FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: [email protected]

HCMC— 2018.
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OUTLINE

1 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

2 QUADRIC SURFACES

3 MATL AB

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 Functions of Several Variables Real World

EXAMPLE 1.1
The temperature T at a point on the surface
of the earth at any given time depends on the
longitude x and latitude y of the point. So T
is a function of the 2 variables x, y and we
denote it by T = f (x, y).
EXAMPLE 1.2
The volume V of a circular cylinder depends
on its radius R and its height h according to
the formula V = πR2h. So V is a function of R
and h.
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 Functions of Several Variables Functions of Two Variables

DEFINITION 1.1
A function f of two variables
f : D ⊂ R2 → R
(x, y) 7−→ z = f (x, y)

1
The set D is the domain of f and is
denoted by D(f ).
2
The set of values that f takes on
E = {z, ∃(x, y) ∈ D : z = f (x, y)} is called range
of f and is denoted by E(f ).
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 Functions of Several Variables Functions of Two Variables

Domain and range of function of two

variables

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 Functions of Several Variables Functions of Two Variables

EXAMPLE 1.3
y
Find the domain of function f (x, y) = arcsin ·
x
y
The function is defined if −1 É É 1 and
x
x 6= 0. So the domain
" of f is defined by the
−x É y É x, x > 0
inequalities
x É y É −x, x < 0

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 Functions of Several Variables Functions of Two Variables

EXAMPLE 1.4
Find thepdomain and range of function
f (x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2
1
The domain of f (x, y) is
n o n o
2 2 2 2
D = (x, y) : 9−x −y Ê 0 = (x, y) : x +y É 9

2
The range of f (x, y) is
n q o
E = z : z = 9 − x2 − y 2 , (x, y) ∈ D =
n o
= z : 0 É z É 3 = [0, 3]
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 Functions of Several Variables Functions of Two Variables

p
Domain of f (x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2

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 Functions of Several Variables Graphs of functions of two variables

The graph of a function f of two variables is

a surface S with equation z = f (x, y).

The graph of a function of two variables

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 Functions of Several Variables Graphs of functions of two variables

EXAMPLE 1.5
Sketch the graph of the function
2
−y 2
z = f (x, y) = e−x .

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 Functions of Several Variables Level Curves

DEFINITION 1.2
The level curves of a function z = f (x, y) are
the curves with equation f (x, y) = k, where
k ∈ E(f ) is a constant.

The relation between level curves and

horizontal traces

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 Functions of Several Variables Level Curves

World mean sea-level temperatures in

January in degrees Celsius.

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 Functions of Several Variables Level Curves

EXAMPLE 1.6
Sketch thep level curves of the function
f (x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2 , for the values k = 0, 1, 2, 3.

The level curves are

q
9 − x2 − y 2 = k ⇒ x2 + y 2 = 9 − k 2 .

This is a family of concentric

p circles with
center (0, 0) and radius 9 − k2 for the values
k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
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 Functions of Several Variables Level Curves

p
HÌNH: Contour map of f (x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2 , where k = 0, 1, 2, 3.

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 Functions of Several Variables Functions of n variables

DEFINITION 1.3
A function of n variables
f : D ⊂ Rn → R

(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) 7−→ f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )

or u = f (x1, x2, . . . , xn).
EXAMPLE 1.7
The temperature T at a point on the surface of the
earth depends on the longitude x and latitude y of the
point and on the time t. So we can write T = f (x, y, t).

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 Quadric Surfaces Ellipsoid

ELLIPSOID

x2 y 2 z2
+ + = 1, (a, b, c ∈ R)
a2 b2 c2

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 Quadric Surfaces Elliptic Paraboloid

ELLIPTIC PARABOLOID

x2 y 2
z= 2+ 2
a b

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 Quadric Surfaces Hyperbolic Paraboloid

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

x2 y 2
z= 2− 2
a b

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 Quadric Surfaces Hyperboloid

HYPERBOLOID

x2 y 2 z2
Hyperboloid of one sheet 2 + 2 − 2 = 1
a b c

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 Quadric Surfaces Hyperboloid

HYPERBOLOID

x2 y 2 z2
Hyperboloid of two Sheets 2 + 2 − 2 = −1
a b c

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 Quadric Surfaces Cylinders

CYLINDERS

x2 y 2
Elliptic Cylinder 2 + 2 = 1, z ∈ R
a b

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 Quadric Surfaces Cylinders

CYLINDERS

Parabolic Cylinder y 2 = 2px, z ∈ R

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 Quadric Surfaces Cone

CONE

x2 y 2 z2
+ =
a2 b2 c2

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 Quadric Surfaces Applications of Quadric Surfaces

APPLICATIONS OF QUADRIC SURFACES

Circular Paraboloids are used to collect and

reflect light, sound, and radio and television
signals.
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 Quadric Surfaces Applications of Quadric Surfaces

Cooling towers for nuclear reactors are

usually designed in the shape of
hyperboloids of one sheet for reasons of
structural stability.
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 MatLab Rectangular grid in 2-D space

[X , Y ] = meshgrid(x, y)

replicates the grid vectors x and y to

produce a full grid.
Example. x = [−1 0 1]; y = [−2 − 1 0 1 2];
[X , Y ] = meshgrid(x, y).
−1 0 1 −2 −2 −2
−1 0 1 −1 −1 −1
X = −1 0 1 ,Y = 0 0 0
−1 0 1 1 1 1
−1 0 1 2 2 2
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 MatLab Rectangular grid in 2-D space

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 MatLab Mesh, surf, surfc

mesh(X,Y,Z), surf(X,Y,Z),
surfc(X,Y,Z) (surface with level curves)
Example.
x = linspace(0, 2 ∗ pi, 50); y = linspace(0, pi, 50);
[X , Y ] = meshgrid(x, y);
Z = sin(X ). ∗ cos(Y + pi/2);
mesh(X , Y , Z) (or surf (X , Y , Z) or surfc(X , Y , Z))
xlabel(0 x0 ); ylabel(0 y 0 ); zlabel(0 z0 );
axis([0 2 ∗ pi 0 pi − 1 1])

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 MatLab Mesh, surf, surfc

Sketch graph³ of the surface

π´
z = sin(x) cos y + using mesh
2
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 MatLab Mesh, surf, surfc

Sketch graph ³ ofπthe

´ surface
z = sin(x) cos y + using surf
2
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 MatLab Mesh, surf, surfc

Sketch graph³ ofπthe

´ surface
z = sin(x) cos y + using surfc
2
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 MatLab Sketch level curves using Contour, Contourf

Contour(X,Y,Z) or Contourf(X,Y,Z),
Example.
x = linspace(0, 2 ∗ pi, 30); y = linspace(0, pi, 30);
[X , Y ] = meshgrid(x, y);
Z = sin(X ). ∗ cos(Y + pi/2);
c = contour(X , Y , Z, [−1 : .1 : −0.1 0.1 : .1 : 1]);
clabel(c, [−1 : .2 : 1]);
xlabel(0 x0 ); ylabel(0 y 0 );
title(0 Contour of z = sin(x). ∗ cos(y + pi/2)0 );

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 MatLab Sketch level curves using Contour, Contourf

Sketch level ³curves of the surface

π´
z = sin(x) cos y + using contour
2
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 MatLab Sketch level curves using Contour, Contourf

c=contourf(X,Y,Z,[-1:0.1:-0.1 0.1:0.1:1],’–k’);

Sketch level³curves of the surface

π´
z = sin(x) cos y + using contourf
2
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 MatLab Sketch level curves using Contour, Contourf

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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