APPLIED CHEMISTRY

(QUARTER 1)

MODULE 1
LESSON 1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
What is Organic Chemistry?
 Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of the structure,
properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds that by definition
contain carbon.
What are organic compounds?
 Organic compounds are compounds based on carbon. They contain carbon and hydrogen.
They can also contain other nonmetal elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, or halogen atoms.
Hydrocarbons and proteins are good examples of organic molecules that can form long chains
and complex structures.
Properties of Organic Compounds
 Solubility – is defined as the maximum mass of a substance that can be dissolved in a fixed
mass of a solvent at a given temperature. A substance will have a different solubility in
different solvents depending on polarity of both the substance and the solvent.
 Polarity – it is basically the separation of an electric charge which leads a molecule to have a
positive and negative end. Most organic compounds are nonpolar and thus do not mix with
polar molecules like water. Therefore, organic substances, are insoluble in water. However,
they ae soluble in nonpolar solvents. Most ionic substances, on the other hand, are soluble in
water and insoluble in nonpolar solvents.
 Melting Point – is the temperature range over which the solid melts to become a liquid.
Organic compounds have relatively low melting points. However, ionic compounds are all
solids at room temperature with very high melting points.
 Boiling Point – is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external
pressure surrounding the liquid. Organic compounds have relatively low boiling points.
 Conductivity – compound that conduct a current are held together by electrostatic forces or
attraction. Strong electrolytes tend to be inorganic compounds, meaning that they lack carbon
atoms. Organic compounds, or carbon-containing compounds, are often weak electrolytes or
are nonconductive.
 Viscosity – it is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. When the intermolecular forces of
attraction are strong within a liquid, there is a larger viscosity.
 Volatility – a substance is said to be volatile if it boils at a low temperature, changing from the
liquid to the gas phase. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a
high vapor pressure at ordinary room temperature.
 Flammability – organic compounds are extremely flammable. Organic compounds bum in the
presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
 Chemical Bonds – these are the connections between atoms in a molecule. They include
both strong intramolecular interactions, such as covalent and ionic bonds. They are related to
weaker intermolecular forces, such as dipole-dipole interactions, the London dispersion forces,
and hydrogen bonding. Organic compounds consist of individual molecules held together by
covalent bonds. The attractive forces between molecules consist of relatively weak London
dispersion forces.
LESSON 2: History of Organic Chemistry
Scientists and their contributions
Year Scientist Contributions
1718 Georg Ernst Stahl  Phlogiston Theory
1775 Joseph Priestley  Studies the nature of air
 Co-discover of oxygen
1789 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier  Law of Conversation
1803 John Dalton  Atomic Theory
1807 Jöns Jacob Berzelius  Electrochemical Theory
 Isomerism
1828 Friedrich Wöhler  Vitalism
1830 Justus von Liebig  Radical Theory
 He set forth modern laboratory
instruction
1834 Jean-Baptiste Dumas  Substitution Theory
1850 August Wilhelm von Hofmann  Ammonia type Theory
1851 Alexander Williamson  He discovers a new route to ethers and
defines the water type
1852 Edward Franklin  Concept of Valence
1858 Archibald Scott Couper  Atoms with Lines between them
1861 Johann Josef Loschmidt  Diagrammatical Structural Formulate of
Organic Chemistry
1865 Friedrich August Kekule  Structure of Benzene
 Atom Connectivity
Alexander Crum Brown  Multiple Connections
1869 Dmitri Mendeleev  Periodic Table of Elements
1874 Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff  The Arrangement of Atoms in Space
1897 Joseph John Thomson  Discovery of electrons
1916 Gilbert N. Lewis  Lewis Dot Structure
1939 Linus Pauling  The Nature of Chemical Bond

MODULE 2
LESSON 1: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
What is a Hydrocarbon?
 Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds and are composed solely of
hydrogen and carbon. This class can be further divided into two groups: aliphatic hydrocarbon
and aromatic hydrocarbons.
What are aliphatic compounds?
 Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be classified based n the structure and bonding of the carbon
skeleton into on of three groups: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes.
The Alkanes
  Alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons having only C-H and C-C σ -bonds. They can be cyclic or
acyclic.
o Acyclic alkanes have the molecular formula CnH2n+2 (where n = an integer). They are
also called saturated hydrocarbons because they have the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms per carbon.
o Cyclic alkanes contain carbon atoms joined into a ring. They have molecular formula
CnH2n.
Properties of Alkanes
1. Commonly known as “Paraffins”
2. Possess single bonds – sigma bonds, type of hybridization: sp², geometry: tetrahedral, bond
angle: 109.5º
3. General Formula: CnH2+2
4. Saturated (they contain the maximum number of H atoms the C normally can hold)
5. Insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar substances
6. Nonpolar
7. Flammable
8. Combustible
9. Generally unreactive
10. C1-C4 (gases); C5-C17 (liquids); C18-above (solids)
Unbranched Alkanes
 Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains are also known as normal alkanes or n-alkanes. The
simplest alkane has only one carbon atom and is clled methane. This molecule is shown in
figure 1 below.