Subject: Practical Research 1

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Girlie C. Jimenez

MODULE 6

Dear Student,

Welcome to the PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 Course offered by The

University of the Cordilleras, Integrated School, Senior High School. This
course module emphasizes on self-directed, research-based, and
outcome-based learning. The key in successfully passing this subject lies in
your commitment in learning and complying with the requirements. It is our
desire that you pass this subject fully equipped with the necessary 21 st
Century skills. This module was designed to provide you with a fun and
meaningful learning experiences and opportunities. You will be enabled to
process the content of this module while being an active learner.

Enjoy and maximize the learning while in your own homes.

JOSEPHINE S. GALANZA

In this module, you will be encountering the following parts and icons. (Parts depending per subject)

This part enumerates the objectives of the module. This part shall give
TARGET you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to
acquire upon completion of this module.

This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already
TESTER know about the lesson to take.

In this portion, a new lesson will be introduced. This section provides a

TEACHING discussion of the lesson. This section aims to help you explore and
understand new concepts and skills.

This involves the reflective part of the module. It contains various

TAKE AWAY activities that will allow you to reflect and state what you have
learned.

This is the assessment presented at the end of each module. This

section aims to check how much have you learned from the module.
TOUCHSTONE This will also evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

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 Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Girlie C. Jimenez

MODULE 6

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

OBJECTIVES

After completing this chapter, you’ll be able to:

1. define research methodology;

2. define the basic concept of research design for quantitative research;
and
3. determine the appropriate study design and sampling design.

CONTENT

1. Research Methodology
2. Research Design
3. Sampling Frames

LECTURES

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the previous module, we differentiated qualitative and quantitative research. To
understand this further, a separate discussion on quantitative and qualitative designs are
devoted in the succeeding modules to show the basic differences and to immerse the
students in the specific methodologies to be used when they decide to use either of the two
or both.

Before delving in the specific discussion on quantitative research, let’s take a moment to
discuss what is methodology.

Methodology and Method

Methodology refers to the overall approaches and perspectives to the whole process
of research and aims to discuss main issues for a proposal such as:

 Why will you collect certain data?

 What data will you collect?
 Where will you collect it?
 How will you collect it?
 How will you analyze it?

On the other hand, research method refers only to the various specific tools or ways
data can be collected and analyzed, e.g. a questionnaire; interview checklist; data analysis
software, etc.).

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 Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 6

RESEARCH DESIGN
A study design is the process that guides researchers on how to collect, analyze and
interpret observations. In quantitative research, there are two types of study design:

1. Observational type – where the sample population is observed for various

characteristics. This is sometimes called non-intervention study or non-experimental study,
where the researcher only observes and analyzes but does not intervene.

Observational types of study can be classified based on the scope of the study:

 Cross-sectional study - involves the analysis of data collected from a

population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time, representing a
cross-sectional data.

Example:
“Exploring the impact of relationship transparency on business relationships: A cross-
sectional study among purchasing managers in Germany” by Eggert & Helm (2003)

 Cohort study - collects data over long periods of time and measures each
variable over two or more distinct time periods. This is also known as longitudinal
study involving a group of people who share a common characteristic or
experience within a defined period.

Example:
“Age cohort analysis in adoption of mobile data services: Gen Xers versus baby
boomers” by Yang & Jolly (2008)

2. Experimental type – wherein factors other than those under consideration can be
controlled. This is also known as intervention studies, in which the researcher manipulates
objects or situations and measures the outcome of his manipulations.

Experimental types of study can be classified based on the approach to

participants:

 True experimental studies – in this kind of study, the participants or subjects

are randomly assigned to the treatment conditions (levels of the independent
variable).

Example:
“The Impact of Gender Diversity on the Performance of Business Teams: Evidence
from a Field Experiment” by Hoogendoorn, Oosterbeek & Praag (2013)

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 Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 6

 Quasi-experimental studies – in this research, the treatment level is

determined by conditions beyond the control of the experimenter. Essentially, the
difference of quasi-experimental with true experiment is the absence of random
assignment of respondents or subjects to the treatment condition.

Example:
“University training for entrepreneurial competencies: Its impact on intention of
venture citation” by Sanchez (2011)

The preparation of the research design, appropriate for a particular research problem,
involves usually the consideration of the following:

 the means of obtaining the information;

 the availability and skills of the researcher and his/her groupmates (if any);
 explanation of the way in which selected means of obtaining information will be
organized and the reasoning leading to the selection;
 the time available for research; and
 the cost factor relating to research, i.e., the finance available for the purpose.

SAMPLING FRAMES
Sampling refers to the process of selecting a representative by giving each member
of the population equal chances of being selected.

Selection of sample population should be unbiased and sufficiently stand as a

representative of the population under study.

Types of Sampling Procedures

1. Probability sampling

In this kind of sampling, we are giving equal chances for all members of the population
to become chosen as part of the research. Probability sampling includes but not limited to
the following:

Simple Random Sampling – Choose random number from the table; or randomly
select individuals from the whole population. Also called the lottery or raffle type. One
of the most common methods is the fishbowl technique wherein numbers (e.g., from
1-10) are written in a piece of paper, raffled and then randomly picked.

Systematic Random Sampling – Systematically chosen sample population. This is

done by determining first sample needed in a given universe. Once the sample is set,
the person which will represent the sample are determined.

Stratified Random Sampling – Selecting equal representation of samples based on

given two or more homogeneous group. This is commonly used when the universe is
already classified by status, rank, or educational level.

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 Subject: Practical Research 1
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 12 ABM
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

First Trimester, SY 2020 – 2021 Subject Teacher: Josephine S. Galanza

MODULE 6

Cluster Random Sampling – This is useful in selecting sample when blocks in a

community or city are occupied by heterogeneous groups.

Multi-stage Random Sampling – Can be a complex form of

cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which involves dividing the
population into groups (or clusters). Then, one or more clusters are chosen
at random and everyone within the chosen cluster is sampled.

Understanding Sample Sizes

Here are three key terms you’ll need to understand to calculate your sample size and give it
context:

Population size: The total number of people in the group you are trying to study.

Margin of error: A percentage that tells you how much you can expect your survey
results to reflect the views of the overall population. The smaller the margin of error, the
closer you are to having the exact answer at a given confidence level.

Sampling confidence level: A percentage that reveals how confident you can be that
the population would select an answer within a certain range. For example, a 95%
confidence level means that you can be 95% certain the results lie between x and y
numbers.

Probability sampling designs are often used for quantitative research.

2. Non-probability sampling

In this kind of sampling, there is no way of estimating the probability that each element
will be included in the sample. In short, there is a possibility that all members of the population
are given equal chance to become part of the research. Non-probability sampling types
include but not limited to

Purposive Sampling – You choose your respondents based on the purpose or

objective of your research.

Convenience Sampling – Respondents are chosen based on what is convenient for

the researchers.

Quota Sampling – Respondents are chosen based on a quota, whether or not you
conduct a probability or non-probability sampling. The quota or set number of
respondents determine if you will already stop the data gathering. The quota is
determined by the researcher based on his/her objectives, time and resource
allotment, and population distribution.
REFERENCES

Practical Research: A Step-by-Step Guidebook for the SHS and Beyond, Galanza et al,
2018.
Practical Research 1: An Introduction to Qualitative Research, Torneo et al, 2017
https://www.surveymonkey.com/mp/sample-size-calculator/