upside down etc. However, to be able to tell a direction (where am I heading), it is important to
establish a reference system to define these directions.

The Guidane & Control systems has a reference function that provides a display of the
spacecraft attitude with reference to an established inertial reference. The established attitude
can be seen through two Flight Director Attitude Indicators (FDAIs) located on the main display
panels. One is located on panel 1, and the other is on panel 2.

The FDAIs show the total attitude of the spacecraft relative to a reference platform. This
reference platform can be Earth with the local horizon, or a set platform either by a
preconfigured platform or a manually set platform.

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The FDAIs can also point you in a direction using attitude errors, and a set of needles that will
guide you towards the given direction, and angular rates (how fast are you rotating in any of the
body axes).

The spacecraft has two ways to derive the total attitude relative to the set platform. The primary
way is to use the IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), and the secondary is to use the GDC (Gyro
Display Coupler). The IMU is basing the attitude on a gimbaled, gyro-stabilized platform and the
GDC is based on an attitude based on the angular rate input from the gyro assemblies.

The Command Module Computer (CMC) and the FDAIs receive the total attitude to navigate in
space.

Errors are derived from comparing a set direction with the total attitude, and rates are derived
from either gyro assembly 1 or 2. Gyro assembly 2 is the primary, but 1 can be used as a backup.

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1.2 ATTITUDE CONTROL

Attitude control is used to maintain or drive the spacecraft to a set orientation. This can be done
automatically, or manually – both using the attitude error described in IV.1.1.

The error signals can be routed to the Control Reaction Jet On-Off Assembly that condition the
signlas and send them to the correct reaction control system. These will fire the correct thrusters
in the direction required to rotate the spacecraft to the desired direction.

It is possible to select how this happens, what limits to maintain (how fast will you get there, and
how precise). The CMC is used to automatic control, or the rotational control is used for manual
control.

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1.3 THRUST AND THRUST VECTOR CONTROL

Major velocity changes are done through the SPS (Service Propulsion System) either
through the Command Module Computer, or the Earth Landing System (ELS). The ELS
can be used at any point during the mission, not only during reentry. Both systems
provides an off-signal for the engine to cut off.

In addition to this, it is possible to manually control the on/off signal for the SPS directly.

As the SPS is using fuel, the center of gravity will shift slightly. The SPS engine can be gimbaled
to account for this. Usually this is done automatically, and you won’t have to worry about it.

2. PRIMARY GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION & CONTROL SYSTEM

The PGNCS is the primary control system of the command and service module. Three
subsystems are used by the PGNCS:

1) Inertial subsystem (ISS)

2) Computer subsystem (CSS)
3) Optics subsystem (OSS)

These three systems work together, but also function independently, to measure the spacecrafts
attitude and velocity, controls the thrust vector of the Service Propulsion Engine, provides abort
information and display data.

The PGNCS can provide automatic control over many of the systems in the spacecraft via the
Command Module Computer (CMC). The CMC is part of the CSS.

The guidance and navigation system needs alternating current

(AC) power, and can receive power from both AC bus 1 and AC
bus 2 on MDC-5.

The PGNCS subsystems also require direct current (DC) power, and can receive power form the
Main DC busses.

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It is normal to have both the MNA and MNB circuit breakers closed incase one of them goes
down. These circuit breakers gives DC power to the ISS, CSS and the OSS.

The Electrical Power System chapter describes the electrical circuits onboard in detail.

A set of Coupling Data Units (CDUs) allow the ISS and the OSS to interface with the computer. It
is basically signal converters that converts signlas from analogue to digital and vice versa.

The PGNCS is initiated and aligned during the prelaunch phase. During ascent and flight, it will
continually track changes to acceleration and velocity to understand where the spacecraft is
located.

The reference will drift due to mechanical errors and must be aligned at times. This is done
through the Optics Subsystem.

2.2 INERTIAL SUBSYSTEM

The Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) provides an inertial reference with a gimbaled, three-
degree-of-freedom, gyro-stabilized stable platform. This basically means it knows the attitude of
the spacecraft relative to a given platform reference. Three CDUs are used to convert signals.

The IMU can measure the angle differences with the current attitude and the desired angles of
the CMC. If automatic attitude mode is selected, the CMC will use the Reaction Control System
to drive the spacecraft to the desired attitude.

REFSMMAT

The platform refernce is based on different fixed points against the stars. These points are
referred to as REFSMMAT – REFerence to a Stable Member MATrix. It is a numerical definition of
a fixed orientation in space and is usually (but not always) defined with respect to the stars.
There are many REFSMMATs to choose between during the mission. This is selected using the
computer, or provided by mission control.

It is important to understand REFSMMAT so another way of explaining them is to consider a

know attitude that would make an operation easier. For example, it the spacecraft needs to

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perform a burn in a given direction, that direction is used as a REFSMMAT, so the pilot can easily
see on the FDAI if the spacecraft is pointing in the right direction.

POWER

The ISS power is selected using the circuit breakers on MDC-5

and the IMU is turned on during the prelaunch phase using the
guarded switch on LEB-100, an panel located down by the feets
of the commander.
This is usually complete when you enter the cockpit, but from a
cold and dark start, the IMU needs to be powered and
activated. It will spend 90 seconds on spinning up the IMU
before being functional. Then the computer is used to align the
IMU with the launch REFSMMAT using Program 01. During IMU
spinup, the NO ATT light on the CMC panel illuminates.

ALIGNMENT

IMU CAGE MODE

If the IMU is reactivated during flight, it must be realigne with the

stars. The IMU CAGE switch on MDC-1 will lock the three axes at 0
degrees. Uncaging will release the gyros, and a new orientation is
set.
The REFSMMAT will decide the orientation, while the optics will
remove drifting errors that accumulates over time. The IMU Cage is
usually only needed after a shutdown or malfunction.

Heaters maintains the temperature of the IMU and the ISS through blowing air, radiation and
coolant.

2.3 COMPUTER SUBSYSTEM

The Computer Subsystem is the Command Module Computer with two display and keyboard
panels (DSKYs). One of the DSKYs is on the main panel and the other is next to the optics panel.
It is used to process and control information form the IMU and the Optics Subsystem, and can
run programs and store data onbaord. The computer is one of your main tools for navigation
and control of the spacecraft.

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The DSKY consists of warning lights, a keyboard and a display.

The computer is a highly sophisticated general purpose computer for the time. It allows
automatic execution of computer programs, controls the ISS and OSS either automatically or
manually through the DSKYs. It allows the crew to enter data, display data and to execute
programs.

The computer is your primary guidance tool and provides you with an RCS Digital AutoPilot
(DAP). It uses the Reaction Control System (RCS) to provide rotational control.

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DIGITAL AUTOPILOT

The digital autopilot can assume control through configuration on the Main Display Panel 1
(MDC-1).

The SC CONT switch is the Spacecraft Control switch (MDC-1) and

allows either the Command Module Computer or the Stabilization
and Control System to control the spacecraft. The CMC is the
primary mode, and the SCS is the backup/secondary mode.

To enable the DAP, this switch needs to be in CMC, meaning the

computer will have control over the spacecraft.

The CMC MODE switch controls the DAP modes. It has three
positions.

AUTO: Automatic mode lets the computer define a target to be

maneuvered to. This can be a burn direction, prograde direction,
retrograde direction and so on. This is based on that mode the
computer is in.

HOLD: This will hold the current orientation. Any manual attitude
changes used with the stick will update the HOLD attitude to the
new one. This is good if you want to maintain a given orienation in
space. When the stick is released, the spacecraft will stop in the new
orientation.

FREE: You control the attitude using the stick, and they are treated
as acceleration commands, and the spacecraft will drift freely.

CONFIGURING THE DAP USING THE COMPUTER

Section to come

OPERATION

The computer is operated through the DSKYs. The Computer chapter will go through the details
needed to use the computer.

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POWER

The computer draws power from either the MNA or MNB DC bus using the fuses on MDC-5.

2.4 OPTICS SUBSYSTEM

The Optics Subsystem is the eyes of the spacecraft. It is composed of a scanning telescope (SCT),
a sextant (SXT), and controls to configure and drive these. The primary function of the optics
subsystem is to determine the spacraft position and attitude with relation to starts and/or
landmarks.

The navigator will use the SCT or the SXT to mark two or more star sightings/landmarks. The
CMC will use these marks using old navigational technology to update its position in space.

The Scanning Telescope is slaved to the Sextant so they point in the same direction. The
Scanning Telescope has a 60 degree field of view and has 1x magnification, while the Sextant
has 1.8 degrees field of view with a 28x magnification. The crew uses the scanning telescope to
get a broader view of the environment/starfield while the sextant is to look at the precies center
of where of the view the mark will be placed. The star/landmark is places in the center view of
the sextant for the mark.

The optics switch on LEB-100 activates the Optics Subsystem while

the dedicated optics panel, LEB-121 and LEB-122 control the system
itself.

OPERATION

The optics system is currently in development, and is now fully automatic.

POWER

Power is drawn from either the MNA and/or the MNB DC bus based on the circuit breakers on
MDC-5.

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2.5 MODES OF OPERATION

This section will cover different special modes of operation.

S-IVB TAKEOVER

During the boost phase, the UI and the LVDC assumes control of the
rocket and guidance. The CMC can take over this guidance in the
event of a failiure. This is done by placing the LAUNCH VEHICLE
GUIDANCE switch to CMC. This will enable the DAP as the guidance
control.

When the CMC is in control, manual mode is also possible. By configuring the DAP with an
extended verb, it is possible to manually fly the Saturn V into orbit.

During ascent, Key V46E on the computer for manual control during ascent.

3. STABILIZATION & CONTROL SYSTEM

The Stabilization and Control System (SCS) is the secondary control system of the spacecraft. It
contains a set of backup electronics and systems for the Primary Gaudance and Control system.
It is fully customizable and it is possible to mix the two systems to maneuver the spacecraft. It is
therefore very important to understand the SCS and know how to operate it.

The SCS provides the capability for controlling rotation, translation, SPS thrust vector, and
displays necessary for man in the loop control functions.

It has three basic subsystems: attitude reference, attitude control, and thrust vector control.

The following hardware is available to interface with the SCS:

- Rotational Controllers (RC), 2 units

- Translation control (TC)
- Attitude set control panel (ASCP)
- Gimbal positin and fuel pressure indicator (GP/FPI)
- Flight Director Attitude Indicator (FDAI) – 2 assemblies

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- Gyro Display Coupler (GDC)

- Gyro Assemblies (GA)

3.1 GYRO DISPLAY COUPLER

The Gyro Display Coupler (GDC) is the backup platform for the IMU and is using rate data from a
couple of Body Mounted Attitude Gyros (BMAGs). This rate data is used to rotate the platform
based on how the spacecraft rotates and is referred to as the GDC’s Euler mode.

The GDC can be used as a backup reference system to the

PGNCS/CMC by setting the CMC ATT switch from IMU to GDC. This is
normally only done if the IMU should fail.

BMAGs

There are two BMAG assemblies with three BMAGs in them, GA-1 and GA-2. They detect the
rates of the spacecraft and sends it to the GDC. The GDC adds these rates to its know attitude,
updating the know orientation. Both gyro assemblies are typically caged and determine only the
spacecraft's rate. The rate is then sent to the GDC. The three BMAG switches on MDC-1
determine which set of gyros the GDC receives rate data from. Setting a switch to either Rate 1
or Rate 2 determines which BMAG the GDC receives rate from in that axis. BMAG one is capable
of being uncaged to determine attitude errors. The center setting of the BMAG switches, Att
1/Rate 2, tells the GDC to accept rate data from BMAG 2 and attitude data from BMAG 1. In
order to do this, BMAG 1 must be uncaged by the ECA. This is done automatically when setting
a BMAG switch to the center position.

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The GDC can be aligned to the IMU using the GDC Align
pushbutton on MDC-1.

The BMAGs can be turned ON using the rotational knobs

on MDC-7.

The BMAGs can be configured using the BMAG MODE

switches on MDC-1.

Setting the .05G switch from OFF to .05G sets the GDC into
entry mode.

Attitude changes happens by sending signals through the Electronics Control Assembly (ECA).
The ECA contains the logic for the SCS system and contains the electronics used for attitude
control and singla processing. It also translates commands from the input controllers to the
Jeaction Jet and Engine On/Off Control (RJ/EC).

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The SCS ELECTORNICS PWR know on MDC-7 controls the

power for the ECA.

The RJ/EC sends commands to control the reaction control system (RCS) thrusters on both the
Service Module and the Command Module. The Service Module has 16 RCS jets and the
Command Module has 12 RCS jets. The RJ/EC is used by both the PGNCS and the SCS.

Is the spacecraft control is set to CMC, the PGNCS uses the RJ/EC, and if set to SCS, the ECA is
used to control the RJ/EC. All it does is to open the correct RCS solenoids based on its input.

The individual auto solenoids can be controlled from the 16 AUTO RCS switches on MDC-8.

Each can receive power from either MNA or MNB.

The RJ/EC itself receives AC power through the Signal

conditioner / driver bias power switches on MDC-7.

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The RCS CMD switch on MDC-2 is used to block all signals

passing through the RJ/EC. This disabled all RCS auto coils
while on the OFF position.

3.2 ROTATIONAL HAND CONTROLLERS

The rotation controllers are hand sticks that is used to manually rotate the spacecraft. Two
identical controllers are available. Using the keyboard or a joystick, you can pitch, yaw and roll
the spacecraft.

KEYBOARD COMMANDS

W: Pitch down

S: Pitch up

A: Yaw left

D: Yaw right

Q: Roll left

E: Roll right

Each hand controller can be tilted to create a rotation using onboard electronics. A direct mode
is also available where the hand controller displacement will directly trigger the RCS direct
solenoids.

The hand controllers are activated using switches on MDC-1:

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Both rotational controllers can be turned on or off using the NORMAL switches. They require AC
power, and DC power preferably to operate normally. If DC power fails, they can still work with
just AC power. The DIRECT switches is used to enable the DIRECT part of the controllers where
they will trigger the direct solenoids of the RCS if needed.

The RHC Normal mode applies signals to automatic coils of the RCS through the RJ/EC.

3.3 TRANSLATION CONTROL

The translation control provides means of accelerating along one or more of the spacecraft axes.
It uses the RJ/EC to fire the correct coils to translate up/down, forward/backwards and left/right.

KEYBOARD COMMANDS

U: Forward

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O: Backwards

I: Upwards

K: Downwards

J: Leftwards

L: Rightwards

3.4 ATTITUDE SET CONTROL PANEL

The ASCP provides, through thumbwheels, a means of positioning differential resolvers for each
of the three spacecraft axes. It can be used to see the current pitch, yaw and roll of the
spacecraft based on either the GDC or the IMU.

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By setting the FDAI source to ATT SET, the error needles on the FDAI will display the direction to
the attitude set on the ASCP. The FDAI needles shows the error from the set ASCP attitude. If the
error is zero (needles centered), you are in the attitude set by ASCP.

You can use the following switches to use the ASCP on an FDAI:

If ATT SET is set to GDC and the GDC Align pushbutton is pressed, it will align the GDC to the
attitude set on the ASCP.

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The IMU angles can thus be aquired from the ASCP, in additon to the 16 20 display on the DSKY
– this can be used to realign the GDC to the IMU.

You interact with the thumbwheels on the ASCP using the normal thumbwheel controls.

3.5 GIMBAL POSITION AND FUEL PRESSURE INDICATOR

The GP/FPI contains redundant indicators for both the pitch and yaw channels of the SPS Gimbal
Position. During boost, the indicators display S-II and S-IVB propellant tank ullage pressures.

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The SPS IND switch on MDC-1 is used to either see the boost
properties on the display manel, or the Gimabl Position Indicator
on the panel. The two thumbwheels is used to set the Gimbal
Position manually.

3.6 FLIGHT DIRECTOR ATTITUDE INDICATORS

Two FDAIs are avaliable and can be configured using the switches on MDC-1. It displays the
angular velocity (rate), attitude error through error needles (used as “point to” indication) and
the total attitude.

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The body rate displayd on either or both FDAIs is derived from the BMAGs in either gyro
assembly 1 or 2.

The FDAIs are controlled using the following switches on MDC-1:

The FDAI scale switch is used to set the scale of the rate and error needles.

The scale can be configured to the following settings:

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- Pitch rate: +/-1 deg per sec, +/-5 deg per sec, +/-10 deg per sec
- Yaw rate: +/-1 deg per sec, +/-5 deg per sec, +/-10 deg per sec
- Roll rate: +/-1 deg per sec, +/-5 deg per sec, +/-50 deg per sec

The FDAI attitude error needles indicate the difference between the actual and desired
spacecraft attitude, and function as a “fly-to” command. The attitude error can be derived from
several sources:

- The uncage BMAGs from GA-1

- CDUs from the PGNCS
- ASCP-GDC/IMU

The total attitude with respect to a selected inertial reference frame is displayed through the
FDAI ball. The source is used to select where the total attitude is based on.

Using the FDAI SELECT switch, you can select what FDAI to configure. If it is set to ½, the FDAI 1
will automatically have the CMC source and FDAI 2 will have GDC as the source. If it is set to
either 1 or 2, the SOURCE and ATT SET switches are used to configure what the FDAI should
display.

The source of the rate information for display will always be from BMAG 2 unless BMAG 1 is put
into a backup rate configuration. The normal selection is when BMAG MODE switches in the ATT
1/RATE 2 or the RATE 2 position. The backup source is selected when the BMAG MODE switch is
in the RATE 1 position.

ORDEAL

The ORDEAL (Orbital Rate Display-Earth and Lunar) unit can modify the FDAI attitude. The
ORDEAL is designed to, when active, automatically set the orientation relative to Earth or the
Moon. When in space, the orientation can be in any direction, but when orbiting any of these
celestial bodies, the orientation is perferred to be relative to them, in a local vertical attitude like
in Project Gemini.

POWER

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The FDAIs are powered from the power switching panel

on MDC-7.

3.7 REACTION CONTROL SYSTEM

The RCS provices rotation and translation thrust commands. Prior to CM/SM separation, the SM
RCS engines are used for attitude and translation control. After SM separation, the CM attitude
RCS thrusters are used. The CM does not have translational thrusters. Each RCS engine has two
colenoid coils, one is the automatic and another is the direct. Only the automatic soil is
controlled by the RJ/EC.

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SERVICE MODULE RCS

The SM RCS controls the attitude and translation when the spacecraft is in the CSM
configuration. Four identical packages are installed on the outside of the Service Module, 90
degrees apart from eachother.

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These four quads has four thrusters in them each. With a total of 16 thrusters, the spacecraft can
maneuver in all axes for both attitude and translation. The four quads are named Quad A, Quad
B, Quad C and Quad D. Each thruster on the quad is numbered from 1 to 4. So thruster A2
means the thruster 2 on Quad A. Each package has its own fuel system.

Helium is used th pressirize the fuel and

the oxidizer in each package. Each
package has two helium tanks with a
magnetically latched isolation valve. 8
switches on MDC-2 will unlatch or latch
the valve.
Each switch has a talkbak indicator that
displays if a valve is latched or unlatched.
Gray means that helium tank is open and
barberpoled means it is closed.
The image shows the switches used to
configure the Helium flow in each of the
four quads (A, B, C, and D).
The switches is spring loaded so it will
return to the center position when
released.
In the image, quad A has both the Helium
tanks open, while quad B has Helium tank
1 closed and the Helium tank 2 open.
Helium must be available for the Quad to
function.

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The Helium surrounds a bladder with

propellant. When the Helium pressurizes
outside the bladder, the propellant is
ready.
Each quad has two propellant tanks, one
primary and one secondary.

For the fuel to enter the bladder, it must

be opened. This works in the same way as
with Helium. The switches are used to
open or close the valve with a talkback
indicator that shows if the valve is open or
closed.

The PRPLNT ISOL circuit breakers on

MDC-8 is used to provide DC to the
propellant valves, and needs to be on for
it to function.

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The RCS LOGIC must also be powered for

the automatic coils to function.

Each quad is heated by two SM RCS

Heaters. These are activaed based on
sensors inside the quads.
The heaters must be powerd to function
and is done with these circuit breakers.

The SM RCS HEATERS switches are used

to control if the primary or secondary
heaters are used. Only one heater is
operational at a time.

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The SM RCS gauges can be used to

monitor each pacage. It provides
information about the temperature,
helium pressire, secondary fuel pressure
and either helium temperature or fuel
quantity.

The SM RCS IND switch chooses if the last

gauge above will show the Helium Tank
Temperature or the Propellant Quantity.

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The RCS INDICATORS knob allows you to

choose what quad to see information
from

The Caution and Warning Lights will illuminate the SM RCS for the right package if propellant
quantity is low, or if the temperature is low.

COMMAND MODULE RCS

The Command Module RCS assumes attitude control after CM/SM separation. It has 12 thrusters
in two redundant systems named 1 and 2. The Command Module thrusters are designe to
function during reentry, so it is important that either system 1 or system 2 works, preferrably
both.

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The RJ/EC is controlling the automatic coils of the CM RCS, and the RHC is controlling the direct
coils, just as with the SM RCS.

As with the SM RCS thrusters, the CM RCS thursters is

using Helium as the perssurization. The CM RCS PRESS on
MDC-2 will pressurize the valves.

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Propellant is needed for the thrusters to function. The CM

RCS 1 and 2 is used to open this, one for each CM RCS
system. A talkback indicator is gray when the propellant
valve is open.

When the SM/CM separation is triggered, the CM RCS

logic is automatically activated. If this fails to happen, or
you need to do this manually, the TRNFR CM/SM switch
on MDC-2 does this.

UP will be in CM mode, down will be in SM mode.

The CM RCS LOGIC switch on MDC-1 activates the CM

RCS logic. This controls the sequential events during
reentry and separation. If this is on, the RCS TRANSFER
(above switch) will automatically happen on CM/SM
separation. It also prevents the CM RCS to be fired during
landing.

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The CM PRPLNT PURGE will purge the Helium during

landing if the PURGE switch is up and the CM RCS LOGIC
is enabled, preventing toxic cemicals during recovery. It
will release the Helium. DUMP will do this manually if
needed.

As with the Service Module RCS thrsuters, they need to be heated. They can be heated using the
CM HEATER circuit breaker on MDC-8. This requires the CM RCS LOGIC switch to be on. The CM
RCS HTRS swith on LEB-101 activates the heaters. This needs to be done 20 minutes before use.

3.8 ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM

It is possible to configure what systems are controling the attitude of the spacecraft using the
switches on the main display console, most on panel 1 (MDC-1). There are two categories for
the attitude configuration, automatic control and manual control.

AUTOMATIC CONTROL

The to automatic modes are rate damping and attitude hold.

Rate damping provides the capability of reducing small or large spacecraft angular/rotational
rates to within small limits, referred to as rate deadband, and holding the rates on each axis to
within these rate deadband limits. It requires rate data from the GDC to be functional. To receive
rate data, at least one BMAG needs to be powered. Lastly, when the rates are received, the rate
damping is activated when rate command manual mode is selected.

The rate limit size is reflected on the FDAIs rate meters. The rate needles will be normal inside
the band, and when the limits reach the edge, the rotation will be constant.

Attitude hold will try to hold the spacecraft in a given attitude, within an attitude deadband.
Attitude hold will try to stop all rotations and tries to keep the spacecraft in that attitude. This is
based on the GDC, so the GDC must receive this data from a BMAG. This is done by setting one
of the BMAGs to ATT1/RATE2. When the data is available, the attitude hold mode is activated if
the spacecraft is in rate command mode.

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The two switches used to control attitude deadband

and the rate deadband are located on MDC-1. The
attitude deadband can be set to either MAX or MIN,
and the rate deadband can be set to either HIGH or
LOW. The rate switch sets the size of the deadband.

MANUAL CONTROL

There are four manual control modes, Proportional rate, Minimum Impulse, Acceleration
Command and Direct.

Proportional rate is used to command the spacecraft rates that are proportional to the rotation
controller deflection. Using keyboard input, you are sending the max setting automatically, but
using a joystick, it will be possible to use the stick defelction. When the deflection is stopped,
the thrusters will stop fireing and the spacecraft will continue to rotate in the direction you set
and slowly null the commanded rates.

To configure the spacecraft for Proportional Rate, the MANUAL ATTITUDE switches (MDC-1)
must be in RATE CMD, and the stick must have a deflection. If the stick is released, the
spacecraft will be in automatic control.

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The LIMIT CYCLE switch must be in OFF to avoid using extra fuel when in Proportinal Rate mode.
The Limit cycle mode is used to set the ECA t command the RCS thursters to be pulsed as the
attitude approaches the deadbands (pseudo rate).

Minimum Impulse provides the capability of making small changes in the spacecraft rate. In this
mode, the spacecraft will be in free drift. A stick deflection will create a one shot thruster fire
that lasts for 15 ms. Another can be created once the stick is released and defelcted again.

Acceleration command allows continuous commands to the thrusters, and is the highest priority
with exception of direct control.

Direct control is similar to acceleration command, except that it uses the direct soils of the
thruster instead of the auto thruster. To enable direct control, the two ROT CONTR PWR DIRECT
switches is set to either MNA or MNB.

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The switches are located on MDC-1. Ullage is also using the Direct mode, and is using the
thrusters to push floating fuel inside the tanks in the SM to the rear before performing an SPS
burn.

The configurations can be seen in the table below.

4. ENTRY MONITOR SYSTEM

The Entry Monitor System (EMS) provides a visual monitor of automatic Primary Guidance and
Control System (PGNCS) entries and delta velocity maneovers. The EMS also provides sufficient
display data to permit manual entries in the event of PGNCS malfunctions together with a
command sent to the SCS for SPS engine cutoff. The delta velocity display can also be used as
the cue to initiate manual thrust-off commands if the automatic-off commands malfunction.
During rendezvous the EMS provides a display of VHF ranging information.

Self-test provisions are provided by a function switch for three operational modes (entry, ΔV and
VHF ranging) to provide maximum system confidence prior to actual use.

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4.1 ENTRY FUNCTIONS

The EMS provides five displays and/or indicators that are used to monitor an automatic entry or
to aid in performing a manual entry.

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THRESHOLD INDICATOR (.05 G)

The threshold indicator illuminates when the atmospheric deceleration is sensed. The altitude at
which this indicator is illuminated is a function of the entry angle (velocity vector with respect to
local horizontal), the magnitude of the velocity vector, geographic location and heading, and
atmospheric conditions. Bias comparator circuits and timers are used to initiate this indicator.
The signals used to illuminate the indicator is also used internal to the EMS to start the corridor
evaluation timer, scroll velocity drive, and range-to-go circuits. This usually happens 30 seconds
after the capsule enters the ENTRY INTERFACE; when the capsule passed 400,000 feet above the
Earth's surface.

ROLL STABILITY INDICATOR

The Roll Stability Indicator (RSI) provides an indication of lift vector position throughout entry.
With the ATT SET switch in the GDC position, the RSI will be aligne prior to 0.05G by rotating the
yaw thumbwheel on the Attitude Set Control Panel with the EMS ROLL switch in the entry
position while pressing the GDC ALIGN button. During entry, stability axis roll attitude will be
supplied to the RSI by the Gyro Display Coupler. There are no degree markings on the display,

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but the equivalent readout will be zero when the RSI points toward the top of the control panel.
During entry, the RSI rotates in the opposite direction to the spacecraft roll.

CORRIDOR VERIFICATION INDICATORS

The corridor verification indicators are located above and below the RSI. They consist of two
lights which indicate the necessity for lift vector up or down for a controlled entry. The indicators
will be valid only for vehicles which utilize lunar entry velocities (approximately 35,000 FPS) and
entry angles. The corridor comparison test is performed approximately 10 seconds after the .05
G indicator illuminates. The lift vector up light (top of RSI) indicates G greater than
approximately 0.262G. The lift vector down light (bottom of RSI) indicates G less than
approximately 0.262G.

An entry angle is the angular displacement of the Command Module velocity vector with respect
to local horizontal at 0.05G. The magnitude of the entry angles that determines the capture and
undershoot boundaries will be a function of Command Module lift-to-drag (L/D) ratio. The
angles shown are for a L/D of 0.3 to 0.4. The EMS positive lift overshoot boundary is that entry
angles that produces approximately 0.262G at approximately 10 seconds after the .05G indicator
is illuminated. An entry angle greater than the EMS positive lift overshoot boundary will cause
the upper corridor verification light to be illuminated. Conversely, and entry angle less than the
positive overshoot boundary will light the lower corridor light. Entry angles less than the capture
boundary will result in noncapture regardless of lift orientation. Noncapture would result in an
elliptical orbit which will re-enter when perigee is again approached. The critical nature of this
would depend on Command Module consumables: power, control propellant, life support, etc.

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The Command Module and crew will undergo excessive Gs (greater han 10G) with an entry
angle greater than the undershoot boundary, regardless of lift orientation.

ΔV/RANGE-TO-GO INDICATOR

The ΔV/range-to-go is an electronic numeric readout which has three functions. During entry
the inertial flight path distance in nautical miles to predicted splashdown after 0.05G is
displayed. The predicted range will be obtained from the PGNCS or ground stations and
inserted into the range display during EMS range set prior to entry. For a delta-V maneouver,
the display will indicate the delta V(ft/sec) remaining. For rendezvous the display will indicate
the distnace to the Lunar Module.

SCROLL ASSEMBLY

The scrolla ssembly provides a scribed trace of G versus inertial velocity during entry. The mylar
scroll has printed guidelines which provide monitor (or control) information during aerodynamic
entry. The entry trace is generated by driving a scribe in a vertial direction as a function of G
level, while the mylar scroll is driven from right to left proportional to the Command Module
inertial velocity change. Monitor and control information for a safe entry and range potential
can be observed by comparing the slope of the entry trace to the slope of the nearest guidelines
(G onset, G offset and range potential).

4.2 DELTA VELOCITY FUNCTIONS

In addition to entry functions, the EMS provides outputs related to delta velocity maneuvers
during SPS of RCS thrusting along the CSM X-axis. Both the SPS THRUST lamp and the ΔV
numeric counter display information during delta V. In addition, an automatic thrust-off
command signal is supplied to the SCS when the ΔV counter reaches zero.

SPS THRUST-ON INDICATOR

The SPS thrsut-on indicator will be illuminated any time a ground is present on the low side of
either of the SPS bipropellant solenoid control valves if either of the EMS circuit breakers on
MDC-8 are set.

DELTA VELOCITY INDICATOR

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The numeric readout displays the delta velocity remaining along the CSM X-axis. It has the
capability of displaying a maximum of 14,000 fps down to a -1000.0 fps. The readout is to 1/10
feet per second. The ΔV/EMS SET knob will be used to set in the desired delta V for all SPS
thrusting maneuvers. The ΔV display will count up or down with the EMS MODE switch in the
NORMAL position. The display counds down with SPS or RCS thrsuting along the CSM +X-axis
or up with RCS thrusting along the CSM -X-axis.

SPS THRUST-OFF COMMAND

During SCS-controlled SPS thrusting a thrust-off command is supplied by the EMS. This thrust-
off logic signal is supplied to the SPS engine on/off circuit when the delta V reads minus values
of delta V. Consequently, the THRUST ON button will not turn on the SPS engine unless the ΔV
display reads zero or greater.

4.3 OPERATING THE EMS

Four switches are used to activate and select the desired function in the EMS. The MODE switch,
FUNCTION switch, ΔV/EMS SET switch, and the GTA switch.

The MODE switch has three positins: NORMAL,

STBY MODE and BACKUP/VHF RNG.

STBY applies power to the EMS circuits; it

inhibits system operation but does not inhibit
set functions.

NORMAL permits the self-tests to function. It

also is the normal position for operations when
the FUNCTION switch is in the ENTRY and ΔV positions.

BACKUP/VHF RNG is used either as a backup in the entry and ΔV operations and is the proper
position during VHR ranging. It will be used as a backup to initiate the scroll velocity drive and
the range display countdown in the event of a failiure of the .05G circuits.

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The FUNCTION swiths is a 12-

position know which is used to
select the desired function in the
EMS. Three positions are used
for delta V operations. Eight
positions are used for entry,
entry set and self-test. One
position is used for VHF raning,
and one for OFF.

OFF deactivates the EMS except

the SPS THRSUT ON light and
the roll stability indicator

EMS TEST 1 tests the lower trip

point of 0.05G – threshold
comparator and enables slwing
of the scroll

EMS TEST 2 tests the high trip point of the .05G – threshold comparator.

EMS TEST 3 tests the lower trip point of the corridor verification comparator and enables slwing
of the ΔV/RANGE display for EMS test 4 operations.

EMS TEST 4 tests the range-to-go integrator circuits, G servo circuits, G-V plotter and range-to-
go circuits.

EMS TEST 5 tests the high trip point of corridor verification comparator and enables the slewing
of the scroll.

RNG SET establishes the circuitry for slwing the ΔV/RANGE display.

Vo SET establishes circuitry for slwing the scroll to the predicted inertial velocity at 0.05G.

ENTRY is the operational position for monitoring the Command Module earth atmosphere entry
mode.

ΔV TEST is the operational position for self-test of delta V circuits.

ΔV SET/VHF RNG establishes circuitry for slwing the ΔV/RANGE display. Enables VHF ranging
display.

ΔV is the operational positiong for accelerometer to drive the ΔV/RANGE display for X-axis
accelerations.

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The ΔV/EMS SET switch is used to drive the ΔV/RANGE display

or the EMS scroll. With the FUNCTION switch in the ΔV
SET/VHF RNG, RNG SET, and EMS TEST 4, depressing the
ΔV/EMS SET increase or decrease buttons will change the
display readout at 0.25 units per second, or 127.5 units per
second.

With the FUNCTION switch in the Vo SET, EMS TEST 1, and

EMS TEST 5 position, it will drive the EMS scroll at
approximately 0.0164 inch per second or 0.263 inch per
second.

The GTA switch provides ground test capability. It can simulate

0G in the vertical stack configuration of the spacecraft
(launchpad). This must be OFF before liftoff, and is only used
during the EMS testing before the astronauts enters the
cockpit.

4.4 ENTRY SCROLL

The EMS mylar scroll contains four entry patterns together with entry in-flight test patterns and
the instructions for entry, delta V and VHF ranging.

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There are four sets of ΔV and VHF ranging instructions that are alternated with four entry in-
flight self-test patterns.

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Following the fourth in-flight self-test pattern on the scroll is the first set of entry instructions.
Entry instructions precede each of the four entry patterns. Each entry pattern has velocity
increments from 37,000 to 4,000 fps together with entry guidelines. These lines are called G on-
set, G off-set, and range potential guidelines. The G on-set and G off-set lines are solid lines and
the range potential lines are broken.

The G on-set lines slope downward, while the G off-set lines ray upward and terminate at 24,000
fps just to the right of the vertical line at 25,500 pfs (minimum velocity for Earth orbit). Below
24,000 fps the G on-set lines slope downward from the full-lift profile line which represents the
steady-state minimum-G entry profile. During entry the scribe trace should not become parallel
to either the nearest G on-set or G off-set line. If the slipe of the entry trace becomes more
negative than the hearest G on-set line, the Command Module should be oriented such that a
positive lift vector orientation (lift vector up) exists in order to prevent excessive G buildup.
However, if the entry trace slope becomes more positive than the nearest G off-set line then the
Command Module should be oriented to produce negative lift (lift vector down) for entry.

The change of lift vector is achieved with a 180-degree roll maneuver of the RCS/SCS system.

The rante potential lines, shown in hundreds of nautical miles, indicate the ranging potential of
the Command Module at the present G level. The crew will compare the range display by the
range-to-go counter with the range potential indicated by the entry trace. The slope and
position of the entry trace relative to a desired ranging line indicates the need for lift vector up
or down.

4.5 EMS TEST MODES

The EMS system comes with a few test modes to increase its reliability when it’s needed.

ΔV TEST MODE BEFORE SPS BURN

Before a flight and SPS burns, the EMS ΔV must be tested. This prodcedure is printed on the
EMS scroll.

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1. It is assumed that this test is done in weightlessness in space. To perform the test on the
ground, the GTA switch needs to be set to the up position.
2. Set the EMS MODE switch to STBY
3. Enter the ΔV SET mode by setting the EMS FUNCTION knob to ΔV SET/VHF RNG and the
EMS MODE switch to NORMAL.
4. Use the ΔV/EMS SET to set the ΔV/RANGE display to 1586.8 ft/s.
5. Go to the ΔV TEST function by setting the EMS FUNCTION knob to ΔV TEST. The SPS
THRUST ON light is illuminated and the ΔV/RANGE will decrease.
6. When the ΔV/RANGE is negative, the SPS THRUST ON light is extuingished. The reading
stops to decrease after 10 seconds, the ΔV/RANGE display shows -20.8 +/- 20.7 ft/s.
7. When the test is complete the EMS is turned off or switched to standby to reset it.

ΔV TEST MODE BEFORE REENTRY

Before performing a reentry, the EMS should again be tested. The tests are similar to those used
during pre-launch by the backup crew (see ΔV TEST MODE DURING PRE-LAUNCH below)

Set EMS MODE to OFF

Set the two EMS circuit breakers on Panel 8 to CLOSE
Set the EMS MODE to STBY
Set EMS FUNC to TEST 1 (and wait 5 seconds)
Set the EMS MODE to NORMAL (and wait 10 seconds)

TEST 1
Wait 10 seconds
- SPS THRUST light OFF
- .05G light OFF
- Lift Vector UP light OFF
- Lift Vector DOWN light OFF
- Range indicator displays 0.0 NM

Use slew control to move the scroll to start of next test pattern
- it should by default be at the first line already

Set EMS FUNC to TEST 2 when ready

TEST 2
Wait 10 seconds
- .05G should illuminate after 10 seconds.
- All other lights are extinguished

Set EMS FUNC to TEST 3

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TEST 3
Wait 10 seconds
- .05G light stays illuminated
- Lift Vector DOWN light illuminates after 10 seconds

Use slew controls to change RANGE to 58.0 NM

Set EMS FUNC to TEST 4 when ready

TEST 4
Wait 10 seconds
- .0.5G light is on
- G-V trace moves down within test pattern
- RNG counts down towards 0, stops at 0.0 +/- 0.2 NM

Set EMS FUNC to TEST 5 when ready

TEST 5
Wait 10 seconds
- .0.5G light is illuminated
- Lift Vector UP light illuminates after 10 seconds
- G-V trace moves up again from 9G to 0.28G and stops

ALIGN SCROLL TO ENTRY PATTERN

Set the EMS FUNC to V0 and slew the pattern scroll to the 37K ft/sec line

COMPLETING THE TEST

Set EMS FUNC to RNG SET
- G-V trace goes to 0.0G

Set EMS MODE to STBY

ΔV TEST MODE DURING PRE-LAUNCH

Before a launching, you can test the EMS by using a few dedicated TEST functions, as well as the
general test above.

Since the EMS is relying on the wightlessness of space, it is not possible to use the EMS on the
ground unless you set the GTA switch to the up-position.

The EMS can be tested on the ground using the following procedure:

GENERAL TEST

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Set GTA to ON
Set EMS MODE to NORMAL
Set EMS FUNC to dV
- dV should increase
Set EMS FUNC to dV SET
- Use slew control to set dV to about 1586.8
Set EMS FUNC to dV
- dV will decrease and SPS THRUST light illuminates
- dV < 0, dV stops to decrease and SPS THRSUT light extinguishes
Set EMS MODE to STBY

TEST 1
Set EMS FUNC to TEST 1
Set EMS MODE to NORM
- SPS THRUST light OFF
- .05G light OFF
- Lift Vector UP light OFF
- Lift Vector DOWN light OFF
- RNG ind displays 0.0 NM

Use slew control to move the scroll to start of next test pattern
- is should by default be at the first line already

Set EMS FUNC to TEST 2 when ready

TEST 2
Wait
- .05G should illuminate after 10 seconds
Set EMS FUNC to TEST 3 when ready

TEST 3
Wait
- .05G light stays illuminated
- Lift Vector DOWN light illuminates after 10 seconds

Use slew controls to change RANGE to 58.0 NM

Set EMS FUNC to TEST 4 when ready

TEST 4
Wait
- .0.5G lt is on
- G-V trace moves down within test pattern
- RNG counts down towards 0, stops at 0.0 +/- 0.2 NM

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Set EMS FUNC to TEST 5 when ready

TEST 5
Wait
- .0.5G lt is on
- Lift Vector UP light illuminates after 10 seconds
- G-V trace moves up again from 9G to 0.28G and stops

Set EMS FUNC to RNG SET

Set EMS MODE to STBY
- G-V trace goes to 0.0G
- All lights out

Set EMS FUNC to OFF

Set GTA switch to OFF

5. PERFORMING A REENTRY

Image: Courtesy of NASA/Johnson Space Center

The Entry Monitor System is used to perform a reentry. The following section will describe how
to perform a reentry, and how the aerodynamics of the Command Module is designed to steer
through the atmospheric drag.

The Command Module is designed so its aerodynamic characteristics will stabilize it in the
correct attitude due to its stable trim attitude; 21 degrees to the flight direction. The center of
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gravity is not directly in the center of the aerodynamic capsule, but rather so the capsule is
producing lift using the heatshield in the direction of the feets. The reentry is started heads
down towards Earth and faces in the retrograde direction to point the lift vector upwards.

Because of this, the lift can control the trajectory of flight just like an airplane. Roll is used to
control the direction of lift, where the initial poisition will create an upward lift vector while
rolling 180 degrees from the initial position will point the lift-vector down. This will make the
capsule go down into the atmosphere, while up will take it upwards.

By adjusting the lift vector, one can control (slightly) the reentry profile.

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Let’s go back to the following image from the EMS section.

The entry angle as an upper and a lower limit. This defines the entry corridor. The lower limit, the
overshoot boundry, is the angle where the Command Module will skip out of the atmosphere
again. The upper limit, the overshoot boundry, is where the load-factor limits of the vehicle and
the astronauts will be tested. Both directions are catastrophical as the crew will either burn up,
or enter an orbit where the remaining life-support will be depleted before being able to perform
another entry.

5.1 ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY FROM EARTH ORBIT

From an altitude of 300km, the perigee should be adjusted down to 6200km, so it intersects
170km below the Earth surface. This will give you an angle of entry of about 2 degrees when the
re-entry phase start (400,000 ft).

At this point the the PGNCS, EMS or manual control is used to steer the capsule. The EMS
provides the roll indicator on how the roll should be to follow the reentry profile. The lift vector
should usually not point upwards but slightly upwards. This is done with some roll. The lift
vector, if not pointing directly up or down, will also produce some cross range speed so take this
into consideration. If you are too steep, set roll to 0 to go up a bit, or too shallow, set roll to 180
to dive down.

Once you are through the atmosphere and the capsule speed is less than 500 m/s, the capsule
stops producing lift and will drop down. The landing system will help you through this.

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5.2 ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY FROM LUNAR TRAJECTORY

The perigee point is set to 6415 for the lunar trajectory entry. This perigee is called the Vacuum
Perigee Altitude (VPA), and will give an entry angle of 6.5 degrees. The velocity from a lunar
trajectory is higher than during the Earth orbit entry. Entering the Earth orbital entry will produce
very high G-forces and it is hard to exactly hit the entry corridor. Due to the possibility to roll the
lift vector, the accuracy of the reentry limits can be modified. To reduce the load, the lift will
have to point up to start a longer breaking period (heads down) with less G-load. When altitude
is increasing (lift vector magnitude becomes large due to density), the capsule is rotated to
point the lift vector down and dive down for a while to prevent it to go back to space. When
altitude is lost, the roll is again set to 0 and the normal Earth orbital reentry procedures are
followed.

5.3 REENTRY PROCEDURES

The perigee point is set to 6415 for the lunar trajectory The entry procedures can be found in
the Mission Pad checklist, but here is a detailed description.

- Separate the Service Module

- Align the Command Module with the stable trim attitude.
o Computer provides this attitude
- Pitch and Yaw is stabilized by aerodynamic forces, roll is only controllable axis.
- Complete the EMS Entry Test
o Test 1 – 5 will verify that EMS is operational
o Test 5 will set the range to 37,000 ft/s.
o Align the EMS scroll with this velocity in the entry pattern
 Each entry pattern has a start line that is used to align it correctly
- RNG SET us used to set the range
- V0 is sett to the entry velocity in ft/s.
- Set the mode to ENTRY
o The EMS will wait for .05G
o The EMS will count down the range set
- At the point 05G mark, the point which deceleration can be sensed for the first time
marks the entry phase
- Lift vector is pointed in the up direction, heads down towards Earth
- When the G’s build up to 2G – 2.5Gs, capture is achieved
- It continues in this attitude until it hits the dense part of the atmoshphere, with G’s
climbing towards 7 G’s
- It will enter the first control period when the Command Module starts climbing
- The CM lift vector is rolled to point down within 70 seconds.
- This will move the entry to the second control part with G’s climbing up to 4 G’s.
- Use the EMS scroll and the EMS instruments to monitor the progress of the reentry.

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The reentry profile will look something like this:

The parameters for the reentry is provided over the radio as a radio message.

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V. ELECTRICAL POWER
SYSTEM

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V. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

1. GENERAL
The electrical power subsystem (EPS) consists of the systems, reactants and equipment required
to provide electrical power onboard the spacecraft. The main power sources are 3 Fuel Cells, 3
batteries and two pyro batteris. The power is distributed through several DC-busses and AC-
busses. AC power is generated from DC through Inverters.

The DC-busses in the CSM is the following:

 MAIN BUS A & B

 SM BUS A & B
 BAT BUS A & B
 BAT RELAY BUS
 FLIGHT BUS
 FLIGHT/POSTLANDING BUS
 NONESS BUS 1 & 2
 PYRO BUS

The EPS is mostly configured using the EPS switches on MDC-3.

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2. ENERGY STORAGE
The primary source of energy is provided by the cryogenic gas storage system, named the
Cryogenic Storage Subsystem. It provides hydrogen and oxygen to the power generating
system, namely the Fuel Cells. Two hydrogen and two oxygen tanks are located in the service
module, where they are controlled under cryogenic temperatures and pressure. This is
controlled automatically, but manual control is also possible.

The two tanks are of sufficient size to provide a safe return from the furthest point of the
mission on the fluid remaining in any one tank. The physical data of the cryogenic storage
subsystem are as follows:

A secondary source of energy storage is provided by five silver oxide-zinc batteries located in
the command module. Three of them are the rechargeable entry and postlanding batteries. They
supply sequencer logic power at all times, supplemental d-c power for peak loads, and all the
operating power required for reentry, landing and recovery.

Two pyro batteries provide energy for activation of pyro devices throughout all phases of a
mission.

Each of the two oxygen tanks stores 320lbs of cryogenic oxygen at 900+/-35 psia, and each of
the two hydrogen tanks stores 28lbs of hydrogen at 245+15/-20 psia.

The quantity and pressure in each tank can be minitored on MDC-2.

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It is imporant to often monitor the cryogenic power system. If something is wrong, it is

important to detect this early so you can power down the non-essential systems to converve the
remaining power for as long as possible.

The CRYO PRESS warning light will illuminate when the pressure in
one of the ocygen tanks falls below 800 psia, or exceeds 950 psia, or
when hydrogen exceeds the 220 to 270 psia limits.
The MASTER ALARM will also come on when this warning is
illumincated.

Heaters are used to maintain nominal pressure in each of the tanks. Both a heater and a fan is
installed in each tank. The heater is adjusting the pressure by heating the substance, and the fan
is used to circulate the substance to avoid stratification.

Two parallel d-c heaters in each tank

supply the heat necessary to maintain
design pressures. Two parallel 3-phase a-c
circulating fans circulate the fluid over the
heating helements to maintain a uniform
density and decrease the probability of
stratification.

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The following table shows the flow rate at nominal pressure, and the repressurization time:

The H2/O2 HEATERS switches (MDC-2), as well as the H2/O2 FANS (MDC-2) switches controls
these system.

AUTO will control these automatically and is the normal setting. However, manual control is
obtained by setting them to either ON or OFF. There are no atuomatic detection systems if
manual mode is used so ensure to monitor carefully in this mode. Auto will be ON when both

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tanks are below 225 psia (H2)/865 psia (O2), and to off when one of the tanks reaches 260 psia
(H2)/935 psia (O2).

The spring-loaded FUEL CELL REACTANTS

switches (MDC-3) controls the cryogenic flow
to the fuel cells. They are noramlly open
during the duration of the flight. Once they
are opened during preflight, there is no way
to restart them. This means that if you close
the reactant valves, the fuel cells can’t be
restarted and will stay off for the rest of the
mission!

The talkbacks are grey of open and normal,

and barberpoled when closed/shut off.

The FC REACTS cbs on panel 226 enables or

disabled the power to these switches, and
should be open unless you plan to shut one
or more of them down.

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The Oxygen Cryogenic Storage Subsystem can be seen in the figure below.

The Hydrogen Cryogenic Subsystem can be seen in the figure below.

3. POWER GENRATION
Three Fuel Cell (FC) power plants generates power through electrochemical reaction of
hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). They provide the primary d-c power to the spacecraft systems
until CSM separation. The electricity is generated by reacting O2 and H2 with H2O-steam.

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Each Fuel Cell power plant is capable if normally supplying from 400 to 1420 watts at 31 to 27
vdc, at fuel cell terminals, to the power distribution system.

All three fuel cells are normally generating power, but two of them are adequate to complete
the mission (if power management is done right).

The fuel cells can be configured and connected to the power distribution system. The normal
setup is that Fuel Cell 1 is connected to main d-c bus A; Fuel Cell 2 is connected to main d-c bus
A and B; and Fuel Cell 3 is connected to main d-c bus B.

The reaction of Oxygen (O2) and Hydrogen (H2) generates the needed electricity, in additon to
water (H2O) and heat. The excess heat is used by the Environmental Control System (ECS) and
radiated to space. The water is also distributed to the ECS system. A shared cryogenic manifold
and O2/H2 are shared between the otherwise fully independent Fuel Cell Powerplants.

The water, through the ECS, ejects its heat

through Fuel Cell radiators before entering
the condencer again. The FUEL CELL PUMPS
switches on MDC-5 controls the circulation
loop. These are usually powered
throughout the flight.
The FUEL CELL HEATERS are controlling the
heat in the system. The Fuel Cells are only
funcional when the temperature is
minimum 360 degrees F. The heaters will
preheat the hydrogen. They are normally
ON.

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The FC RAD TEMP LOW talkback indicator

indicats if the Fuel Cell radiator temperature
is low (< -30°F). The radiators are heated
due to load on the Fuel Cells. It the FC load
is low, the H2O/H2 exhaust temperature
can be so low that it’s not possible to heat
it back to the nominal temperature. If this
happens, it is possible to avoid 3/8 of the
radiator.

The longer the exhaust stays in the radiator,

the lower the temperature.

These three springback-switches on MDC-3

controls the bypass of the radiators. If the
indicator is gray, the bypass is closed and is
the normal setting. If it is barberpoled, the
bypass is open, and the reactants are
bypassing the radiator.

NORMAL will close the bypass, letting the

substance go through the radiators
normally.
EMER BYPASS will open the bypass of the
selected fuelcell.

PURGING

Over time, impurities in the reactant will accumulate. Each of the Fuel Cells can be purged to
flush out the impurities, correct hydrogen tank overprezzurization or correct an overpressure
condition in the oxygen system.

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The FUEL CELL PURGE switches will purge

the selecte Fuel Cell substance. The H2
purge selection will flush out impurities in
the H2, while O2 will flush out the
impurities in the O2. It will provide a high
flow of the substance through the Fuel Cell;
cleaning them.
Warning: Before the H2 PURGE, the H2
purge line needs to be heated in 20
minutes.

The H2 PURGE LINE HTR needs to be ON

for 20 minutes before performing a H2
purge.

The fuel cell performance can be monitored on the Fuel Cell gauges. They provide information
about the O2 and H2 flow, skin temperature and condensator outlet temperature of the selected
fuel cell. The FUEL CELL INDICATOR-switch lets you choose what Fuel Cell to monitor.

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The gauges above (MDC-3) provides The Fuel Cell indicator (MDC-3) lets you
monitoring information about the fuel cells. choose what fuel cell you wish to monitor.
The green tape indicates that it’s in the
normal zone.

The pH HI-talkback indicates if the PH level in the selected Fuel Cell is

high. If this is barberpole, the pH factor of the exhaust H2O is over 9.
This means the electrilyte of the fuel cell is leaking and needs to be
shut down immediately.

The FC 1. 2 and 3 light will illuminate if the fuel cell is in a critical condition. A MASTER ALARM
will sound with this warning. The following conditions are checked:
- H2 flow rate > 0.161 lb/h
- O2 flow rate > 1.276 lb/h
- Skin temperature below 360°F
- Skin temperature above 475°F
- Condenser exhaust temp below 150°F
- Condenser exhaust temp above 175°F
- pH Factor of the exhaust H20 > 9
- Radiator outlet temp < -30°F

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BATTERIES

The three rechargable silver oxide-zinc entry & postlanding batteries power the CM after CSM
separation, and is design to last during entry, landing and recover. During dV-maneuvers, they
will also provide additonal power to the Fuel Cells. Battery A and Battery B is usually done
during high power demands during the flight, but Battery C can also be used.

They can also provide power during emergencies if two or more FCs are disabled, EPS control
circuitry, sequencer logic power, recovery aids or the pyro batteries.

A battery charger is available to recharge these batteries.

Two silver oxide-zinc batteries are supplying power to the SECS pyrotechnics. These are
completely isolated.

4. POWER CONVERSION (A-C)

Primary d-c power is converted into a-c by solid state static inverters that provide 115/200-volt
400-cps 3-phase a-c power ip to 1250 volt-ampere each. A-C power is connected by motor
switch controls to two a-c buses for distribution to the a-c loads. One inverter has the capability
of supplying all spacecraft primary a-c power. One inverter can control both buses while the two
remaining inverters act as redundant sources. However, throughout flight, each bus is powered
by a separate inverter.

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It is important to know that inverter outputs cannot by phase synchronized, so interlocked

motorized switching circuits are incorporated to prevent the connection of two inverters to the
same bus.

5. POWER DISTRIBUTION
Power is distributed by the following buses:

 MAIN BUS A & B, powered bu the three fuel cells and/or entry & postlanding batteries
A,B and C
 SM BUS A & B through the main d-c buses
 BAT BUS A & B, powered by its respective entry & postlanding bettery A and B. Battery C
can power either or both buses if batteries A and/or B fail.
 BATTERY RELAY BUS, powered by entry & postlanding batteries through theur battery
buses.
 FLIGHT BUS, powered through both main d-c buses.
 FLIGHT/POSTLANDING BUS, powered through both main d-c buses, or directly by the
three entry and postlanding batteries, A, B an C.
 NONESS BUS 1 & 2, powered through either d-c main bus A or B.
 PYRO BUSES, isolated from the main electrical power system. Can be powered by the
entry batteries.

Distribution of d-c power is accomplished via two redundant d-c buses in the service module.
These are again connected to two redundant buses in the command module through a SM
deadface, the CSM umbilical, and a CM deadface. These are Main Bus A (MNA) and Main Bus B
(MNB).

Two other d-c buses exist for servicing non-essential loads (the non-essential buses), another
bus for servicing the inflight telecommunications equipment named the flight bus. Then we
have two battery buses for distribuing power to sequencers, gimbal motor controls, and
servicing the battery relay bus for power distribution switching. The last bus we have is the flight
and postlanding bus for servicing some communications equipment and the postlanding loads.

Three-phase ac is distributed via two redundant a-c buses, providing bus selection through
switches in the a-x operated component circuits.

Power to the lunar module (LM) is provided through two umbilicals witch are connected after
compeltion of transposition and docking (usually after the TLI phase of the mission).

A d-c snesing circuit monitors voltage on each amin d-c bus and an a-c sensing ciecuit monitors
voltage on each a-c bus. The d-c sensors provide an indication of an undervoltage (means that

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part of the energy sources is prividing less voltage than assumed) by illuminating a warning
light. The a-c sensors illumnate a warning light when high- or low-voltage limits are exceeded.

DC POWER

The MAIN BUSES (A & B) can be powered using the Fuel Cells and the Batteries. However, they
are primarly powered by the Fuel Cells. Each Fuel Cell can be connected to either or both Main
D-C Bus A and B.

The FUEL CELL MAIN BUS-switches

connects the Fuel Cell to the main d-c
buses. ON will connect the Fuel Cell with
the main bus selected. The center position
will arm the FC-BUS DISCONNECT light of
the caution & warning panel.

The talkback indicator indicates if the Fuel

Cell is connected to the selected main d-c
bus. Gray means it is connected while
barberpoled means it is disconnected.

The RESET switch controls the undervolt

circuit. Middle position means it is armed.
When armed, the sensor will illuminate the
MAIN BUS A/B UNDERVOLT warning light
and the MASTER ALARM. The UP/RESET
position will reset this and extinguish the
warning light. OFF will disarm the logic.

As meantiones earlier, the batteries can also power the main d-c buses. Battery Bus A can power
Main Bus A, and Battery Bus B can power Main Bus B. Battery Bus C can power either Main Bus A
or Main Bus B.

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The MAIN BUS TIE switches will connet the battery

bus to the main bus. If BAT A/C is ON, BAT BUS A
will be connected with MAIN BUS A and BATTERY
BUS C is connected to MAIN BUS B. If BAT B/C is
ON, the BAT BUS B will be connected to MAIN BUS
B and BUS C is connected to MAIN BUS A. Usually
BATTERY C is disabled so it won’t acctually power
the other bus (panel 275).

OFF will opens the bus tie and isolates the BAT BUS
and BAT C from MAIN BUS A/B.

AUTO will automatically switch to battery power in

case of an EDS-abort.
The MAIN A – BAT C cbs and the MAIN B – BAT C
on panel 275 enables or disabled the battery C
connection to the main bus selected above.

Backcurrent to the batteries are prevented using

diodes between the BATTERY BUS A/B, MAIN BUS
A/B and BAT C. There are no diodes that prevent
this between BAT and BAT BUS A/B. If BAT C is
connected a battery bus with BAT C TO BAT BUS
A/B cbs on panel 250, the respective battery has to
be disconnected from the bus. This is done by
opening the BAT A/B PWR ENTRY/POSTLANDING
circuit breaker to avoid damage to both of the
batteries.
Powers the BATTERY RELAY BUS. The Battery Relay
Bus powers the FUEL CELL MAIN BUS switches, FUEL
CELL RADIATOR switches, FUEL CELL REACTANT
swiches and the DC/AC sensing circuits

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The FLIGHT/POSTLANDING BUS is powered by both

MAIN BUSSES, both BAT BUSSES and BAT C over
diodes. Normally, the FLIGHT & POST LANDING - BAT
BUS A, - BAT BUS B and - BAT C cbs are open, so that
only both MAIN BUSSES power this bus. During earth
landing these cbs are closed, as both MAIN BUSSES are
powered down after splashdown. The
FLIGHT/POSTLANDING BUS powers the equipment
necessary after splashdown, e.g. postlanding vent, dye
marker, recovery bacon, VHF COM.

MONITORING

Monitoring over the electrical system is done over the DC AMPS-meter and DC VOLTS-meter.

Monitors the LOAD on the main buses, battery buses, the

fuel cells, battery C, the pyro batteries and the battery
charger.

Monitors the VOLTAGE on the main buses, battery buses,

the fuel cells, battery C, the pyro batteries and the battery
charger.

Selects what to monitor on the DC AMPs/VOLTs gauge.

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AC POWER

The AC busses provides a-c power to the spacecraft through inverters. Three inverters are
available. Inverter 1 is powered by MNA, Inverter 2 is powered by MNB, and inverter 3 is
powered by MNA or MNB. As mentioned earlier, only one inverter can be connected to an a-c
bus at the same time, this is mechanically protected.

The switches for controlling a-c power is located on MDC-3. D-C power to the inverters is
controlled by the AC INVERTER switches. As you can see in the image above, AC INVERTER 1 can
be either OFF or in MNA, AC inverter 2 can be OFF or in MNB, while Inverter 3 can be OFF, MNA
or MNB.

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The two bottom rows of switches controls the inverter outputs. It can only output power to one
AC bus at the time. UP will tie it to the selected bus, and down will disconnect it.

The inverters has temperature sensing, and the INV 1/2/3 TEMP HI warning light will illuminate
with a MASTER ALARM.

The RESET switch controls the over-/undervolt and overload circuit. Middle position means it is
armed. When armed, the sensor will illuminate the AC BUS 1/2 OVERLOAD warning light and the
MASTER ALARM. It will also illuminate the AC BUS 1/2 warning light with a MASTER ALARM
switch if an under- or overvoltage occures. The UP/RESET position will reset this and extinguish
the warning light. OFF will disarm the logic. The inverter powering the bus will be disconnected
during an overvoltage. Reset will then connect it again.

The AC VOLTS gauge will normally read 115

volts, indicated from each phase of the a-c
bus.

Selects what phase to monitor in the AC

VOLTS gauge

PYRO BATTERIES

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The two pyro batteries provides power to the pyrotechincs of the sequencer. When the
sequencer initiates a separation or jettison, the pyro batteries will charge the explosives needed.

The pyro batteries are powered by the PYRO A/B SEQ A/B
circuit breakers.

BAT BUS A/B TO PYRO BUS TIE circuit breaker will power the
respective pyro battery to the respective main d-c bus in
case one or both fail. The above circuit breaker (PYRO A/B
SEQ A/B) will need to be open for the pyro battery that you
want to disable before doing this. If not, both the batteries
will be damaged.

BATTERY CHARGER

There three main batteries (A,B and C) can be recharged by the battery charger. It uses d-c
power from both MNA and MNB, as well as a-c power from one if the d-c busses.

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The battery charges know selects what

battery to recharge.
Ensure there are no load on the battery
before recharging. Battery A can only be
recharged when the MAIN BUS TIE BAT A/C
switch is OFF, and Battery B can only be
recharged when the MAIN BUS TIE BAT B/C
switch is OFF. To recharge Battery C, both the
MAIN BUS TIE switches must be OFF.

The BAT CHGR switch selects what a-c bus

that should provide battery to it.

BAT RLY BUS – BAT A/B should be off when

recharging battery A/B to isolate it from the
loads on BAT RLY BUS.

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Using the d-c selector setting BAT CHARGER,

you can monitor the output voltage and
amperes of the battery charger. The inner
scale of the DC AMPS meter shows the
output amps, and is ranging from 0 to 5
amps.

The battery is fully charged when the output voltage of the battery currently charging reaches
39.8 volts. Set the BATTERY CHARGE selector to OFF as soon as possible when the battery is fully
charged.

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

D-C components are connected by following the chart below:

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A-C components are connected following the chart below:

6. INTERIOR LIGHTING
There are three control panels to control the lights, one is on MDC-5, another on MDC-8 and
another on LEB-100. These controls can dim the interior flood lights, integral instrument lights

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and the numerics.

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VI. ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL SYSTEM

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VI. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

SYSTEM
1. GENERAL
The ECS is in development.

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VII. SERVICE PROPULSION

SYSTEM

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VII. SERVICE PROPULSION SYSTEM

1. GENERAL
The service propulsion subsystem provides the impulse for all X-axis velocity changes (ΔVs)
throughout a mission and the SPS abort capability after the launch escape tower is jettisoned.
The SPS consists of a helium pressurization system, a propellant feed system, a propellant
gauging and utilization system, and a rocket engine.

The oxidizer is inhibited nitrogen tetroxide and the fuel is a blend hydrazine. The pressurizing
gas is helium. The restartable rocket engine has a nominal thrust of 20,500 lbs (91.2 kN) and can
be gimbaled using the Thurst Vector controls.

The SPS is used during ΔV burns required to change the trajectory. This is usually during mid-
course corrections while coasting towards the Moon, when breaking to reach Lunar orbit, or to
get back to Earth after being in Lunar orbit.

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2. PROPELLANT
The oxidizer and the fuel in the SPS is used to ignite and generate thrust in the SPS engine.

The total propellant supply is contained within four similar tanks; an oxidizer storage tank,
oxidizer sump tank, fuel storage tank, and fuel sump tank. The substance is directed from the
main tank to the sump tank, and then to the engine thrust chamber. A propellant utilization
valve is installed in the oxidizer line and is only powered during thrsuting or testing.

It is pressurized with Helium at 175 psi to push the substances into the engine thrust chamber.
The Helium valves can be controlled using the SPS He VLV A/B switches on MDC-3.

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The SPS He VLV talkback indicators show if the Helium

valves are open (gray) or closed (barberpole).

The switches controls the valves (1 for A, 2 for B). It can

be in AUTO, OFF or ON.
AUTO will control the valves automatically by the
thrsut on/off logic and is the normal position.
OFF will close the valve and ON will open it.

The SPS is designed to be very reliable, and is a critical instrument in the mission. It is the
primary method of getting home from Lunar Orbit.

PROPELLANT UTILIZATION & GAUGING SUBSYSTEM

The PUGS is used to monitor the propellant. The SPS has a

normal ratio of fuel:oxidizer at 1:1.6 initially. When both the fuel
and the oxidizer levels are the same, the system is balanced.

PUGS indicates the remaining fuel and oxidizer quantities, and

can control the fuel/oxidizer mix-ratio. The controls are located
on MDC-3.

The OXID UNBAL gauge shows the balance of the system. If it

reats 0, the system is balanced. This is the ratio between the
OXID and FUEL percentage above.

It is important that these are balanced.

If it is umbalanced, the OXID UNBAL gauge will indicate a value

on either the INCR or DECR side. Propellant utilization valves can be used to correct any
unbalacing. It will change the mixture-ratio to balance the system.

The valves are only powered during a burn or a system test. A primary and secondary valve
exists, and is controlled using the OXID FLOW VALVE PRIM/SEC valve (see image above).
Primary is the normal position.

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Looking at the OXID UNBAL gauge, if it shows anything on the INCR side, the OXID FLOW
VALVE MODE switch is set to INCR. This will increase the flow of oxidizer, and the upper OXID
FLOW VALVE talkback will indicate MAX. The Primary valve will increase the oxidizer ratio with
3% while the Secondary valve will increase it with 6%. It will take 3.5 seconds for this to take
effect.

If the gauge shows DECR, the OXID FLOW VALVE MODE switch is set to DECR. The logic is the
same as above, except that the fuel ratio will increase, and the ratio is either changed by 3.5% or
7%, and MIN will show in the lower talkback indicator.

PUGS TEST

The PUGS can be tested using the TEST switch. With PUGS MODE set to PRIM, TEST 1 the test
signal is applied to the system after 4 seconds. The fuel and oxidizer readouts are driven to an
increased reading at different rates, thus creating an unbalanced system on the INCR side. When
the test switch is returned to center, the change is fixed at that setting. TEST 2 will send a test
signal that after 4 seconds will drive the fuel and oxidizer readouts to a decreased reading. If
TEST 1 was performed prior, it will be driven back to what the values were before TEST 1 was
performed. If not, or it triggered again, TEST 2 will deacrease the umbalacing so it indicates a
DECR on the OXID UNBAL gauge. If this is done, TEST 1 needs to me performed to drive it back
to normal again.

With PUG MODE set to AUX, the above is the same except there are no time delays.

3. OPERATION
The SPS engine is a restartable engine and is the primary source of thrust after S-IVB separation.
There are two pairs of engine injector valves named the bipropellant valve system A/B. The
engine is ignited by opening one or both of these, and is shut down by closing the opened
valve(s). When opened, the engine will throttle at max thrust for the duration of the burn.

GETTING THE ENGINE READY

Each engine ignition requires nitrogen from the bipropellant valve system in use to start. At the
launchpad, this is filled to 2500 psia for each system. This will need to be at least 400 psi for the
system in use. In additoin, each ignition will require 50 psi of Nitrogen from the bipropellant
valve system A and/or B.

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The SPS instrumentaion

gauges on the upper part
of MDC-3 lets you see the
status of the SPS systems.
The He/N2 line can be
selected using the SPS
PRESS IND switch.
It can show the
temperature, Helium and
Nitrogen levels, and the
Fuel/Oxidizer levels. This is
located on MDC-3.

The SPS PRESS IND lets you

choose if the He/N2 gauge
above will display the
Helium or Nitrogen level of
either System A or System
B. This is located on MDC-
3.

Most of the controls to ignite the SPS engine is located on MDC-1.

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ΔV THRUST A/B switch is used to ARM the control

logic for the eninge injector valves A/B.

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The LVα/SPS Pc gauge shows the chamber pressure

if the LV/SPS IND switch below is in Pc.

During a burn this is normally 100 psi.

Controls the data displayed in the LVα/SPS Pc

gauge.

If the SPS propellant is less than 50%, the fuel might be floating around in the tank due to free
fall gravity. Therefore, before igniting the engine, the propellant needs to be settled down in the
tanks. This is done using the DIRECT ULLAGE button or using the forward translation thrusters.

DIRECT ULLAGE is found on MDC-1 and is used to fire the

rear thrusters to translate forward briefly. This is done just to
separate some distance or to settle the SPS propellant in the
tanks.

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IGNITING THE ENGINE

The engine is ignited in three different ways after being armed and ready:

- CMC ΔV mode is using the Command Module Computer to control the engine. The
Apollo Guidance Computer chapter will go through how to do this using Program 30
and Program 40.
- SCS ΔV mode uses the SCS to control the SPS engine. The SC CONT switch needs to be
in SCS, and the EMS needs to be in ΔV mode with the EMS ΔV/RANGE set to a number
above 0 ft/s. When this is set, the THRUST ON button is pressed to ignite the engine.

- SPS thrust direct on mode is the easiest way to fire the engine and is used as a backup.
The SPS THRUST switch is set to DIRECT ON to ignite the engine, and NORMAL to shut it
down.

THERMAL CONTROL

The propellant feed lines normal operating temperature should be between 27 °F and 100 °F.
The thermal control is controlled by heaters, and radiation to space. Two heaters are available,
heater A and heater B.

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If the temperature drops below 45 °F, the SPS LINE HTRS

is set to A/B or A. It is placed to OFF when the
temperature is 75 °F or above.

The position of the spacecraft relative to the sun affects the temperature as well. The spacecraft
can enter a Passive Thermal Control mode (PTC REFSMMAT) to roll at a slow and constant rate
during coasting.

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VIII. APOLLO GUIDANCE

COMPUTER

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VIII. APOLLO GUIDANCE COMPUTER

1. GENERAL
The Apollo Guidance Computer is a control computer located in the Command Module and the
Lunar Module, and is operated through two Display and Keyboard panels (DSKYs). One is
located on MDC-2 while the other is located next to the optics system. Both DSKYs control the
same computer.

The Computer located in the Command Module is generally referenced to as the Command
Module Computer (CMC). The CMC processes data and issues discrete control signals for both
the PGNCS and other systems.

It aids in solving guidance problems, and monitors many of the the spacecraft systems.

The CMC can control the Service Propulsion System as well, by providing ignition commands
(with input from the astronaut), can reorient the spacecraft to different attitudes, and display
important information to the astronaut.

The CMC can run one major mode (mission program) at a time. It is controlled by using
something called VERBs and NOUNs. A VERB is an action that is to be performed, like changing
the mission program, monitor data, change data etc. A NOUN is the location or register the
VERB (action) is being performed. For example, if the flight crew wish to run major mode 11,
they enter VERB 37 that means ACTION: CHANGE PROGRAM (MAJOR MODE), and NOUN 11
that means TO PROGRAM 11. This will basically run program 11, which is the boost/ascent
program used to monitor ascent velocity, acceleration etc.

It takes some time to understand this, but it will be easier once you know the basics and start
using it.

2. DISPLAY AND KEYBOARD

The DSKYs facilitate intercommunication between the flight crew and the CMC.

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The DSKYs have buttons for input, warning lights and a display. Below is a table with a short
description of each component.

DISPLAY

COMP ACTY light When illuminated, the CMC is occupied with

an internal sequence.
PROG display Shows the current major mode (mission
program) running on the computer.
VERB display Shows the current VERB being performed.
NOUN display Shows the current NOUN where the action
(VERB) is being performed.
REGISTER 1, 2 and 3 Three registers are used to display data from
a register or memory location. Different

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VERBs and NOUNs are used to show content

in the registers.

INDICATORS

UPLINK ACTY light Shows when the CMC received data remotely
from for example mission control.
NO ATT light Illuminated when the CMC don’t have an
attitude from the IMU. This usually happens
when the IMU is in a coarse align mode.
STBY light On when the CMC is in standby mode
KEY REL light Illuminates when the astronaut is using the
DSKY, the computer enters a mode where it
won’t interrupt the input. If the CMC desires
to display data during this, they KEY REL light
will illuminate/flash. This means the CMC has
data to show, but is waiting for you to
complete your session.
OPR ERR light Illuminates when an input error has
happened, like improper sequence of key
depressions.
TEMP light Illuminated when the IMU is outside its
operational temperature range of 126.3 to
134.3°F
GIMBAL LOCK Illuminated when the middle gimbal (yaw)
exceed +/- 70 degrees from its zero position.
This can require a realignment of the stable
platform.
PROG light Illuminated when the internal program
detects computational difficulties.
RESTART light Illuminates when the CMC detects a
temporary hardware or softwre failiure.
TRACKER light Illuminated when the CMC receives a signal
from the optics CDU indicating a failiure.

KEYBOARD

Numeric keys Ten numeric keys (0 – 9) is used to enter

numbers.
+ and - Sets the sign before a numerig register can
be entered.

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NOUN The next two numeric inputs will be for a

NOUN.
VERB The next two numeric inputs will be for a
VERB.
CLR Clears the current active input field. Used if a
numeric input mistake was made. If NOUN is
active, depressing this will clear the NOUN
fields and position the input position to the
beginning, same with a REGISTER etc.
ENTR Used to ENTER data into the registers, NOUN
or VERB fields. Will execute the requested
function.
PRO Proceed in a program, with or without data,
and go to the next program step.
KEY REL Will release the display from the flight crew to
the computer when the computer wish to
display data (KEY REL light)
RSET Extinguishes the DSKY caution indicators
9OPR ERR, PROG, RESTART, STBY and UPLINK
ACTY).

3. VERBS
Verbs and Nouns are used to talk with the computer, where each word is a digit. A verb code
decides what action is to be taken.

A DESCRIPTION OF EACH VERB

VERB DESCRIPTION
CODE
06 Display decimal in R1 or R1, R2 or R1, R2, R3
16 Monitor decimal in R1 or R1, R2 or R1, R2, R3
21 Load Component 1 into R1
Allows the flight crew to enter data into register 1. The noun decides what memory
location is bound th this register. ENTR will commit the data.
22 Load Component 2 into R2
Allows the flight crew to enter data into register 2. The noun decides what memory
location is bound th this register. ENTR will commit the data.
23 Load Component 3 into R3
Allows the flight crew to enter data into register 3. The noun decides what memory
location is bound th this register. ENTR will commit the data.
24 Load Component 1,2 into R1, R2

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Allows the flight crew to enter data into register 1 and 2. The noun decides what
memory location is bound th this register. ENTR will commit the data.
25 Load Component 1,2,3 into R1, R2, R3
Allows the flight crew to enter data into register 1, 2, and 3. The noun decides what
memory location is bound th this register. ENTR will commit the data.
35 Test lights
37 Change program (major mode)
46 Establish G & N autopilot control
49 Start automatic attitude maneuver
50 Please perform
75 Backup liftoff
78 Update prelaunch azimuth
82 Request Orbit Parameter display (R30)
96 Terminate integration and go to POO
99 Please enable Engine Ignition

4. NOUNS
A noun refers to locations, registers, devices or informations used/needed by the verb. Registers
are used to display information related to the noun. A noun can be made up of up th three
components. These are displayed in the three registers. A verb can be used to request an action
to enter data into each or all of the registers.

A DESCRIPTION OF EACH NOUN

NOUN DESCRIPTION FORMAT

CODE
17 Astronaut total attitude R XXX.XX deg
P XXX.XX deg
Y XXX.XX deg
18 Desired automaneuver FDAI ball angles R XXX.XX deg
P XXX.XX deg
Y XXX.XX deg
20 Present ICDU angles R(OG) XXX.XX deg
P(IG) XXX.XX deg
Y(MG) XXX.XX deg
22 Desired ICDU angles R(OG) XXX.XX deg
P(IG) XXX.XX deg
Y(MG) XXX.XX deg
25 CHECKLIST (used with N25) XXXXX.
29 XSM launch azimuth XXX.XX deg

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32 Time from Perigee 00XXX. h

000XX. min
0XX.XX s
33 Time of ignition (GETI) 00XXX. h
000XX. min
0XX.XX s
34 Time of event 00XXX. h
000XX. min
0XX.XX s
35 Time from event 00XXX. h
000XX. min
0XX.XX s
36 Time of AGC clock 00XXX. h
000XX. min
0XX.XX s
40 Time from ignition/cutoff (TFI/TFC) XXbXX min/s
VG XXXX.X ft/s
Delta V (accumulated) XXXX.X ft/s
42 Apocenter altitude XXXX.X nmi
Pericenter altitude XXXX.X nmi
Delta V (required) XXXX.X ft/s
44 Apocenter altitude XXXX.X nmi
Pericenter altitude XXXX.X nmi
TFF XXbXX min/s
45 Marks (VHF/optics) XXbXX marks
Time from ignition of next burn XXbXX min/s
Middle gimbal angle XXX.XX deg
60 GMAX XXX.XX g
VPRED XXXXX. ft/s
GAMMA El XXX.XX deg(+above)
61 Impact
Latitude XXX.XX deg(+north)
Longitude XXX.XX deg(+east)
Heads up/down +/- 00001
62 Inertial velocity magnitude XXXXX. ft/s
Altitude rate XXXXX. ft/s
Altitude above pad radius XXXX.X nmi
63 Range from EI altitude to splash XXXX.X nmi
Predicted Interial Velocity XXXXX. ft/s
Time of EI altitude XXbXX min/s
64 Drag acceleration XXX.XX g
Inertial velocity XXXXX. ft/s
Range to splash XXXX.X nmi (+ is overshoot)

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66 Commanded bank angle XXX.XX deg

Crossrange error XXXX.X nmi (+ south)
Downrange error XXXX.X nmi (+ overshoot)
67 Range to target XXXX.X nmi (+ overshoot)
Present latitude XXX.XX (+ north)
Present longitude XXX.XX (+ east)
68 Commanded bank angle XXX.XX deg
Inertial velocity XXXXX. ft/s
Altitude rate XXXXX. ft/s
69 Commanded bank angle XXX.XX deg
Drag level XXX.XX g
Exit velocity XXXXX. ft/s
74 Commanded bank angle XXX.XX deg
Inertial Velocity XXXXX. ft/s
Drag acceleration XXX.XX g
81 Delta VX (LV) XXXX.X ft/s
Delta VY (LV) XXXX.X ft/s
Delta VZ (LV) XXXX.X ft/s

5. OPERATION
The VERB and NOUN combinations are used to operate the computer. Referring to the lists
above, you can start talking with the computer using its language.

For example, if you wish to display a decimal in the register(s) from a noun, you use Verb 06. If
you want to display the data from the current total attitude of the spacecraft, you use Noun 17.

To let the computer know your intention, you first depress the VERB button, then followed by
two numerics, 0 and 6. Then you depress NOUN button, followed by two numerics, 1 and 7.
When you are ready to execute, you depress the ENTR button.

The input sequence above is then the following:

VERB 0 6 NOUN 1 7 ENTR

Once ENTR is pressed, register 1 will show the ROLL, register 2 will show the PITCH and register
3 will show the YAW. Each register is either positive or negative, and will always consit of five
digits. You will always see the sign and the five digits, no matter what the format of the numer
really is. In this case, the format is that each register is a decimal numer with two decimals:
XXX.XX, so if register 1 (R1) reads +04510, the current roll of the spacecraft is +045.10.

Each noun controls the format of the register, and the format each register within a given noun
can be different. The first register in a oun can for example be XXX.XX, the second XXXXX (whole

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number, integer), and the third can be XXXX.X. Time can some times be displayd using the
following format: XX0XX where the first two XX is the minutes, and the last two XX is the
seconds. So if for example a NOUN wants to display the time for a burn in register 1, R1 can
look like this: 16045, meaning the burn is 16 minutes and 45 seconds away.

When you tell the computer you wish to enter data into the registers using Verb 21 to 25, or
change the NOUN or VERB using the pushbuttons, the active input field will blank.

It is normal for checklists to use a shortened form to communicate with the computer. Looking
at the above example:
VERB 0 6 NOUN 1 7 ENTR

This is nomrally shortened to V06N17E.

When a verb-noun combination or program wants you to input data, the verb and noun fields
are usually flashing, meaning you can change the data using V21 to V25, or proceed without
changes.

6. MAJOR MODES
There are many major modes that the computer can run. There are different major modes for
the different phases of the mission, so it is also normally referred to as a mission program.

A major mode can for example be used to prepare and execute the TLI burn, set up an SPS burn,
monitor and handle setup, ascent etc, and much more.

The major modes each follow a program much like a normal executable on a PC. A major mode
can request the astronaut to validate/change data, and use this as input to calculation and
routines. A major mode is using verb-noun combinations to go through its intended flow, as
well as internal routines (functions) for calculations.

Another example of a major mode is to prepare for reentry. Reentry is a complex process and
requires a lot of setup and calculations. The entire entry sequence consits of many major modes,
usually referred to as the 60’s. Major Mode 61 (program 61, P61) will ask for entry parameters
used for calculations, 62 will account for CM/SM separation and maneuvering, 63 will initialize
the CM entry and wait for 0.05g deceleration, and 64 will use the velocity to select what other
P60’s to execute before the final descent using P67.

PHASE PROGRAM TITLE

Pre-launch & 00 Idle program
service
01 Prelaunch or Service-Initialization

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02 Prelaunch or Service-Gyrocompassing
06 AGC Power Down
11 Earth Orbit Insertion Monitor
30 External Delta V
40 SPC
61 Entry-Preparation
62 Entry-CM/SM Separation and Preentry Maneuver
63 Entry-Initialization
64 Entry-Post 0.05G
65 Entry-Upcontrol
66 Entry-Ballistic
67 Entry-Final Phase

7. CHECKLIST REFERNECE (V50N25)

Verb 50 means Please Peform: and V 25 means Checklist. V50N25 will show the checklist that
needs to be perfomed in R1. The following is a table contains all the checklists:

CODE CHECKLIST
00013 Perform coarse alignment
00014 Key in fine alignment option
00015 Perform celestial body acquisition
00016 Key in Terninate Mark sequence
00017 Perform MIN KEY rendezvous sequence
00020 Perform MINKEY PC pulse torquing
00041 Switch CM/SM separation to UP
00062 Key in AGC power down
00202 Perform GNCS automatic maneuver
00204 Perform SPS gimbal trim

NOTES:
Switch-denotes change position of a console switch.
Perform-denotes start or end of a task.
Key In-denotes key-in of data through tl)e DSKY.

8. ALARM CODES (V05N09)

If an alarm code is present, relevant alarm code is visible in V05N09. Below is a list of what they
mean.

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CODE PURPOSE SET BY

00213 IMU not operating with turn-on request T4RUPT

9. PROGRAMS
The following section will go into each program in detail. This includes the purpose and
assumptions of the program, as well as the sequence of events.

P00 – CMC IDLING PROGRAM

Purpose:

1. To maintain the CMC in a condition of readiness for entry into other programs.
2. To update the CSM and LM state vectors every four time steps.

Assumptions:

1. This program is automatically selected by V96E, which may be done during any
program. State vector integration is permanently inhibited following V96E. Normal
integration functions will resume after selection of any program or extended verb.
POO integration will resume when POO is reselected. Usage of V96 can cause
incorrect W-matrix and state vector synchronization.
2. Program changes are inhibited during integration periods and program alarm 15208
will occur if a change is attempted when inhibited.

Sequence of Events:

V37E00E

V06N38E

Optional Display

V06N38 Time of State Vector Being Integrated 00XXX h

000XX min

0XX.XX s

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P01 – PRELAUNCH OR SERVICE-INITIALIZATION PROGRAM

Purpose:

1. To initialize the platform for the prelaunch programs.

2. To provide an initial stable member orientation for Gyrocompas.sing (P02).

Assumptions:

1. Erasable locations have been properly initialized. (Azimuth, +1; Latitude, +1;
LAUNCHAZ, +1; IMU compensation parameters).

Sequence of Events:

V37E01E

No Att Light - ON, then OFF. Initializes the system and coarse aligns the platform to the
desired orientation. AGC advances to P02.

P02 – PRELAUNCH OR SERVICE-GYROCOMPASSING PROGRAM

Purpose:

1. To provide the proper stable member orientation for launch.

Assumptions:

1. This program may be interrupted to perform the Prelaunch or Service-Optical

Verification of Gyrocompassing program (P03).
2. V75 will be keyed in and displayed during this program to permit crew backup of the
liftoff discrete.
3. The program is automatically selected by the Initialization program (P01).
4. This program has the capability (via V78E) to change the launch azimuth of the
stable member while gyrocompassing.

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Sequence of Events:

P02 entered automatically from P01.

Vertical erect for 640 seconds (90 in the Reentry Simulator), then gyrocompass.

V78E Optional entry if launch azimuth change is desired.

Flashing XSM Launch Azimuth XXX.XX deg
V06N29

V21E Enter new launch azimuth.

Vertical erect for 320 seconds, then gyrocompass.

V75E Optional at Liftoff if automatic Liftoff discrete is not received.

AGC advances to P11 at liftoff.

P06 – CMC POWER DOWN PROGRAM

Purpose:

1. To transfer the CMC from the operate to the standby condition

Assumptions:

1. If the computer power is switched off, the AGC Update program (P27) would have to
be done to update the state vector and computer clock time.
2. The AGC is capable of maintaining an accurate value of ground elapsed time (GET)
for only 23 hours when in the Standby mode. If the AGC is not brought out of the
standby condition to the running condition at least once within 23 hours, the AGC
value of GET must be updated.
3. Once the program has been selected, the AGC must be put in Standby. When P06
appears, the AGC will not honor a new program request (V37E XXE). a terminate
(V34E). or an ENTER in response to the request for standby.

Sequence of Events:

V37E06E

Flashing Checklist Code 00062

V50N25

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Power down AGC.

If IMU power off desired – cb IMU Operate - OPEN

PRO Until Standby light on.

TURN-ON

Standby light on.

PRO Until Standby light off.

Flashing
V37

00E Select P00

If IMU power up desired – cb IMU Operate – CLOSE
No Att light for 90 seconds

P11 – EARTH ORBIT INSERTION MONITOR PROGRAM

Purpose:

1. To indicate to the astronaut that the AGC has received the liftoff discrete.
2. To generate an attitude error indication on the F DAI error needles, scaled for the
50/15 setting; from liftoff to the beginning of pitchover/rollout the attitude error is
equal to the difference between the current vehicle attitude and the attitude stored
at liftoff. During pitchover/rollout the attitude error is equal to the difference
between the current vehicle attitude and the AGC nominal computation of vehicle
attitude based on the stored polynomials in pitch and roll.
3. To display AGC computed trajectory parameters.
4. AGC takeover of Saturn during Boost.
a. Automatic Controi-F irst Stage Only: should the saturn platform fail the
astronaut may set the LV Guidance Switch to the CMC position. This stores
the current attitude errors as a bias. The Attitude Error routine for each cycle
thereafter will compute the attitude error, subtract the bias, and transmit the
difference information to the Saturn Instrumentation Unit (IU) for steering.

b. Manual Control-The astronaut may select the Saturn stick function via V46E
(DAP configuration == 3). This will terminate the Attitude Error routine.

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Assumptions:

1. The program is normally automatically selected by the Gyrocompassing program

(P02) when the AGC receives the liftoff discrete from the Sl VB. In the backup case it
would have been selected by keying in V75 ENTER.
2. The orbit parameter display routine is available by keying in V82E.

Sequence of Events:

V75 Enter is not keyed unless the liftoff discrete fails and P11 does not start automatically.

P11 displayed - Average G on.

V06N62 Inertial Velocity Magnitude XXXXX. ft/s

Altitude Rate XXXXX. ft/s
Altitude XXXX.X nmi

Pitch/roll polynomial start at liftoff +11.85 seconds.

Terminate polynomial at liftoff +161.35 seconds.

V82E Orbital parameter display.

Flashing Apogee Altitude XXXX.X nmi

V16N44 Perigee Altitude XXXX.X nmi
TFF XXbXX min/s

PRO

V37E00E
Average G off. P00 is selected.

V46E While in P11 will terminate polynomial computations and enable the RHC to steer the
Saturn vehicle through the AGC interface .

P30 – EXTERNAL DELTA V PROGRAM

Purpose:

1. To accept targeting parameters obtained from a source(s) external to the AGC and
compute therefrom the required velocity and other initial conditions required by the

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AGC for execution of the desired maneuver. The targeting parameters inserted into
the AGC are the time of ignition (TlG) and the impulsive dV along CSM local vertical
axes at TIG.
2. To provide an initial stable member orientation for Gyrocompas.sing (P02).

Assumptions:

1. Target parameters (TIG and dV(LV)) may have been loaded from the ground during a
prior execution of P27
2. External Delta V flag is set during the program to designate to the thrusting program
that external Delta V steering is to be used.

Sequence of Events:

V37E30E

Flashing Ground Elapsed Time of Ignition (TIG) 00XXX. H

V06N33 000XX. Min
0XX.XX s

V25E to load desired TlG.

PRO

Flashing Impulsive Delta V at TIG X XXXX.X

V06N81 in Local Vertical Coordinates Y XXXX.X
Z XXXX.X

V25E to load desired Delta V.

PRO

Flashing Apogee/Apolune Altitude XXXX.X nmi

V06N42 Perigee/Perilune Altitude XXXX.X nmi
Magnitude of Delta V at TlG XXXX.X nmi

PRO

Flashing Mark Counter (VHF-Optics) XXbXX marks

V16N45 Time from Ignition (TFI) XXbXX min/s
Middle Gimbal Angle at TIG with XXX.XX deg
Vehicle +X Axis in Direction of Thrust

If the REFSMMAT flag is reset (that is, the IMU is not aligned) MGA will equal -00002.

PRO

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V37E00 Enter Idling program

P40 – SPS PROGRAM

Purpose:

1.
2.

Assumptions:

1.

Sequence of Events:

Asdfg

NOTE, ENTER is switched to PRO in my game after V50

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P61 – ENTRY-PREPARATION PROGRAM

Purpose:

1.
2.

Assumptions:

1.

Sequence of Events:

Asdfg

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P62 – ENTRY-CM/SM SEPARATION AND PREENTRY MANEUVER

PROGRAM
Purpose:

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1.
2.

Assumptions:

1.

Sequence of Events:

asdfg

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P63 – ENTRY-INITIALIZATION PROGRAM

Purpose:

1.
2.

Assumptions:

1.

Sequence of Events:

Asdfg

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P64 – ENTRY-POST 0.05 G PROGRAM

Purpose:

1.
2.

Assumptions:

1.

Sequence of Events:

asdfg

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P65 – ENTRY-UPCONTROL PROGRAM

Purpose:

1.
2.

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Assumptions:

1.

Sequence of Events:

asdfg

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P66 – ENTRY-BALLISTIC PROGRAM

Purpose:

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1.
2.

Assumptions:

1.

Sequence of Events:

asdfg

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P67 – ENTRY-FINAL PHASE PROGRAM

Purpose:

1.
2.

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Assumptions:

1.

Sequence of Events:

asdfg

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IX. CAUTION & WARNING

SYSTEM

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IX. CAUTION & WARNING SYSTEM

1. GENERAL
The Caution and Warning System (C&WS) is the christmas tree warning light panel in MDC-2
and should be monitored frequently. It monitors critical parameters of most of the sysmtes on
the CM and SM.

The C&WS uses warning lights with a labeled text indicating what system throws the warning.
Each light is illuminated due to a failiure or an unusual condition. Each warning light is different,
and has to be turned off either using a reset switch, or to correct the contition. A MASTER
ALARM is usually also triggerd with a warning light to drive the attention to the CnWS panel.

Two power systems (1/2) power the C&WS.

2. OPERATION
The C&WS can be controlled using the switches on MDC-2.

Below is a description of each control:

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NORMAL will trigger all the MASTER ALARM indicators when

an error occurs. BOOST will disable the left-hand MASTER
ALARM to not disturb the commander and confuse it with an
abort. In ACK, the C&WS lights are only visible while pressing
the MASTER ALARM button.

The CSM mode enables monitoring of the Service Module and

the Command Module. CM monitors the Command Module
only. This switch needs to be set to CM before CSM
separation.

The POWER switch lets you choose what power supply you
wish to use for the C&WS.

The lamp test is used to test the C&WS lights. 1 tests the left
side and 2 tests the right side and center disables the test.

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The following procedure can be used to test the lights:

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3. WARNINGS & CRITICAL PARAMETERS

The following section contains a description of each warning light.

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X. DOCKING & TRANSFER

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X. DOCKING & TRANSFER

1. GENERAL
Docking is needed to extract the Lunar Module from the S-IVB after TLI and when rendezvoising
with the Lunar Module after Lunar Ascent. A docking probe is used to attach the Command
Module to the Lunar Module.

TRANSPOSITION AND DOCKING

The T&D starts after TLI. The the CSM is separated from the S-IVB, docking is achieved by
maneuvering the CSM close enough so that the extended probe engages with the drogue in the
LM. When the probe engages the drouge with the use of the capture latches, the probe retract
system is activated to pull the LM and CSM together.

Upon retraction, the LM tunnel ring will activate the 12 automatic docking ring latches on the
CM and effect a pressure seal between the modules through the two seals in the CM docking
ring face. After the two vehicles are docked, the pressure in the tunnel is equalized from the CM
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through a pressure equalization valve. The CM forward hatch is removed and the actuation of all
12 latches is verified. The vehicle umbilicals supply power to release the LM from the SLA.

The SIVB/LM SEP switch will trigger the extraction of the LM.
Using springs, the LM and CSM will be pushed away from the S-
IVB (and vice versa). This switch is located on MDC-2.

The CSM/LM will then continue onwards.

Once in Lunar Orbit, the tunnel is repressurized and a passageway between the two is available.
If the pressure between them is equal, the tunnel can be opened and the crew can enter the LM
cokcpit. Using the UI next to the LM entrance, you can open the passage and enter the Lunar
Module. Doing this will change the activa spacecraft from the CM to the LM. Controls to quickly
switch between the two is available if both spacecrafts are active.

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When ready to separate the LM, two crewmen will enter the LM and prepare it before sealing
the entrance and separating them.

The separation is initiated using the EXTEND RELEASE/RETRACT

switch on MDC-2. If places into EXTEND/RELEASE position, the
probe is extended and the LM is released from the CSM.

The LM continues on in its own orbit, and by controlling the Lunar Module, it can land on the
Moon.

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After performing some EVAs on the Moon, the ascent stage is launched back into orbit around
the Moon to rendezvous with the CSM.

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Once docked, the LM ascent stage is released and the SPS is used to return to Earth after the
Transearth Injection.

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2. OPERATION
Docking is achieved using the docking probe. The docking probe is the system that connects the
Lunar Module with the CSM. When docking is detecting, it will retract and seal the connection.

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The docking probe is controlled using the following panel on MDC-2.

The A and B talkback indicators indicates if the probe is ready for capture. When gray, it is
extended and ready to capture, or if it is retracted. Barberpoled means it is in transition between
the two states. It usually takes 30 seconds. Two systems can retract and extend the probe,
named A and B.

The retraction switch is used to either EXTEND or RETRACT the system before a docking.

Two systems can retract or extend each of the A or B systems, PRIM and SEC.

3. DOCKING PROCEDURES
The following section will contain the basic procedures needed to perform transposition and
docking. You should also use the EMS to see exaclty the maneuvering speeds needed, as well as
the ASCP to set the attitude so the SCS can provide point-to directions. These will be covered
below the basic procedures.

CSM SEPARATION FROM SIVB

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1) Set DOCK PROBE to EXTEND

2) Verify that the SM RCS logic is enabled and working.
3) Ensure the sequencer logic (SECS LOGIC) is enabled and set to ARM.
4) To separate from the SIVB, depress the CSM/LB pushbutton

TRANSPOSITION

1) Once the CSM is separated from the SIVB, it is floating in-front of it. Use the RCS SM
thrusters in the forward direction to move away from it (slowly).
2) After clearing the SIVB, perform a 180 degree turnaround to face the SIVB.
3) Use the COAS on the left window to target the LM. It can be put in position by using the
COMMUNICATION/TOOLS by pressing [C] on the Keybaord, then press the COAS button

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just below the COAS on the window.

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4) Using the COAS, you can now align the Lunar Module in-front of you using the target.

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5) Look for a small target on the Lunar Module.

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6) This target needs to be aligned with the COAS sight.

7) The target on the Lunar Module consists of two parts, one white and one red. The white
line needs to be aligned with the red lines in both axes. This means the spacecraft is
aligned in terms of attitude/direction as well.
8) If the alignment looks like below, it is out of alignment. Notice the white dots does not
align with the red dots on the Y-axis/UP-axis. This means you are pitched wrong. Modify

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the pitch and translate up to align the error below.

9) When target is aligned, and centered in the COAS, keep translating forward until the
docking is complete.

DOCKING

1) Once you are docked with the Lunar Module, you are once again part of the SIVB stage.
2) RETRACT the DOCK PROBE

EXTRACTING THE LUNAR MODULE

1) The Lunar Module is still stuck in the SIVB.

2) Set the SIVB/LM SEP switch to the UP position to free the Lunar Module from the SIVB.

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3) Immeadiately when released, fire the SM RCS thrusters so you back away from the SIVB,
extracting the Lunar Module from the SIVB.
4) You are now free from the SIVB, and the SIVB will take it’s own path to crash into the
surface of the Moon.

USING THE EMS FOR T&D

Asd

USING THE ASCP FOR T&D

asd

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XI. SEQUENTIAL SYSTEMS

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XI. SEQUENTIAL SYSTEMS

1. GENERAL
The Sequential Events Control Subsystem (SECS) controls many of the sequential requiremnets
of the CSM and the LV. They are utilized during launch preparations, ascent, and entry portions
of a mission, preorbital aborts, early mission terminations, dicking maneuvers, and SC separation
sequences.

Many of the events are initiated manually, while some automatically with manual backup.

2. OPERATION
The SECS is operated from MDC-8:

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The logic controls are enabled by moving SECS LOGIC 1

and 2 to the UP position, while main power is enabled
suing the SECS LOGIC A and B cbs.

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3. LAUNCH ESCAPE SYSTEM

The Launch Escape System (LES) is attached to the top of the Command Module during ascent,
and is jettisoned when no longer needed.

A boost protective cover (BPC) protects the Command Module from the boosters of the LES and
the ascent itself. The Launch Escape Tower (LET) stands on the BPC.

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The Launch Escape Motor is used to separate the entire Command Module en the event of an
Abort in the early stage of the boost ascent phase. The Tower Jettison Motor is used to separate
the LET from the CM during ascent when it’s no longer needed.

3.1. OPERATING THE LES

The LES is an automatic system, but provides manual control too.

The TWR JETT switches controls the two

redundant systems on tower jettison. AUTO is
fully automatic, while OFF will disable the jettison
system so the crew can manually jettison it. UP
will trigger the jettison. Only one system needs to
trigger the jettison to jettison the tower.

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The LES MOTOR FIRE switch will manually fire the

Launch Escape Motor manually.

2. EARTH LANDING SYSTEM

The Earth Landing System (ELS) is the system responsible for landing the crew safely back on
Earth. The ELS consists of eigth parachutes (three main chutes, two drogues, and three pilot
chutes), and the mortars to deploy them.

The Apex Cover is used to protect the ELS during ascent and flight. It needs to be removed for
the ELS to function.

The drogues are used to slow the capsule down and stabilize it before the mains are released

The main chutes are used to slow the capsule down to a speed designed to safely land the crew
in the ocean.

For a safe recovery, the helium from the RCS needs to be removed during landing.

2.1. OPERATING THE ELS

The ELS contains an ELS LOGIC system that can automatically or manually. The ELS requires the
SECS and Pyros to be powered.

The ELS is controlled using the following controls:

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The ELS LOGIC switch needs to be UP to enable the logic of the ELS
system. ELS AUTO/MAN will select if you want to land using
automatic controlls or manual controls.

The manual controls are APEX COVER JETT, DROGUE DEPLOY, MAIN
DEPLOY and CM RCS He DUMP. Trigger the respective button to
perform the manual step.

The APEX COVER JETT will jettison the Apex Cover/Forward Heat-
shield from the Command Module, exposing the parachutes.
The DROGUE DEPLOY will deploy the drogue parachuts.
The MAIN DEPLOY will deploy the main parachutes.
The CM RCS He DUMP will dump the tockig Helium gas from the CM
RCS.

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3. PROCEDURES
The ELS starts its main activites at 50,000 feet and less, just after the re-entry is complete.
Activating the ELS during re-entry can be catastrophic as you release part of the heat shield.

The ELS is automatic, but manual control can be used. For manual control, the following
EARTH/POST LANDING checklist should be followed.

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3. PYROTECHNICS
The pyros are the explosive devices used to jettison components, and perform staging. They
work with a small explosive with a wire connected to the pyro bus. Providing electrical power to
these wires, they will heat up and trigger the explosion.

Operating the pyros is simple.

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Two switches named PYRO ARM will ARM the pyros. It

requires the pyro bus to be powered by either the pyro
batteries or the main batteries.
The charge will usually last a few moments while the
pyro bus provides energy to the wires. These are located
on MDC-8.

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XII. TIMERS

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XII. TIMERS
1. GENERAL
The Mission Timer and Event Timers can be seen and controlled on MDC-1 and MDC-2. The
Mission Timer is used to show the elapsed time since liftoff and the Event Timer is used either
automatically or manually to count up/down between events. Think of it like a stopwatch.

2. MISSION ELAPSED TIMER

The Mission Elapsed Timer (MET) is located on MDC-2 and counts upwards from launch. It can
be controlled using the following controls:

It displays hours, up to 999, minutes and seconds. The HOURSE, MIN and SEC switches can set
the time manually. TENS will move the amount up by 10 units, while UNITS will move it up by 1
unit.

This is usually left alone.

3. EVENT TIEMR
The Event Timer is a tool you can use to measure time to an event, both couting up or down.

The timer is seen on MDC-1 and shows minutes and seconds

only.

At liftoff this is set to 00:00 and starts counting up. It can be controlled with the following tools.

The timer can be controlled my the EVENT TIMER switches on MDC-1:

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The RESET/UP/DOWN switch controls the direction. RESET will stop and reset the timer, UP
will make it count up and DOWN will make it count down.
STOP will pause the timer and START will continue the timer. MIN/SEC will set the time just as
the Mission Elapsed Timer.

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