Mathematics - Grade 4

Mathematics | Grade 4
In Grade 4, instructional time should focus on three critical areas: (1) developing understanding
and fluency with multi-digit multiplication, and developing understanding of dividing to find
quotients involving multi-digit dividends; (2) developing an understanding of fraction
equivalence, addition and subtraction of fractions with like denominators, and multiplication of
fractions by whole numbers; (3) understanding that geometric figures can be analyzed and
classified based on their properties, such as having parallel sides, perpendicular sides, particular
angle measures, and symmetry.
(1) Students generalize their understanding of place value to 1,000,000, understanding the relative sizes
of numbers in each place. They apply their understanding of models for multiplication (equal-sized
groups, arrays, area models), place value, and properties of operations, in particular the distributive
property, as they develop, discuss, and use efficient, accurate, and generalizable methods to compute
products of multi-digit whole numbers. Depending on the numbers and the context, they select and
accurately apply appropriate methods to estimate or mentally calculate products. They develop fluency
with efficient procedures for multiplying whole numbers; understand and explain why the procedures
work based on place value and properties of operations; and use them to solve problems. Students apply
their understanding of models for division, place value, properties of operations, and the relationship of
division to multiplication as they develop, discuss, and use efficient, accurate, and generalizable
procedures to find quotients involving multi-digit dividends. They select and accurately apply appropriate
methods to estimate and mentally calculate quotients, and interpret remainders based upon the context.
(2) Students develop understanding of fraction equivalence and operations with fractions. They recognize
that two different fractions can be equal (e.g., 15/9 = 5/3), and they develop methods for generating and
recognizing equivalent fractions. Students extend previous understandings about how fractions are built
from unit fractions, composing fractions from unit fractions, decomposing fractions into unit fractions,
and using the meaning of fractions and the meaning of multiplication to multiply a fraction by a whole
number.
(3) Students describe, analyze, compare, and classify two-dimensional shapes. Through building, drawing,
and analyzing two-dimensional shapes, students deepen their understanding of properties of two-
dimensional objects and the use of them to solve problems involving symmetry.
1
Contents
Mathematics | Grade 4................................................................................................................................. 1
Operations and Algebraic Thinking 4.OA ....................................................................4

Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems. (4.OA.A) ........................................ 5
Gain familiarity with factors and multiples. (4.OA.B) ......................................................................... 13
Generate and analyze patterns. (4.OA.C) ........................................................................................... 16
Number and Operations in Base Ten 4.NBT ............................................................... 20
Generalize place value understanding for multi-digit whole numbers. (4.NBT.A) ............................. 20
Number and Operations—Fractions 4.NF .................................................................. 29
Extend understanding of fraction equivalence and ordering. (4.NF.A) .............................................. 29
Build fractions from unit fractions by applying and extending previous understandings of operations
on whole numbers. (4.NF.B) ............................................................................................................... 34
Understand decimal notation for fractions, and compare decimal fractions. (4.NF.C) ..................... 41
Measurement and Data 4.MD ............................................................... 46
Solve problems involving measurement and conversion of measurements from a larger unit to a
smaller unit. (4.MD.A)......................................................................................................................... 46
Represent and interpret data. (4.MD.B) ............................................................................................. 53
Geometric measurement: understand concepts of angle and measure angles. (4.MD.C) ................ 54
Geometry 4.G .................................................................. 58
Draw and identify lines and angles, and classify shapes by properties of their lines and angles.
(4.G.A) ................................................................................................................................................. 58
Performance Task Example: 75
2
Mathematical Practices
Grade 4 Overview 1. Make sense of problems and
persevere in solving them.
Operations and Algebraic Thinking
2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
• Use the four operations with whole numbers to 3. Construct viable arguments and
solve problems. critique the reasoning of others.
• Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
• Generate and analyze patterns. 4. Model with mathematics.
5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
Number and Operations in Base Ten 6. Attend to precision.

7. Look for and make use of structure.
• Generalize place value understanding for multi-digit
whole numbers. 8. Look for and express regularity in
repeated reasoning.
• Use place value understanding and properties of
operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic.
Number and Operations—Fractions
• Extend understanding of fraction equivalence

and ordering.
• Build fractions from unit fractions by applying
and extending previous understandings of
operations on whole numbers.
• Understand decimal notation for fractions, and
compare decimal fractions.
Measurement and Data
• Solve problems involving measurement and

conversion of measurements from a larger unit to
a smaller unit.
• Represent and interpret data.
• Geometric measurement: understand concepts of
angle and measure angles.
Geometry
• Draw and identify lines and angles, and classify

shapes by properties of their lines and angles.
3
Operations and Algebraic Thinking 4.OA
Example: The two-eyed space creatures, three-eyed space creatures, and four-eyed space creatures are having a
contest to create a group with 24 total eyes.
• How many two-eyed space creatures are needed to make a group with 24 total eyes?
• How many three-eyed space creatures are needed to make a group with 24 total eyes?
• How many four-eyed space creatures are needed to make a group with 24 total eyes?
• Somebody told the five-eyed space creatures that they could not join the contest. Explain why five-eyed
space creatures cannot make a group with 24 eyes.
Sample Top-Score Response:12, 8, 6

The five-eyed aliens can only make groups with eyes in a multiple of 5. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25. They will not be
able to make a group with 24 eyes.
For full credit (3 points):

• The response demonstrates a full and complete understanding of communicating reasoning. The
response contains the following evidence:
• The student correctly identifies the correct number of two-, three-, and four-eyed aliens needed to
make a group with 24 eyes.
AND
• The student correctly explains that the five-eyed aliens cannot make a group with 24 eyes
because 5 is not a factor of 24 or because the groups of eyes can only be multiples of 5.
For partial credit (2 points):
The response demonstrates a reasonable understanding of communicating reasoning. The
response contains the following evidence:
• The student identifies one or two correct numbers of the two-, three-, or four-eyed aliens needed
to make a group with 24 eyes.
AND
• The student correctly explains that the five-eyed aliens cannot make a group with 24 eyes
OR
• The student identifies the correct number of two-, three-, and four-eyed aliens needed to make a
group with 24 eyes.
OR
• The student correctly explains that the five-eyed aliens cannot make up a group with 24 eyes
For partial credit (1 point):
The response demonstrates a partial understanding of communicating reasoning. The response
contains the following evidence:
• The student identifies one or two of the correct numbers of two-, three-, or four-eyed aliens
4
needed to make a group with 24 eyes.
OR
• The student does not provide explanation for why the five-eyed aliens cannot make a group with
24 eyes.
Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key
#31 3 3B, 2D 2 3.OA.2, 4.OA.3, 4.OA.4 12,8,6
Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems. (4.OA.A)
a. Example: Tanya ran 400 meters on Tuesday. She ran 800 meters on Wednesday.
What is the total number of meters Tanya ran on these two days?

#1 1 OA, NBT A 2 4.OA.A, 4.NBT.B.4 N/A 1200
5
1. Interpret a multiplication equation as a comparison, e.g., interpret 35 = 5 × 7 as a statement that 35 is 5
times as many as 7 and 7 times as many as 5. Represent verbal statements of multiplicative comparisons as
multiplication equations. (4.OA.A.1) (DOK 1,2)
a. Example: Solution (DOK 2)
b. Example: Solution (DOK 1)
c. Example: Scott is reading a book that has 172 pages. Melanie is reading a book that has three times
as many pages as Scott’s book.
How many pages does Melanie’s book have? Select all the equations that represent this problem.
6
#10 4 OA E 2 4.OA.A.1, 4
3.OA.B.6
1. Multiply or divide to solve word problems involving multiplicative comparison, e.g., by using drawings
and equations with a symbol for the unknown number to represent the problem, distinguishing
multiplicative comparison from additive comparison. 1 (4.OA.A.2) (DOK 1,2)
1
See Glossary, Table 2.
7
b. Example: Some students are painting this backdrop for the school play.
The backdrop is taped off into 12 equal sections for the students to paint.
Mark paints 2 times as much as Jill.

Sam paints 3 times as much as Lou.
Lou paints 1 section less than Mark.
1
Jill paints of the backdrop.
12
Write the fraction of the backdrop that still needs painted.
#27 4 NF, OA A 2 4.NF.B, 4.OA.A.2 2
c. Example: A cat has 2 times as many toys as a puppy. The cat has 12 toys.
How many toys does the puppy have?

#21 1 OA A 2 4.OA.A.2 N/A . 6
d. Example: The cost of buying a movie is 4 times the cost of renting a movie. It costs $20 to buy
a movie. What is the cost, in dollars, of renting a movie?

#15 1 OA A 2 4.OA.A.2 N/A 5
e. Solve multistep word problems posed with whole numbers and having whole-number answers
using the four operations, including problems in which remainders must be interpreted.
Represent these problems using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity.
Assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies
including rounding. (4.OA.A.3) (DOK 1,2,3)
8
c. Example: Nicole is helping set up tables in the cafeteria.

Each table in the cafeteria seats 8 students.
Fourth grade students must fill a whole table before sitting at another table.
There are 126 fourth grade students.
Nicole needs to know how many seats might be empty at the last table after all 126
students are sitting at the table.
She used these steps to solve the problem:
9
Which equation could be Nicole’s Step 3 if she solved the problem correctly?
1. 8-6=2
2. 6+15=21
3. 6x8=48
4. 18/6=3

#12 3 OA B 3 4.OA.A.3 1, 3 1
d. Example: A teacher gives 6 students some cards to play a game. She has 52 cards
total.
The teacher gives each student 1 card until all 52 cards are gone.
How many students get exactly 9 cards?
1. 2
2. 4
3. 5
4. 6

#8 2 OA A 2 4.OA.A.3 1, 2 2
e. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

On the number line below, what is the sum of the numbers to which the arrows X, Y,
and Z point?
E. 1,491
F. 1,515
G. 1,530
H. 1,545
Answer: F. 1,515
f. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 3)

Raynold had 31 baseball cards. He gave the cards to his friends. Six of his friends
received 3 cards each. Seven of his friends received 1 card each. The rest received 2
cards each. How many of his friends received exactly 2 cards from Raynold?
Explain how you found your answer.
Answer: 3 of his friends received exactly two cards. If six of his friends received 3
cards each that leaves (31-18 =) 13 cards. If you take away 7 more cards for the seven
friends you are left with (13-7=) 6 cards. If he wants to give exactly two cards to the
rest of his friends he must have (6 ÷ 2=) 3 friends.
g. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 3)
10
An amusement park has games, rides, and shows.
• The total number of games, rides, and shows is 70.
• There are 34 rides.
• There are two times as many games as shows.
How many games are there? ______________________
How many shows are there? ______________________
Use numbers, words, or drawings to show how you got your answer.
Answer: Games: 24, Shows: 12 I came to this answer by 70 – 34 = 36. After that it was
a matter of figuring out how to get two numbers that would add up to 36 and that
would have one double the other.
h. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 3)

A student had to multiply 328 X 41. The student’s answer was 4,598.
Use estimation to explain why this answer is not reasonable.
Answer: If you multiply this 328 and 41 by estimating it to 300 by 40, the answer
would be around 12,000 not 4, 600.
i. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

Ms. Kim has 45 stickers that she wants to give out to 6 students. The students are
sitting in a circle. Ms. Kim gives out one sticker at a time and keeps going around the
circle until all the stickers are gone. How many of the students will get more than 7
stickers?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 6
Answer: B. 3
j. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

Five classes are going on a bus trip and each class has 21 students. If each bus holds
only 40 students, how many buses are needed for the trip?
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Answer: 3 buses
k. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

Stickers come in small booklets of 100 and in rolls of 1,000. On the store shelf, there
are 6 booklets and 4 rolls of stickers. How many stickers are on the shelf?
A. 1,100
B. 4,600
C. 6,400
D. 10,000
Answer: B. 4,600
l. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

There are 20 boxes of pencils in a case. Each box has the same number of pencils. The
case has 420 pencils altogether. How many pencils are in each box?
Answer: 21 pencils in each box
12
Gain familiarity with factors and multiples. (4.OA.B)
5. Find all factor pairs for a whole number in the range 1–100. Recognize that a whole number is a
multiple of each of its factors. Determine whether a given whole number in the range 1–100 is a
multiple of a given one-digit number. Determine whether a given whole number in the range 1–100 is
prime or composite. (4.OA.B.4) (DOK 1)
b. Example: Marcia read books over the summer. She created the picture graph shown.
13
Create another picture graph that shows these data with a different key. You may use whole
books and half books in your graph.
Select the key you will use.
Color in the books to complete your picture graph.

#5 4 MD, OA, NF F 3 3.MD.B.3, 1, 6
4.OA.B.4,
4.NF.B.4b
c. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

Which factor of 12 is missing in this list of numbers?
1, 2, 3, 4, ___, 12
A. 5
B. 6
C. 8
14
D. 10
Answer: B. 6
d. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

On the chart, circle all the numbers that have 4 as a factor.
Answer: Circle: 1, 2, 4
e. Example: Which of these numbers is a prime number? (Former NAEP question) (DOK
1)
A. 6
B. 27
C. 67
D. 81
Answer: 67

Which of the following true statements proves that 119 is not a prime number?
A. 17 x 7 = 119
B. 119 x 1 =119
C. 119 is greater than 100.
D. 119 is an odd number.
E. 119 is not divisible by 3
Answer: A. 17 X 7 = 119

A certain even number is divisible by 9. This number is between 100 and 120. What is
the number?
Answer: 108

The numbers 20 and 22 have a common factor. What is the common factor?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 20
D. 22
E. 440
Answer: A. 2
15
i. Example: Which of these numbers is a prime number? (Former NAEP question) (DOK
1)
A. 15
B. 23
C. 34
D. 56
Answer: B. 23
Generate and analyze patterns. (4.OA.C)

6. Generate a number or shape pattern that follows a given rule. Identify apparent features of the pattern
that were not explicit in the rule itself. For example, given the rule "Add 3" and the starting number 1,
generate terms in the resulting sequence and observe that the terms appear to alternate between odd
and even numbers. Explain informally why the numbers will continue to alternate in this way. (4.OA.C.5)
(DOK 1,2)
16
c. Example: A pattern is generated using this rule:

Start with the number 7 as the first term and add 5.
Write numbers in the boxes to complete the table.

#17 1 OA C 2 4.OA.C.5 N/A
17
Fill in the four missing numbers on the number line below.
Answer: 2,960, 2,970… 3,000, 3, 010

The table below shows the number of edges for each prism. What is the number of
edges for a prism if the bottom face has 7 sides?
1. 18
2. 20
3. 21
4. 22
Answer: 3. 21

Every 30 minutes Dr. Kim recorded the number of bacteria in a test tube.
18
Which best describes what happened to the number of bacteria every 30 minutes?
A. The number of bacteria increased by 500.
B. The number of bacteria increased by 1,000.
C. The number of bacteria doubled.
D. The number of bacteria tripled.
Answer: C. The number of bacteria doubled

Write the next two numbers in the number pattern.
1 6 4 9 7 12 10 ____ ____
Write the rule that you used to find the two numbers you wrote.
Answer: 15, 13 Rule: Plus 5 minus 2
19
Number and Operations in Base Ten 2 4.NBT
Generalize place value understanding for multi-digit whole numbers. (4.NBT.A)

1. Recognize that in a multi-digit whole number, a digit in one place represents ten times what it represents in
the place to its right. For example, recognize that 700 ÷ 70 = 10 by applying concepts of place value and
division. (4.NBT.A.1) (DOK 1)
2
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to whole numbers less than or equal to 1,000,000.
20
c. Example: Select the statement that explains how the values of the numbers 420 and 4,200 are
different.
1. 4,200 is 1000 times as large as 420
4. 4,200 is 1 time as large as 420

#2 1 NBT D 1 4.NBT.A.1 N/A 3
2. Read and write multi-digit whole numbers using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.
Compare two multi-digit numbers based on meanings of the digits in each place, using >, =, and < symbols
to record the results of comparisons. (4.NBT.A.2) (DOK 1)
21
b. Example: Select True or False for each comparison.

True False
1. 5 hundreds +4 tens > 50 +400
2. 524 > 50 +200+400
3. 50 tens +20 ones= 520

#18 1 NBT D 2 4.NBT.A.2 N/A

Which set of numbers is listed from the smallest to largest?
Answer: D

Which of the following numbers is five million, eighty thousand?
1. 5,800,000
2. 5,008,000
3. 5,000,008
4. 5,080,000
22
5. 580,000
Answer: 4. 5,080,000
3. Use place value understanding to round multi-digit whole numbers to any place.
(4.NBT.A.3) (DOK 1)
c. Example: Solution (DOK 3)
23
Use place value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic. (4.NBT.B)
1. Fluently add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers using the standard algorithm. (4.NBT.B.4) (DOK 1)
a. Example: Write one number in each box to complete the subtraction problem shown.

#23 2 NBT A 2 4.NBT.B.4 1
b. Example: Write the sum.

#9 1 NBT E 1 4.NBT.B.4 N/A 4979
24
c. Example: Tanya ran 400 meters on Tuesday. She ran 800 meters on Wednesday. 1200
What is the total number of meters Tanya ran on these two days?

#1 1 OA, NBT A 2 4.OA.A, 4.NBT.B.4 N/A 1200

Sam’s school is trying to collect one million pennies.
Write this amount as a number.
_________ pennies.
So far, the school has collected 513, 462 pennies. How many more pennies does the school need to
collect to reach one million?
_________pennies.
Answer: 1,000,000 pennies, 486,538 pennies

What number is 10,000 more than 333,333?
1. 333,433
2. 334,333
3. 343,333
4. 433,333
Answer: 4. 433,333

Add: 20,000 + 790,000 =
g. 792,000
h. 810,000
i. 811,000
j. 990,000
Answer: h. 810, 000

Subtract:
6,090
-4,843
1. 1,147
2. 1,247
3. 2,257
4. 2,853
25
Answer: 2. 1,247

What number is 10 more than 5,237?
1. 5,238
2. 5,247
3. 5,337
4. 6,237
Answer: 2. 5,247

By how much will the value of the number 4,372 increase if the 3 is replaced with a 9?
1. 6
2. 60
3. 600
4. 6,000
Answer: 3. 600

Which of these would be easiest to solve by using mental math?
1. $65.12-$28.19
2. 358 x 2
3. 1,625 ÷ 3
4. $100.00 ÷ $10.00
Answer: 4. $100.00 ÷ $10.00

Dianne found the torn piece of paper shown below.
Six numbers originally appeared in a column on this paper. The fourth number from the top of the column
had been completely torn away. Dianne wondered whether the sum of the six numbers was odd or even.
Give an example of a number that could be the fourth number in the column if the sum of the six numbers
is an odd number.
26
Answer: ___________
Explain why you chose that number.
Answer: I would make the fourth number an odd number. Because the numbers as is are going to be even,
if you want an odd number than you would need to add an odd number onto the paper.
2. Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit whole number, and multiply two two-digit
numbers, using strategies based on place value and the properties of operations. Illustrate and explain the
calculation by using equations, rectangular arrays, and/or area models. (4.NBT.B.5) (DOK 1,2)
b. Write the unknown number that makes the equation true.

i. 36 x 94 = 2700 + ? + 540 + 24
Item Claim Domain Target DOK Content MP Key
#26 1 NBT E 2 4.NBT.B.5 N/A 120
a. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

Patty expects that each tomato plant in her garden will bear 24 tomatoes. If there are 6 tomato plants
in her garden, how many tomatoes does she expect?
1. 4
2. 18
3. 30
4. 144
Answer: 4. 144
b. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

74
X16
1. 90
2. 518
27
3. 1,164
4. 1,184
Answer: 4. 1,184
3. Find whole-number quotients and remainders with up to four-digit dividends and one-digit divisors, using
strategies based on place value, the properties of operations, and/or the relationship between
multiplication and division. Illustrate and explain the calculation by using equations, rectangular arrays,
and/or area models. (4.NBT.B.6) (DOK 1,2)

Park School has 316 students. For field day, the students are put into 4 teams with the same
number of students on each team. How many students are on each team?
1. 79
2. 312
3. 320
4. 1,264
Answer: 1. 79

476 ÷ 5 = __
1. 85 R1
2. 95 R1
3. 96
4. 135 R1
Answer: 2. 95 R1
28
Number and Operations—Fractions 3 4.NF
Example: Jared is testing how much weight a bag can hold. He plans to put juice bottles into three bags. He wants
each bag to have a total weight within a given range.
• Draw juice bottles into each bag so that the weight is within the given range.
• Leave the bag empty if the given range is not possible using juice bottles.
#28 2 2A 2 4.NF.4c 0,3,4
Example: Five friends ordered 3 large sandwiches.
• James ate ¾ of a sandwich.

• Katya ate ¼ of a sandwich.
• Ramon ate ¾ of a sandwich.
• Sienna ate 2�4 of a sandwich.
How much sandwich is left for Oscar?
#29 2 2A, 2D 1 4.NF. 3 ¾
Extend understanding of fraction equivalence and ordering. (4.NF.A)

1. Explain why a fraction a/b is equivalent to a fraction (n × a)/(n × b) by using visual fraction models, with
attention to how the number and size of the parts differ even though the two fractions themselves are the
same size. Use this principle to recognize and generate equivalent fractions. (4.NF.A.1) (DOK 1,2,3)
3
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.
29
2
c. Example: Figure A has of its whole shaded gray.
3
2
Decide if each fraction is equal to . Check Yes or No for each fraction.
3
30
#11 1 NF F 1 4.NF.A.1 N/A
4
d. Example: Figure A has of its whole shaded.
12
4
Write another fraction that is equal to .
12

#3 1 NF F 1 4.NF.A.1 N/A 1/3 or equivalent
2. Compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators, e.g., by creating common
denominators or numerators, or by comparing to a benchmark fraction such as 1/2. Recognize that
comparisons are valid only when the two fractions refer to the same whole. Record the results of
comparisons with symbols >, =, or <, and justify the conclusions, e.g., by using a visual fraction model.
(4.NF.A.2) (DOK 1,2,3)
a. Example: Write one fraction in each box to create two true comparisons.
31
#25 3 NF A 3 4.NF.A.2 6 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒
> 𝟐𝟐, < 𝟔𝟔
𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟓
(Other correct responses are
possible)
b. Example: Select True or False for each comparison.

#16 1 NF F 2 4.NF.A.2 N/A
3
c. Example: A student claims that all fractions greater than have a denominator less than 7.
7
Show that the student’s claim is only sometimes true.
3
Write one number in each box to create a fraction greater than with a denominator less than 7.
7
32
3
Write one number in each box to create a fraction greater than with a denominator greater
7
than 7.

#7 3 NF F 2 4.NF.A.2 2, 3

Which fraction has a value closest to 1/2?
Answer: A.
33
Build fractions from unit fractions by applying and extending previous understandings of
operations on whole numbers. (4.NF.B)
1. Example: Some students are painting this backdrop for the school play.
The backdrop is taped off into 12 equal sections for the students to paint.
Mark paints 2 times as much as Jill.

Sam paints 3 times as much as Lou.
Lou paints 1 section less than Mark.
1
Jill paints of the backdrop.
12
Write the fraction of the backdrop that still needs painted.
#27 4 NF, OA A 2 4.NF.B, 4.OA.A.2 2
2. Understand a fraction a/b with a > 1 as a sum of fractions 1/b.

a. Understand addition and subtraction of fractions as joining and separating parts referring to the
same whole.
b. Decompose a fraction into a sum of fractions with the same denominator in more than one way,
recording each decomposition by an equation. Justify decompositions, e.g., by using a visual
fraction model. Examples: 3/8 = 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 ; 3/8 = 1/8 + 2/8 ; 2 1/8 = 1 + 1 + 1/8 = 8/8 + 8/8 +
1/8.
c. Add and subtract mixed numbers with like denominators, e.g., by replacing each mixed number
with an equivalent fraction, and/or by using properties of operations and the relationship between
addition and subtraction.
3. Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions referring to the same whole and having
like denominators, e.g., by using visual fraction models and equations to represent the problem. (4.NF.B.3)
(DOK 1,2,3)
34
d. Example: Solution (DOK 2)
35
e. Example: Solution (DOK 2)
f. Example: Solution (DOK 1)
4 5
g. Example: Michael eats of a bag of crackers. Erin eats of a bag of crackers.
6 6
Part A: Color in the spaces on the model to show how many bags of crackers Michael and Erin
eat together.
Part B: Circle the total number of bags of crackers Michael and Erin eat together.
36
#24 1 NF G 1 4.NF.B.3 N/A
h. Example: Check all the numbers that make this inequality true.
1 1
2 >? +1 +
8 8
1
a.
8
4
b.
8
10
c.
8
37
16
d.
8

#19 3 NF D 3 4.NF.B.3 7

Change the following mixed numeral to an improper fraction.
Answer: 17/8
4. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction by a whole number.
a. Understand a fraction a/b as a multiple of 1/b. For example, use a visual fraction model to
represent 5/4 as the product 5 × (1/4), recording the conclusion by the equation 5/4 = 5 × (1/4).
b. Understand a multiple of a/b as a multiple of 1/b, and use this understanding to multiply a fraction
by a whole number. For example, use a visual fraction model to express 3 × (2/5) as 6 × (1/5),
recognizing this product as 6/5. (In general, n × (a/b) = (n × a)/b.)
c. Solve word problems involving multiplication of a fraction by a whole number, e.g., by using visual
fraction models and equations to represent the problem. For example, if each person at a party
will eat 3/8 of a pound of roast beef, and there will be 5 people at the party, how many pounds of
roast beef will be needed? Between what two whole numbers does your answer lie? (4.NF.B.4)
(DOK 1,2)
1. Example: Solution (DOK 2)
2. Example: Solution (DOK 3)
2
3. Example: Decide whether each expression is equal to 5 x . Check your answer within the
4
table.
38
#22 1 NF G 2 4.NF.B.4b N/A
3
4. Example: A bottle holds liters of water. Sam needs 8 full bottles of water to fill his fish tank.
5
How many liters of water does Sam need to fill the fish tank?
1
a. 2
5
4
b. 4
5
2
c. 7
5
3
d. 8
5
#13 1 MD K 1 4.MD.C.6 N/A 44-46
5. Example: Marcia read books over the summer. She created the picture graph shown.
Create another picture graph that shows these data with a different key. You may use whole books
and half books in your graph.
Select the key you will use.
39
Color in the books to complete your picture graph.

#5 4 MD, OA, NF F 3 3.MD.B.3, 1, 6
4.OA.B.4,
4.NF.B.4b
40
Understand decimal notation for fractions, and compare decimal fractions. (4.NF.C)
6. Express a fraction with denominator 10 as an equivalent fraction with denominator 100, and use this technique to
add two fractions with respective denominators 10 and 100. 4 For example, express 3/10 as 30/100, and add 3/10 +
4/100 = 34/100. (4.NF.C.5) (DOK 1)
4
Students who can generate equivalent fractions can develop strategies for adding fractions with unlike
denominators in general. But addition and subtraction with unlike denominators in general is not a requirement at
this grade.
41
7. Use decimal notation for fractions with denominators 10 or 100. For example, rewrite 0.62 as 62/100; describe a
length as 0.62 meters; locate 0.62 on a number line diagram. (4.NF.C.6) (DOK 1)
42
d. Example: Check all equations that are true.

4
1. = 0.04
10
17
2. = 0.17
100
43
9
3. = 0.09
100
6
4. = 0.60
100

#20 1 NF H 1 4.NF.C.6 N/A
e. Example: Write as a decimal. (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)
Answer: 1.36
8. Compare two decimals to hundredths by reasoning about their size. Recognize that comparisons are valid only
when the two decimals refer to the same whole. Record the results of comparisons with the symbols >, =, or <, and
justify the conclusions, e.g., by using a visual model. (4.NF.C.7) (DOK 1,2,3)
44
45
Measurement and Data 4.MD
Example: A rectangle is 6 feet long and has a perimeter of 20 feet. What is the width of this rectangle? Explain
how you solved this problem.
#30 2 2A, 2C 1 4.MD.3 See Below
Sample Top-Score Response: 20 – 6 – 6 = 8 feet
Half of 8 feet is 4 feet, so the width is 4 feet long.
Full credit (2 points):

• The response demonstrates a full and complete understanding of problem solving. The response
contains the following evidence:
• The student determines that 4 feet is the width of the rectangle with a correct process clearly
demonstrated.
Partial credit (1 point):
• The response demonstrates a partial understanding of problem solving. The response contains the
following evidence:
• The student determines 4 feet is the width, but does not show sufficient work to support this
conclusion.
OR
• The student begins a correct process for determining the missing width, but ends up with an
incorrect solution due to an incomplete process, computational mistake, or other mechanical error
in the process.
Solve problems involving measurement and conversion of measurements from a larger unit to a smaller
unit. (4.MD.A)
1. Know relative sizes of measurement units within one system of units including km, m, cm; kg, g; lb, oz.; l, ml; hr,
min, sec. Within a single system of measurement, express measurements in a larger unit in terms of a smaller unit.
Record measurement equivalents in a two-column table. For example, know that 1 ft is 12 times as long as 1 in.
Express the length of a 4 ft snake as 48 in. Generate a conversion table for feet and inches listing the number pairs
(1, 12), (2, 24), (3, 36), ... (4.MD.A.1) (DOK 1)
46
Answer: B. 10 feet

Which unit would be best to measure the amount of liquid in a spoonful of lemon juice?
1. Milliliters
2. Liters
3. Millimeters
4. Meters
Answer: 1. Mililiters

It takes Ms. Wylie 15 minutes to drive from her house to the store. Which is the best estimate
of the distance from her house to the store?
1. 5 feet
2. 5 miles
3. 20 feet
4. 200 miles
Answer: 5 miles

Which of these units would be the best to use to measure the length of a school building?
1. Millimeters
2. Centimeters
3. Meters
4. Kilometers
Answer:3

Which of the following is the largest unit of measurement?
47
1. Centiliter
2. Kiloliter
3. Liter
4. Milliliter

How many grams are in one kilogram?
1. 1
2. 10
3. 100
4. 1,000
2. Use the four operations to solve word problems involving distances, intervals of time, liquid volumes, masses of
objects, and money, including problems involving simple fractions or decimals, and problems that require
expressing measurements given in a larger unit in terms of a smaller unit. Represent measurement quantities
using diagrams such as number line diagrams that feature a measurement scale. (4.MD.A.2) (DOK 1,2)
b. Example: Write the length, in millimeters, of the ribbon.

#6 1 MD I 2 4.MD.A.2 N/A Any # from 89-91

4 quarts = 1 gallon
Amy wants to put 8 gallons of water into her aquarium. She has a 2-quart pitcher to carry water from the
sink. How many times will she need to fill her pitcher?
5. 4
6. 10
7. 16
8. 32
Answer: 7. 16

Michelle has a container with 3 quarts of juice. She pours 1 cup of juice for each person. At most, how
many people can she serve? (1 quart = 4 cups)
a. 4
b. 7
c. 8
d. 12
Answer: 4. 12
48
Emily needs to measure the length of a table. She has a dollar bill that is about 6 inches long. It fits end to
end, 10 times along the length of the table. Which is the best estimate for the length of the table?
1. 5 feet
2. 6 feet
3. 10 feet
4. 12 feet
Answer: 1. 5 feet

Mr. Harper bought 6 pints of milk. How many quarts of milk is this equal to?
1. 3
2. 4
3. 6
4. 12
Answer: 1. 3 quarts

The clock shows the time that Bill leaves his house in the morning. He returns 6 hours and 25 minutes
later. At what time does he return?
1. 5:15 a.m.
2. 5:40 a.m.
3. 5:15 p.m.
4. 5:40 p.m.
Answer: 5:40 p.m.

The speedometer shows how fast Dale is driving. If the speed limit is 55 miles per hour (mph), which of
the following is true?
49
1. Dale is going about 5 mph over the speed limit.
2. Dale is going about 25 mph over the speed limit.
3. Dale is going about 5 mph under the speed limit.
4. Dale is going about 25 mph under the speed limit.
Answer: 3. Dale is going about 5 mph under the speed limit.

The bicycle speedometer below shows about what speed?
1. 10 miles per hour

Answer: 2. 15 miles per hour

Rico bought 10 cards, which cost $12.20 before tax. How many packages of each type did he buy?
50
_______ Packages of postcards
_______ Packages of greeting cards
Explain how you know your answer is correct. Rico said that one postcard is cheaper than one greeting
card. Show that Rico is correct.
Answer: 1 package of greeting cards and 2 packages of postcards is 10 cards for $12.20. One postcard cost
$1.20 ($3.60 ÷ 3) while one greeting card cost $1.25 ($5.00 ÷ 4).

Sally buys a package of 6 candy bars for $3.30 and then sells the candy bars at the school play for 75 cents
each. How much money does Sally earn on each candy bar?
Answer: 20 cents
3. Apply the area and perimeter formulas for rectangles in real world and mathematical problems. For example, find
the width of a rectangular room given the area of the flooring and the length, by viewing the area formula as a
multiplication equation with an unknown factor. (4.MD.A.3) (DOK 1,2)

Mark’s room is 12 feet wide and 15 feet long. Mark wants to cover with carpet. How many
square feet of carpet does he need?
Answer: _________ square feet
The carpet costs $2.60 per square foot. How much will the carpet cost?
Answer: $____________
Answer: 180 square feet, $468.00

Megan drew a rectangle that has an area of 24 square centimeters. Which of the following could be the
dimensions of her rectangle?
51
1. 2 centimeters by 12 centimeters
Answer: 1. 2 centimeters by 12 centimeters

Mr. Hardt bought a square piece of carpet with an area of 39 square yards. The length of each side of this
carpet is between which of the following?
1. 4 yards and 5 yards
Answer: 3. 6 yards and 7 yards
e. The Morrisons are going to build a new one-story house. The floor of the house will be rectangular with a
length of 30 feet and a width of 20 feet.
The house will have a living room, a kitchen, two bedrooms, and a bathroom. In part (a) below create a
floor plan that shows these five rooms by dividing the rectangle into rooms.
Your floor plan should meet the following conditions.

• Each one of the five rooms must share at least one side with the rectablge in part (a); that is,
each room must have at least one outside wall
• The floor area of the bathroom should be 50 square feet.
• Each of the other four rooms (not the bathroom) should have a length of at least 10 feet and
a width of at least 10 feet.
Be sure to label each room by name (living room, kitchen, bedroom, etc.) and include its length and width,
in feet. (Do not draw any hallways on your floor plan.)
(a) Draw your floor plan on the figure below. Remember to label your rooms by name and include the
length and width, in feet, for each room.
52
(b) Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)
Complete the table below by filling in the floor area, in square feet, for each room in your floor plan.

The perimeter of a square is 36 centimeters. What is the area of the square?
1. 6 square cm
2. 9 square cm
3. 18 square cm
4. 81 square cm
Answer: 4. 81 square cm.
Represent and interpret data. (4.MD.B)

4. Make a line plot to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). Solve problems
involving addition and subtraction of fractions by using information presented in line plots. For example, from a
line plot find and interpret the difference in length between the longest and shortest specimens in an insect
53
collection. (4.MD.B.4) (DOK 1,2)
Geometric measurement: understand concepts of angle and measure angles. (4.MD.C)

5. Recognize angles as geometric shapes that are formed wherever two rays share a common endpoint, and
understand concepts of angle measurement:
a. An angle is measured with reference to a circle with its center at the common endpoint of the rays, by
considering the fraction of the circular arc between the points where the two rays intersect the circle. An
angle that turns through 1/360 of a circle is called a "one-degree angle," and can be used to measure
angles.
b. An angle that turns through n one-degree angles is said to have an angle measure of n degrees.
(4.MD.C.5) (DOK 1)
1. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)
How many degrees are in the acute angle formed by the hands of the clock in the figure above?
54
1. 10 degrees
2. 30 degrees
3. 36 degrees
4. 60 degrees
5. 120 degrees
Answer: 2. 30 degrees
2. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)
Answer: B. 60 degrees
6. Measure angles in whole-number degrees using a protractor. Sketch angles of specified measure. (4.MD.C.6) (DOK
55
b. Example: Write the measure of the angle, in degrees.

#13 1 MD K 1 4.MD.C.6 N/A 44-46
7. Recognize angle measure as additive. When an angle is decomposed into non-overlapping parts, the angle
measure of the whole is the sum of the angle measures of the parts. Solve addition and subtraction problems to
find unknown angles on a diagram in real world and mathematical problems, e.g., by using an equation with a
symbol for the unknown angle measure. (4.MD.C.7) (DOK 1,2)
56
57
Geometry 4.G
Draw and identify lines and angles, and classify shapes by properties of their lines and angles. (4.G.A)
1. Draw points, lines, line segments, rays, angles (right, acute, obtuse), and perpendicular and parallel lines. Identify
these in two-dimensional figures. (4.G.A.1) (DOK 1)
58
59

Lines a and b are parallel to each other.
60
Line c is perpendicular to these lines.
Jan correctly draws lines a, b, and c.
Which of these could be Jan’s drawing?
Answer: C.
e. Example: (Former NAEP questions) (DOK 1)
The picture shows Rachel’s path to school. How many right angle turns does Rachel make to get
to school?
61
1. Two
2. Three
3. Five
4. Seven
Answer. 3. Five

Lines k, l, and m are three different lines. If line k is parallel to line l and line l is parallel to line m, which of
the following statements must be true?
1. Line k is perpendicular to line l.
2. Line k is perpendicular to line m.
3. Line k is parallel to line m.
4. Line k intersects line l.
5. Line k intersects line m.
Answer: 3. Line k is parallel to line m

What is the intersection of rays PQ and QP in the figure below?
1. Segment PQ
2. Line PQ
3. Point P
4. Point Q
5. The empty set
Answer: 1. Line PQ
62
Which of the following shows perpendicular lines?
Answer: C.

Fill in the oval below the drawing that shows PERPENDICULAR LINES.
Answer: C
2. Classify two-dimensional figures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines, or the
presence or absence of angles of a specified size. Recognize right triangles as a category, and identify right
triangles. (4.G.A.2) (DOK 1,2)
63
64
65
66
f. Example: Check the box that matches each figure with its description. Each figure may be matched to
more than one description.
67
#4 1 G L 2 4.G.A.2 N/A
Answer: A. Only X

How are the right triangle and the rectangle alike?
68
1. Each figure has at least one right angle.
2. Each figure has parallel sides.
3. Each figure has at least one line of symmetry.
4. Each figure has at least two sides that are the same length.
Answer: 1. Each figure has at least one right angle.

Figure 1 is a regular hexagon with its center at point P. The dotted lines divide the hexagon completely
into 6 congruent triangles sharing a vertex at point P.
Figure 2 is a regular octagon with its center at point Q. The octagon can be completely divided into
congruent triangles sharing a vertex at point Q.
This division could produce:

1. Sixteen congruent equilateral triangles.
2. Sixteen congruent isosceles triangles.
3. Eight congruent right triangles.
4. Eight congruent equilateral triangles.
5. Eight congruent isosceles triangles.
Answer: 5. Eight congruent isosceles triangles.

In the figure below, the intersection of the triangle and the square forms the shaded region. What is the
shape of this region?
69
1. An equilateral triangle
2. A rectangle
3. A square
4. A rhombus
5. A trapezoid
Answer: 5. A trapezoid
3. Recognize a line of symmetry for a two-dimensional figure as a line across the figure such that the figure can be
folded along the line into matching parts. Identify line-symmetric figures and draw lines of symmetry. (4.G.A.3)
(DOK 1)
70
71
72
73
Which decoration CANNOT be folded along the dotted line so that both parts match?
Answer: H.
74
Performance Task Example:
75
1.
For this item, a full-credit response (1 point) includes

• 51.
For this item, a no-credit response (0 points) includes none of the features of a full-credit response.
76
2.
For this item, a full-credit response (1 point) includes:
•
OR
• any four partial sums that are correct based on the food and drink choices in the table.
3.
For this item, a full-credit response includes (1 point) includes:

• 24
OR
• any total sum that is correct based on the student’s response to item 1586.
4.
For this item, a full-credit response includes (1 point) includes:

• 25
OR
• any difference that is correct based on the student’s responses to items 206 and 210.
77
5.
For this item, a full-credit response (2 points) includes

• stating correct gifts that Anna and Ray can buy based on the student’s response to item 217 and
the restrictions in the stem AND
• explaining why there is enough money for the gifts based on the student’s response to item 217.
For example,
• “Anna and Ray can buy a zoo magnet and a photo frame. There is enough money for these gifts
because they cost 10 dollars total and there is 25 dollars left to buy gifts. 10 dollars is less than 25 dollars.”
For this item, a partial-credit response (1 point) includes:
• stating correct gifts that Anna and Ray can buy based on student’s response to item 217 and the
restrictions in the stem.
For example,
• “They can buy a stuffed panda bear and a zoo magnet.” OR
• “Anna and Ray can buy a pack of 4 pens and a photo frame that cost 14 dollars total.”
For this item, a no-credit response (0 points) includes none of the features of a full- or partial-credit response.
For example,
• “They can buy 4 stuffed panda bears.”
OR
• “Anna and Ray can buy 2 stuffed panda bears and 2 photo frames.”
This item is not graded on spelling or grammar
78

Mathematics - Grade 4

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Mathematics | Grade 4

Operations and Algebraic Thinking 4.OA ....................................................................4

Number and Operations in Base Ten 6. Attend to precision.

Number and Operations—Fractions

• Extend understanding of fraction equivalence

Measurement and Data

• Solve problems involving measurement and

• Draw and identify lines and angles, and classify

Sample Top-Score Response:12, 8, 6

For full credit (3 points):

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

#31 3 3B, 2D 2 3.OA.2, 4.OA.3, 4.OA.4 12,8,6

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

b. Example: Solution (DOK 1)

Mark paints 2 times as much as Jill.

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

#27 4 NF, OA A 2 4.NF.B, 4.OA.A.2 2

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

c. Example: Nicole is helping set up tables in the cafeteria.

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

e. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

f. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 3)

Explain how you found your answer.

g. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 3)

How many games are there? ______________________

How many shows are there? ______________________

h. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 3)

i. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

j. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

k. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

l. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

Answer: 21 pencils in each box

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

c. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

d. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

f. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

g. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

h. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

Generate and analyze patterns. (4.OA.C)

c. Example: A pattern is generated using this rule:

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

Answer: 2,960, 2,970… 3,000, 3, 010

e. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

f. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

Answer: C. The number of bacteria doubled

g. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 2)

Generalize place value understanding for multi-digit whole numbers. (4.NBT.A)

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

b. Example: Select True or False for each comparison.

1. 5 hundreds +4 tens > 50 +400

2. 524 > 50 +200+400

3. 50 tens +20 ones= 520

Item Claim Domain Target DOK CONTENT MP Key

c. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

d. Example: (Former NAEP question) (DOK 1)

b. Example: Solution (DOK 2)

c. Example: Solution (DOK 3)