Lecture on

Pelton Turbine
by
Dr. Shibayan Sarkar
Department of Mechanical Engg
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad
 hf

Turbines:
Pelton wheel Available power
(1889) is γ(Q)H
Flow Q Available power is γ(Q-q)H Bucket power is γ(Q-q)Hr Shaft Power
Turbine
Head H Qa=Q-q, H Q-q, Hr=H- Δh Mechanical
Head losses losses , friction
Leakage q in runner Δh ηm=P/(γQaHr)
ηv=Qa/Q ηh=Hr/H=ρQa(Vw1+Vw2)/(γQaH)
≈ 0.97-0.99
volume of water actually striking the runner power delivered to runner power at shaft of turbine
ηv = ηh = ηm =
volume of water supplied to the turbine power supplied at inlet power delivered to runner

volume available at the shaft of the turbine Q H P P

ηo = = ηv ×η h ×η m = a × r × =
power supplied at the inlet of the turbine Q H ρ gQa H r ρ gQH
 hf

v1= velocity of jet at inlet

Turbines: u1= velocity of the vane/bucket at inlet
Pelton vr1 = relative velocity of jet at inlet
wheel α = angle between the direction of the jet and the direction of motion of the vane, guide
(1889) blade angle (Here in this figure it is zero)
θ = angle made by vr1 with direction of motion of vane at inlet, vane angle at inlet (=0)
vw2 = velocity of whirl at outlet
vf2 = velocity of flow at outlet
β = angle between v2 with the direction of motion of vane at outlet
ϕ = angle made by vr2 with direction of motion of vane at outlet, vane angle at outlet

vw2 u2
Angle of β v φ
vf2 2
Deflection vr2

Rotation v1 (jet velocity)= vw1 = u1+vr1 Net Head H = Hg-hf-hp

hf=4fLV2/(d*×2g)
vr1 Height of nozzle above tail
u1
race level is hp
πDN/60=u=u1=u2 d* = diameter of penstock
D = diameter of wheel
 See force on curve plate when plate is moving in the direction of jet

outlet =2
Vr= φ
φ

Inlet =1

Relative velocity
experienced by
φ
plate at inlet and
outlet are same.

φ
for pelton wheel... * Fx ρ aV [ (V − u ) + (V − u ) cos=
= φ ] ρ aV (V − u ) [1 + cos φ ]

Turbines: Power conversion

P = ηo Q ρ gh P = Tω T = Fr F =∆M =m ∆v =ρ Q∆v
 See force on curve plate when plate is moving in the direction of jet
per sec…
M = ρ Q
For general case, but for pelton wheel... *

φ
For pelton wheel
φ
φ
=Fx ρ a (V )1 [ (V − u )1 + (V − u ) 2 cos φ ]
Work done by the jet on plate per second

φ
φ
In connection to the fig of pelton bucket and * Where water coming out of the nozzle is
velocity triangle, always in contact with the blade/bucket/plate, if
V1 – u1=Vr1=, Vw2 Vr2 cos φ − u2 all plates are considered. Hence mass of water
v1 (jet velocity)= vw1 = u1+vr1 striking the plate is ρaV.
Fx ρ aV1 [ (V − u )1 + (V − u ) 2 cos
= = φ ] ρ aV1 [Vr1 + Vr2 cos
= φ ] ρ aV1 [ (Vw1 − u1 ) + (Vw2 + u2 ) ]
Fx ρ aV1 [ (Vw1 + Vw2 ) ] As u1 = u2
From velocity triangle:
= Vw2 Vr2 cos φ − u2
Force exerted by water by the jet of water in the direction of motion: = Fx ρ aV1 (Vw1 + Vw2 )
(since β is acute angle, + sign), a=area of jet
Work done by the jet on the runner per second = = Fx × u ρ aV1 (Vw1 + Vw2 )u Nm/s
Power given by the jet = = Fx × u ρ av1 (Vw1 + Vw2 )u /1000 kW
Work done per unit weight of water striking = ρ aV1 (Vw1 + Vw = 2 )u 1
(Vw1 + Vw2 )u
ρ aV1 g g
Energy supplied by the jet at inlet in the form of K.E. = 1/2mV2
Friction factor K = Vr2/Vr1
1 1
K.E. of jet per second = 2 ( ρ aV1 )V1 = 2 ( ρ Q)V1
2 2
ηh =2( ρ ′ − ρ ′2 )(1 + K cos φ )
ρ aV1 (Vw1 + Vw2 )u 2(Vw1 + Vw2 )u 2(V1 − u )[1 + cos φ ]u
=
Hydraulic efficiency = ηh = =
1 2 ( ρ Q)V12 V12 V12
Hydraulic efficiency is
vw2 u2 maximum when

Angle of β v φ d V
(ηh ) = 0 or u = 1
vf2 2 du 2
Deflection vr2
πDN/60=u=u1=u2
ηh max= (1 + cos φ ) 2
ρ′=u/V1

Rotation v1 (jet velocity)= vw1 = u1+vr1

Net Head H = Hg-hf
vr1 u1 hf=4fLV2/(d*×2g)
β<90°, Vw2 is negative, slow runner d* = diameter of penstock
β=90°, Vw2 is zero, medium runner D = diameter of wheel
Β>90°, Vw2 is positive, fast runner
 Design of Pelton Wheel
1. Velocity of jet at inlet V1 = Cv 2 gH where Cv = coefficient of velocity = 0.98-0.99
2. Velocity of wheel u = φ 2 gH where φ is the speed ratio = 0.43-0.48
3. Angle of deflection is 165° unless mentioned.
4. Pitch or mean diameter D can be expressed by u = π DN / 60
5. Jet ratio m = D / d ( 12 in most cases/calculate), d = nozzle diameter
6. Number of bucket on a runner Z= 15 + D / 2d (Tygun formula) or Z = 5.4 m ,
m=6 to 35
7. Number of Jets = obtained by dividing the total rate of flow through the turbine
by the rate of flow through single jet
8. Size of Bucket: Axial Width B = 3d to 4d , radial length L = 2d to 3d , depth T = 0.8d to 1.2d
 Governing of Pelton Turbine

Load of turbine=power output as demand

If Load increases, speed of the governor
decreases and vice versa